A dissertation presented to the graduate school of the University of Florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2009 / Submitted by Leonardo Martinez-Acchini (leonardo.acchini@unila.edu.br) on 2017-11-01T01:49:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 martineza_l.pdf: 1737664 bytes, checksum: a522807aa2f99a94e70dedfdaee49734 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-01T01:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martineza_l.pdf: 1737664 bytes, checksum: a522807aa2f99a94e70dedfdaee49734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / This research is about cultural and linguistic change among western Bolivian highland and valley peasants who have been migrating to the country’s eastern lowlands in the recent years, a very widespread phenomenon in developing economies of the Andean neo-tropics today. In particular, I want to know how Quechua-speaking people from the highlands and valleys adapt to lowland culture; which ethnic traits and linguistic resources they keep, and which ones they abandon; and which strategies they utilize to ease the process of adaptation. The results indicate that highland migrants who settled in the lowland community of Cuatro Cañadas (department of Santa Cruz) speak less Quechua among themselves, and especially with their children, although they assign great importance to the maintenance of this language. Four specific cultural practices that were selected as indicators of Quechua mode of life were measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there is a substantial reduction of these practices in the lowlands. Also, inter-ethnic marriage (highlanders seeking lowlanders), thought to be an important strategy of adaptation, was found to be a preference for a reduced proportion of both the single migrant population and the married population. Therefore, migrants in Cuatro Cañadas are reducing their traditional linguistic behavior and the practice of specific cultural traditions, but their alliance patterns are still somewhat conservative. In spite of this process of acculturation, the theoretical framework used in this research argues that highland migrants do not fully own Cuatro Cañadas: they are trapped between traditional, modern and globalizing codes, and just embrace the hybrid nature of their identities, which makes them speak and behave in certain ways depending on which ethnic identity they want to activate.

Em 1944, Macapá foi transformada na capital do recém-criado Território Federal do Amapá. Nos vinte anos seguintes, as obras realizadas nesta cidade, a fim de modernizá-la, ensejaram que aí ocorresse um boom populacional. Milhares de migrantes paraenses e nordestinos formaram rapidamente grandes bairros. Estes novos assentamentos não eram assistidos pelos serviços públicos. Moradias e empregos eram insuficientes. Insuficiente era também o fornecimento de gêneros alimentícios. A carestia tornava a sobrevivência um enorme desafio para os mais pobres. O súbito crescimento demográfico, os obstáculos criados pela Segunda Guerra Mundial e a defesa governamental das margens de lucro das classes proprietárias fizeram tal problema ganhar proporções muito dramáticas. Dentro deste quadro de insegurança estrutural, os trabalhadores criaram uma série de táticas para sobreviver. Nosso estudo consiste, fundamentalmente, num inventário de tais táticas e num esforço para compreendê-las como combinações de elementos oriundos da tradição e da improvisação. Estas táticas tinham como base uma sociabilidade caracterizada principalmente pela solidariedade horizontal. / On 1944, Macapá was transformed in Federal Territory Amapás capital. On the next twenty years, buildings realized to get modern this city induced a demographic boom. Thousands migrators composed new quarters, where they didnt have public services. Homes end employments were insufficient. Alimentary provision was insufficient too. High prices challenged the poor survival. Sudden demographic boom, obstacles created by Word War II and government defense of the proprietary gain aggravated this problem. To face this structural insecurity context, workers created many survival tactics. Doing a wide inventory of this tactics is our aim. This tactics combine tradition and improvised actions and they were based on horizontal solidarity.

Poon Fung Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-166). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Questions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Definitions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Design --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Background of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Proportion of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Distribution of Migrants --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sources of Migrants --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- The PRD as a Destination --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- Gender Ratio of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.64 / Chapter 3.7 --- Spatial Patterns and Correlation of Migration Indicators --- p.67 / Chapter 3.8 --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF NON-HUKOU POPULATION IN COUNTY-LEVEL AREAS --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Variables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Results --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.102 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- IMPACTS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS AND THE POLICY RESPONSES --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Trend of Non-hukou Migrants in PRD --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3 --- Positive Impacts --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Negative Impacts --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Policy Responses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.139 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.142 / Chapter 6.1 --- Non-hukou Migration in PRD --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Responses --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for Further Research --- p.150 / REFERENCES --- p.152

In spite of the prevalence of rural-urban interactions in developing countries, much remains to be learnt about their welfare impacts. This thesis extends the discussion on rural-urban linkages by examining – for Ghana – two of the main forms of such interactions: migration and remittance flows. The study explores factors influencing migration and remittance flows, and also evaluates the impacts of these linkages on poverty and consumption welfare, using data from the 1998/99 Ghana Living Standards Survey. A key feature of the analyses is the construction of counterfactual scenarios and the application of a methodology that adjusts for selectivity bias.

Cell migration is essential for embryonic development, it occurs in adult organisms during processes like wound healing and its misregulation contributes to pathological conditions such as metastasis. Despite this, most studies of cell migration have been undertaken in vitro. Ena/VASP proteins, believed to be actin anti-capping proteins, have been studied extensively in fibroblasts in vitro, and using Drosophila macrophages (hemocytes) within the developing embryo, the role of the Drosophila homologue of Mena, Ena, is investigated in vivo. Consistent with data from fibroblasts in vitro, Ena localised to regions of actin dynamics within migratory hemocytes, where this protein stimulated lamellipodial dynamics and positively regulated filopodial number and length. However, whilst overexpression of Ena/VASP proteins in fibroblasts reduced migration speeds, Ena overexpression in hemocytes dramatically increased migration speeds in three different assays. This positive regulation of migration speed closely resembled the increased motility of breast cancer cells that overexpress Mena and evidence presented here, suggests that this key difference may be explained by spatial constraints that are imposed upon cells within three dimensional environments. Indeed, such constraints prevented ruffling, a more detrimental form of retraction, in hemocytes in vivo. Furthermore, fibroblasts overexpressing Mena in vitro form membrane ruffles more frequently. Therefore Ena/VASP proteins drive migration by enhancing lamellipodial protrusion, but in certain environments these protrusions are lost as ruffles slowing migration. The method by which Ena regulates lamellipodial protrusion and migration speeds was then investigated: Ena increased Fascin-mediated actin bundling and the number of Fascin rich-actin bundles that coalesced. Analysis of individual actin bundles revealed that coalescence increased protrusion rate and that both protrusion rate and coalescence, increased cell migration speeds. This suggests that Ena facilitates an increase in cell migration by promoting the coalescence of Fascin bundles, and positions Ena as a key regulator of migration speeds in vivo.

This dissertation studies three forms of mobility in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first chapter uses newly collected data from Union Army widows' pension files to isolate the causal effect of women's income on their decisions about marriage. Making use of exogenous variation in the processing time of pension applications, I show that receiving a pension caused widows to remarry at a significantly slower rate. This suggests that women's income directly influenced marital outcomes, largely by making women more selective in the marriage market. The second chapter explores the extent to which nineteenth century internal migrants in the United States were motivated by the possibility of upward occupational mobility. Drawing on the literature on contemporary migrant selection and sorting, I argue that workers with greater potential for occupational upgrading should have selected themselves out of counties with low skill premiums and sorted themselves into counties with high skill premiums. Using linked data from the U.S. Census and county-level wage data, I present results consistent with this argument. The third chapter of the dissertation (co-authored with Claudia Olivetti and Daniele Paserman) examines intergenerational income mobility across three generations between 1850 and 1930. Making use of the socioeconomic content of names, pseudo-panels of three generations are created by grouping samples of individuals by first name. Using G1, G2, and G3 to index generations one two and three, respectively, we find a significant correlation between G1 and G3, controlling for G2. We also find differences in this correlation by gender, suggesting that the process by which income was transferred from fathers to daughters was not the same as the process by which it was transferred from fathers to sons.

This doctoral thesis analyses the internal migration of farmers from Northern Ghana to Brong Ahafo Region's agricultural frontier, theorizing this mobility as part of a wider ‘complex adaptive system' made up of interlinked social and environmental processes. It draws on original qualitative research conducted in three migrant ‘settler' communities in Brong Ahafo in 2014 in order to investigate local-level migration trends and histories, the relationship between in-migration and changing land tenure norms, and migrant farmers' perceptions of environmental change at their migration destinations. Each of these research themes provides an entry point for scrutinising the relationship between in-migration and the local ‘social-ecological system'. Finally, the thesis introduces a typology of livelihood trajectories among migrant tenant farmers in Brong Ahafo based on research findings at the three case study sites, which accounts for livelihood differentiation among migrants. This thesis thus makes an original contribution to the literature on the climate-migration nexus and to debates about rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the case of the former, much of the current literature on ‘environmental migration' focuses on the extent to which environmental factors influence out-migration from communities of origin, and whether such migration can be thought of as a form of ‘adaptation' to environmental change. Debates about rural development, meanwhile, are increasingly preoccupied with understanding rural transformations. This thesis illustrates the need to consider how environmental conditions can affect migrant livelihoods at rural destinations, where livelihoods are often highly sensitive to environmental factors, and to account for how in-migration can serve as ‘feedback' which contributes to changing social and environmental conditions in such areas. Additionally, the stratified migrant livelihood trajectories encountered at my field sites show the diversity of migrants' agency, which affects their capacity to adapt to climatic and other shocks in situ as well as to provide support for kin in Northern Ghana.

This research encompasses the fields of social protection and migration through an empirical study of the Mexican conditional cash-transfer (CCT) programme, Oportunidades, in two indigenous locations. The thesis looks at the way(s) in which Oportunidades and migration, both international and domestic, influence each other. It focuses on the decision to migrate of individuals – in particular of former and current beneficiaries of the programme – and offers a methodological approach that is different to previous studies on this topic. The thesis employs both qualitative and ethnographic data on the mutual effects of CCTs and migration through multi-sited research covering the high region of the Mixes in Oaxaca, Oaxaca City and Mexico City, and in California, USA. The results show that: - the outcome of the influence of Oportunidades on the decision to migrate is very dependent on contextual variables, mainly the migration situation in each village, the social and cultural norms around the purpose and meaning of migration, and the circumstances of beneficiaries' households. The outcome of Oportunidades was mediated by what the individual household and community considered as the means to achieve social mobility, which differed across the two main localities of study; - the allocation of remittances, both international and internal, had an influence not only on the households but also on the norms and values of the society more broadly, through the annual cargos or local-council elections and the aspirations of beneficiaries; and finally that - the transition from more years of education to skilled jobs, as expected by Oportunidades, is not straightforward. This thesis explores how these transitions take place in reality and the different meanings and paths to social mobility they have for beneficiaries.

Neutrophils are recognised to play a pivotal role at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune responses following their rapid recruitment to inflamed tissues and lymphoid organs. Whilst neutrophil trafficking through blood vessels has been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms regulating their migration into the lymphatic system are still poorly understood. This thesis therefore aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in neutrophil migration across the lymphatic endothelium during TNF- or Complete Freund's Adjuvant + antigen (CFA+Ag)-induced inflammation of cremaster muscles in vivo. This work revealed that TNF- or CFA+Ag-stimulation induces a rapid but transient entry of tissue-infiltrated neutrophils into lymphatic vessels, a response associated with the regulation and redistribution of the lymphatic endothelial cell glycocalyx. Interestingly, antigen sensitisation resulted in the production of endogenous TNF within cremaster muscles. Using anti-TNF blocking antibodies and mice deficient in both TNF receptors (p55 and p75), endogenous TNF was demonstrated for the first time to be involved in priming and triggering the migration of neutrophils into tissue-associated lymphatic vessels upon antigen challenge. Additionally, the use of chimeric mice exhibiting neutrophils deficient in both TNFRs demonstrated that TNF directly acts on leukocytes to induce neutrophil migration into lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, the results show that TNF-induced migration of neutrophils into the lymphatic system occurs in a strictly CCR7-dependent manner; blocking CXCR4 or CXCL1 signalling does not affect this response. Finally, both TNF- or CFA+AG-stimulation induced ICAM-1 up-regulation on lymphatic vessels, allowing neutrophils to crawl along the lumen; a response that was demonstrated to be TNF-dependent. These results have provided new insights into the mechanisms that mediate neutrophil migration into lymphatic vessels and their subsequent crawling within these vessels during inflammation. In particular, a new role for TNF as a key regulator of these processes has been demonstrated. Taken together, this work has highlighted potential and effective targets to manipulate the role of neutrophils in adaptive immune responses in vivo.

This research explores the civic and political participation of Polish migrants in Northern Ireland from a transnational perspective. Examining how migrants construct belonging at multiple scales, it emphasises the role of place in shaping their civic and political participation, attitudes and interests. Despite a significant body of work examining the experiences of Polish migrants in the UK, their civic and political participation remains under-explored. Moreover, given Northern Ireland's status as a relatively recent immigration destination, little is known about how migrants engage in politics and civil society in the region. Employing a mixed methods approach that entailed in-depth interviews, an online survey and ethnographic participant observation, this research elicits a range of insights regarding migrants' motivations for participation in civil society, in formal politics and in political parties. It also sheds light on the barriers to participation which they experience. Drawing on Thomas's (2002) idea of a 'contract' as a means through which claims to citizenship are articulated, the research develops the idea of a 'place-based contract' to conceptualise how migrants construct belonging to civic and political communities, and how this shapes and facilitates their civic and political engagement. I argue that participation is facilitated by a sense of belonging to place which has legal, personal and societal dimensions, and which includes both practical and emotional elements. Highlighting how this process operates across multiple scales, I argue for the need to 'rescale the polity' in order to pay closer attention to how migrants form attachments to place at a scale 'below' the nation-state and how this facilitates engagement in different forms of civic and political activity. As such, the research urges that greater attention be paid to the geographical context in which politics is practised, as well as focusing on the interconnections between migration, political participation, citizenship, identity, belonging and place.