Coherent effects are studied in a dense atomic vapor driven by laser fields. With optical properties dramatically modified by these effects, the medium can be used to manipulate some of the properties of laser field. Our experiments demonstrate the coherent control over transmission, spatial distribution and noise feature of the laser field interacting with coherent media. The results have potential applications in the field such as precision metrology, precision spectroscopy, optical imaging and lithography. We develop an experiment to investigate the atomic excitation by few-cycle radio frequency (RF) pulses interacting with Zeeman sublevels. The system provides the flexibility to fully control all parameters of RF pulses. Such a flexibility can not be achieved in optical domain. Based on this system, experiments can be conducted to simulate processes in ultra-short laser physics. In particular, we study the carrier-envelope effect of few-cycle pulses and the strong off-resonant excitation by short pulses. We also discuss the selective reflection spectrum on a highly dense atomic vapor in which the dipole-dipole interaction can not be neglected. The spectrum broadening due to dipole-dipole interaction is much broader than the Doppler broadening. Our experiments show that the excitation by a pump laser can reduce the dipole-dipole interaction, thus reduce the broadening and improve the spectral resolution. The excitation dependence is studied at various atomic densities.

This research studies the degree of publicity made by Kaoshiung City Government and the anti-corruption condition caused by the degree of administrative transparency. This study also provides further understanding about present Kaoshiung City Government immediate online services, including people¡¦s requests and claims to Mayor¡¦s inbox and the anti-corruption advocated by the Department of Civil Service and Ethics: To explore how fast and how responses are made to citizens through Internet, and also to become the basis of anti-corruption index. To understand the expectations of civilians towards the overall government¡¦s publicity system. To establish a anti-corruption documentation system to provide sources of subsequent denotation of policy and knowledge transformation To design and suggest Kaoshiung¡¦s future anti-corruption policy, improve present file management and increase degree of publicity in order to achieve the goal of high quality and high efficiency To interview officials or others who involve with the administrative procedure, and provide concrete suggestions based on the content from the interview

Abstract Financial transparency has been playing the role of one of the most significant approaches to financial reform since the eighties. This is true of not only advanced countries but also developing countries where democratic awareness is blooming among the public, especially countries in poverty, because people there tend to demand more and more aggressively that the government publish important financial information such as the revenue and annual expenses as they get to realize how much the governmental budget impacts on the economical development and the distribution of resources of the country, and Taiwan is among the rest. As democratic trends cracked Taiwanese autocracy in the late eighties, the government began to take a relatively open stance towards publicizing the budgeting processes and the information concerned. Unfortunately, such changes seem to be limited to the central government only. As for the local governments, however, budgeting still tends to be done in black boxes as always. Indeed, little has been done to enhance the financial transparency of the local governments. People still focus on the facts of local financial difficulties and deficits as well as their demands on the systemization and transparency of central grants-in-aid to the local governments, neglecting the persistent lack of proper financial information publication. What exactly is the cause of local governmental financial unbalance? Does it come from improper expenditure increase or shortage of income or both? Neither the central government nor the local ones have provided solid and complete background information for the public to make their own judgments from. In fact, the central government should actively help the local governments construct handy, thorough financial information databases and thereby optimize the transparency of critical data, minimizing people¡¦s cost for accessing information and maximizing their interest in participating in local public financial affairs. On December 6, 2005, Taiwanese Legislative Yuan passed the Law of Governmental Information Publication to ensure people¡¦s right to knowledge, promoting their understanding of, trust in, and supervision upon public affairs, taking a big step towards administrative and financial transparency. The purposes of this research are: 1. By looking back on the literature concerned, the author wishes to make a comparison between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in terms of how they define the financial transparency of a member country and thereby to get the industrial circle, the government, the academia, and the general public to better understand and to value the concept of financial transparency. 2. Through depth interviews, the author wishes to institutionally, legally, and administratively explore possible strategies and steps that local governments can take to enhance the financial transparency, so that the general public can be better encouraged to participate in and to supervise local financial administration, raising the efficiency in making good use of resources of all kinds, strengthening local finances. The author suggests that the following steps be taken to enhance local governmental financial transparency: 1. Put together general, concise financial information reports. 2. Open new channels for the publicizing of financial information. 3. Formulate laws and codes concerning governmental financial information release. 4. The central government should build up a platform on which all financial information countrywide can be shown and processed. 5. Set up a national treasury payment information system. Keywords: Financial transparency, Local government, Tax expenditure

In this paper, it attempts to investigate whether corporate governance affects foreign investment or not. Furthermore, it also wants to detect what factors influence the percentage of foreign investment. Some hypotheses for corporate governance and foreign investment are developed in this study. Multi-regression models are conducted to test the relationship between corporate governance factors and foreign investment. The results of multi-regression models indicate that higher corporate transparency, bigger companies and companies with lower liability ratio attract more foreign investment. Moreover, companies held by big stockholders have higher percentage of foreign investment; on the contrary, family-owned firms are not preferred by foreign investors. In addition, foreign investors like to invest in firms having more independent directors. Furthermore, companies having GDR (Global Deposit Receipt) or ECB (Euro Convertible Bond) do increase the percentage of foreign investment. This paper also utilized the logistic regression to test what corporate governance factors act on the willingness of issuing GDR and ECB. As a result, it finds that company size, liability ratio and percentage of stocks held by owner¡¦s family all have impact on whether the company issue GDR or not. In addition, size and family holding are two significant factors that affect Taiwanese companies to issue ECB. Hence, this paper provides some information for foreign investment in Taiwan.

This work is devoted to the study of the quantum coherent effects in diatomic molecular systems by using high resolution laser spectroscopy. In particular, we have studied the rubidium diatomic molecular gaseous medium's absorption spectrum with high resolution single mode laser spectroscopy. The derived electronic and rotational vibrational constants were used in the backward Raman amplification experiment of Rb diatomic molecule. Both experimental results and theoretical calculation confirms that there is strong backward directionally dependent radiation. This effect can further be utilized in remote detection of chemical material. In the saturated spectroscopy experiment of the cesium diatomic molecule, long-lived ground state coherence was observed. The coherence would decay at a rate less than the natural life time of the excited states, which indicates great possibility for performing the quantum optics experiments previously performed in atomic systems only. Electromagnetically induced transparency has been observed in many atomic systems for many years, while it has been seldom realized in molecular systems. In our experiment of electromagnetically induced transparency in cesium diatomic molecules, we utilized  energy levels, and observed subnatural linewidth. This is the first time to realize a  type EIT in a molecular ensemble. This experiment will lead to many other experiments of quantum effects in a molecular system, such like magnetic optical rotation, light storage in ensemble of molecules. Magnetically induced chirality in an atomic ensemble is also investigated in my research.

Agents in financial markets must learn about underlying variables and hence find some patterns of parameter. Learning schemes across agents may be different since agents¡¦ learning procedure depends on their computational technique and their beliefs. This dissertation outlines how agents learn from the actions of others or observe relative information when making trading decisions. If prior or signal follow a normal distribution, the law of standard Gaussian updating can be applied to represent the process of learning by agents. Accordingly, this dissertation use learning and global game technique to solve for the condition of equilibrium, to discuss the problem of eliminating multiplicity and to analyze three topics as follow. First, how transparency in financial market influences equilibrium condition, ad hoc multiplicity, is rarely to explore. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the market-clearing condition, based on a noisy rational expectations equilibrium and using the global game technique with learning to proposes a policy effect and the variant of equilibrium in financial market. The after which conclusions can be drawn if transparent policy in financial market is implemented. First, all else equal, regardless of the precision of private signals of uninformed traders, financial market transparency cannot prevent from the vanishing of multiplicity under exogenous dividend return. Next, when dividend return is endogenous, the unique equilibrium condition is partly determined by the precision of private signals from uninformed traders rather than perfectly by a policy of market transparency. Second, politicians and some scholars have advocated that emerging market countries avoid financial instability and reduce multiplicity by restricting capital mobility. Moreover, in the highly sensitized financial markets, information released by the authority is often seen so as to reply rapidly market variety and to correct and remove irrational expectations. The secondary direction of this dissertation employs direct capital mobility controls and informational releases to discuss and compare the variant of equilibrium. A notable finding is that, although direct capital mobility controls and informational releases may successfully reduce capital outflows, direct restrictions on capital mobility are more likely to encourage speculative attack under optimistic signals and are thus more likely to cause multiple equilibriums, ceteris paribus. From a policy perspective, under a signal is optimistic, maintaining uniqueness is more likely when information release is aggressive than when information release is passive or unrestricted on capital mobility, ceteris paribus. Finally, recent studies about price or crises focus on the different directions or targets of learning. However, the problems that learning may generate endogenous feedback and endogenous coordination incentive and affect market performance are rarely discussed. Hence, the third topic of this dissertation will spotlight learning about aggregating information and observation of market and explain the effect of either coordination incentive or feedback on excess volatility. As a result, feedback effects may result from coordination incentives among agents and more coordination incentives among agents increases the feedback effect. Next, when financial markets are highly liquid or when financial shocks are severe, coordination incentives among agents decline. Excess asset price volatility decreases with either feedback effects or coordination incentives.

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Tax avoidance that reduces transfers from shareholders to the government is traditionally viewed as value enhancing to shareholders. The agency perspective of tax avoidance, however, suggests that opportunistic managers may exploit the obfuscatory nature of tax avoidance to mask rent extraction. To shed light on these conflicting views, I use a self-constructed opacity index and multiple measures of tax avoidance to examine how corporate transparency relates to tax avoidance. I find that more transparent firms, which potentially have less severe agency problems, avoid more tax relative to their opaque counterparts. This result suggests that in a large section of the economy, tax avoidance is mainly engaged in by managers to enhance shareholder wealth. Further, I find that investors place a value premium on tax avoidance, but the price premium decreases with corporate opacity. This is consistent with the notion that corporate transparency facilitates the monitoring of managerial actions and thus alleviates outside investors’ concern with the hidden agency costs associated with tax avoidance. / text

In the midst of the international development agenda, two concepts have recently emerged, transparency and accountability. These concepts represent ideas, which have shaped the current direction in which development has been managed. Recent international agreements and partnerships, including the Paris Declaration for Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, have mentioned transparency and accountability as principles that may create greater aid effectiveness. In a time of austerity, development aid has come under pressure to create results. Transparency and accountability are concepts that may allow for an efficient use of Overseas Development Assistance (ODA). Large donors of ODA shape the development agenda. Yet, many developed nations face questions from citizens regarding finances. The European Union (EU) has provided an example of integration and coherence within development policies. EU Member States and the EU are large donors of ODA. However, the austerity measures have caused a need to re-examine the way in which development aid is spent. Transparent and accountable policies may create effectiveness and efficiency within the deliverance of ODA. By examining the EU and EU Member States, the relevance of transparency and accountability may be understood. This thesis attempts to divulge the complex relationships between transparency, accountability, co-operation and the EU. Furthermore, primary data has been collected on the levels of transparency and accountability within the EU and EU Member States. The role of co-operation and partnership for these actors provides a greater understanding of the perspectives towards development aid. Transparency and accountability may allow for responsibility and trust to occur within co-operative efforts in implementing development aid. The relevance, purpose, and operationalisation of the concepts are central to this research.

Den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer har vuxit i både volym och antal emittenter sedan finanskrisen 2007/2008. Marknaden genomgår fundamentala förändringar som kan påverka intresset för företagsobligationer bland marknadens aktörer. I februari 2015 trädde Finansinspektionens praxis för ökad transparens och öppenhet på marknaden för företagsobligationer i kraft. Litteraturstudien som genomförts inför uppsatsen uppmärksammade att utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv är det oklart vilken påverkan ökad transparens får på variabler som intresse, likviditet, konkurrens och kostnader. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva samband mellan transparens och likviditet på den svenska marknaden för företagsobligationer. I en kvalitativ studie har 13 intervjuer med olika aktörer på företagsobligationsmarknaden analyserats med hjälp av teori skriven i ämnet. Generellt tycks marknadens aktörer eniga om att transparens är positivt, dock råder det delade meningar om vilken grad av transparens som är lämplig samt vilken påverkan transparens får på marknaden. Marknaden bör vara tillräckligt transparent för att investerare ska ha en tilltro att handla men graden av transparens ska inte heller missgynna market makers som ställer priser. / The Swedish corporate bond market has grown in both volume and number of issuers since the financial crisis in 2007/2008. The market is undergoing fundamental changes that may affect the attractiveness of corporate bonds among market participants. In February 2015 came the Swedish Financial Supervisory practices in force for increased transparency and openness in the corporate bond market. The literature review conducted for the paper indicates that, from a theoretical perspective it is unclear what impact increased transparency will have for variables such as interest, liquidity, competition and costs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between transparency and liquidity in the Swedish market for corporate bonds. In a qualitative study, 13 interviews with various actors in the corporate bond market has been analyzed by using the theory written on the subject. In general, market participants seem to agree that transparency is positive, however, there are divided opinions on the appropriate degree of transparency and what impact transparency will have on the market. The market must be sufficiently transparent for investors to be confident to participate but the degree of transparency should not disfavor market makers whom set prices.