STUDENT NUMBER: 0407481N SCHOOL FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MASTER OF ARTS IN FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES / Proponents of migrants rights often posit that distinct legislation not only secure migrants rights in host countries, but also enhance the ideals of liberal democracies in which policing is regulated by the rule of law, impartiality and respect for due process. The potential for discrimination by host communities to some categories of migrants is deemed to underscore the importance of migration laws. Critics argue that such laws undermine the very rights they are supposed to protect in that they set different standards for the treatment of migrants. In this study, based on evidence from research with Somali migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa, study I argue that legal documents as evidence of legal status have little significance in the policing of migrants. This paradox can be explained by three main reasons; first, the issuance, retention and renewal of these documents is characterized by irregularities and corruption that undermine the legitimacy of the document, giving the police enough grounds for suspicion. Second the political and social context in which policing of migrants is done undermines the significance of their legal status. The anti-migration sentiment among the nationals effectively sets different standards for policing of migrants. Third, the legal framework gives the police the dual and potentially conflicting responsibilities of regulating migration on the one hand and protecting migrants on the other hand. The police have taken their regulation responsibility to be synonymous with that of gate-keeping whereby migrants are separated and denied access to government services. This role of gate – keeping is manipulated by the police for their own ends while citizens and politicians directly or indirectly sanction their extra-legal actions when dealing with migrants.

ABSTRACT HIV has been linked to many risk factors such as sexual behaviour, gender, gender based violence, poverty, migration, conflicts, sexually transmitted diseases and circumcision. In this project, the role played by migration was particularly underscored. The aim of the study was to estimate and to compare the prevalence of HIV infection among migrants and non-migrants and to investigate whether migration leads to increased high risk sexual behaviour among migrant workers aged between 14 and 35 years from Limpopo Province. This study was based on a secondary data analysis from a large community intervention study. A random sample of 2860 participants were selected in a cross sectional study after pair matching a community of villages set for an intervention. Data were collected using a questionnaire in English with a version in Sotho. HIV test was performed on oral fluid using Vironostika HIV Uniform oral fluid. The study was approved by Wits University and Informed consent was previously obtained by the original study. Stata was used for the statistical analyses of the data. This study found that the HIV prevalence among migrants was not statistically different from the prevalence among non-migrants (10.04% versus 10.97%; p = 0.662), that the slight association between migration and HIV infection was not significant (Adjusted OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.7 – 2.01) (p = 0.520). There was no association between migration and sexual behaviour such as sexual experience, age at first sexual relationship, have ever had sexual relationship and used a condom. However the study showed an association between migration and the number of sexual partners. These striking findings suggest that migration does not always lead to an increased risk of HIV infection even though it can lead to an increase of number of sexual partners. The study concludes that migration did not prove to be a risk factor for HIV infection. However, other underlying structural factors need to be examined for a better understanding of the conditions that lead to HIV infection. It recommends interventions that cover information (Knowledge, attitude and belief), risk perception and change of sexual behaviour.

MSc, Population-Based Field Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: The spread and prevalence of the HIV epidemic has resulted in extensive demographic, social and economic impacts among families in the communities affected in Sub Saharan Africa which increase with the severity and duration of the epidemic. The dramatic increase in adult mortality attributable to HIV/AIDS in households in these communities may increase the number of households that do not survive as a functional and cohesive social group in the years to come. The migration of household members and possible dissolution of these households are the challenges stemming from the epidemic. We therefore require rigorous empirical research on the socioeconomic effects of HIV/AIDS in order to develop appropriate strategies to mitigate these impacts and ultimately improve living standards in these communities. This report describes the extent at which these impacts are felt by a rural community using data from the Rufiji HDSS in rural Tanzania. Design: The study will use a longitudinal study design to identify antecedent events and dynamics and trans-temporal aspects in establishing the effects HIV/AIDS, and particularly how adult deaths from the disease determine migration of individual household members, controlling for other individual level and household factors. Objectives: The main objectives of the study include the description of the adult mortality patterns in the area with an emphasis on the HIV/AIDS related adult deaths, the description of the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households experiencing these adult deaths; the characterisation of the members migrating from the households as a result of these adult deaths or otherwise. We also estimate the proportion of household members migrating following the deaths of adult members and further compare these rates of migrations from households experiencing adult HIV/AIDS, Non-HIV/AIDS deaths and where there is no experience of death. Methods: Migrating individuals from 4,019 households that experienced at least one adult death were compared with migrating individuals from other households experiencing Non-HIV/AIDS deaths and those from households without deaths. A total of 32, 787 households were included in the study. An adult death was defined as a death of a household member aged 18 years and above. Those aged 60+ years were considered elderly deaths. A total of 4,603 adult deaths were recorded over the period 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2007. The mortality trends were shown by the rates calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival estimates expressed per 1000 PYO. Migration rates were computed while the association between adult mortality and out-migration of household members was assessed using Cox proportional Hazard model controlling for other individual level and household level factors. Results: Adult deaths increase by about 9% the chance of a child, male or female, to migrate within or without the DSA while HIV/AIDS adult deaths increase by a further 19 percentage point the risk of 5 the child to migrate out of the DSA. The results also show that HIV/AIDS adult deaths enhance the risk of adult female internal migration by 6% (adj. HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.91-1.23, p-value 0.01) but is not significantly associated with adult male migration. Non-HIV/AIDS adult deaths also enhance the risk for female internal migration by 5% albeit hardly significantly (adj. HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.0-1.10, pvalue 0.05) but decreases the chance of male internal migration by 13% (adj. HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.81- 0.93, p-value 0.01). Additionally, HIV/AIDS adult death is strongly associated with out-migration of adults, whatever the gender. They predispose female out-migration to 19% (adj. HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.09-1.30, p-value <0.001) and male migration to 30% increased risk (adj. HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.16-1.45, p-value <0.001). This gender difference is however non-significant (the confidence intervals overlap). Non-HIV/AIDS adult death has the inverse effect on out-migration, and the gender difference is significant: 18% increased risk for males (adj. HR 1.18 95% CI 1.14-1.22, p-value <0.001) and 29% for females (adj. HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.26-1.33, p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Adult deaths have a positive impact on out-migration, with some variation by gender. The effect of HIV/AIDS death on out-migration is not very different from other deaths‟ effect.

Magister Artium - MA / This study questions why domestic work that is generally considered a feminine job is yet a field dominated by men in the city of Nampula, Mozambique. In the attempt to explain this phenomenon, the research explores economic, social and cultural aspects. Due to the fact that Nampula is a province with a strong Islamic presence and the majority of the population identify themselves as belonging to the Makhuwa ethnic group—which is traditionally defined by a matrilinear kinship system—I argue that the domestic sector remaines masculinised because of the influence of the matrilinear values and gendered practices. I also argue that the Islamic patriarchal values play a decisive role as men see themselves as the exclusive family providers and for that reason forbid their wives to develop and to get engaged in economic activities outside the household. This study also explores notions of masculinity in connection with domestic work and examines how male domestic workers, coming from rural areas and employed in the city, perceive and perform their masculine identities. How does the job of the domestic worker shape particular understandings of masculinity? Given the fact that many domestic workers in Nampula are immigrant people from the rural areas of the Zambézia province, I argue that migrating and working in the city is considered as a way to achieve a manhood as immigrants have access to goods that can only be purchased in urban contexts and are scarce in the villages. The access to all these “modern” commodities and the experience of the city make the immigrant young boys to gain respect in their original communities.

The PhD thesis 'Vietnamese in Czechia and the world: migration and adaptation tendencies' sheds light on the development of international migration of the Vietnamese since the mid 20th century to the present with special emphasis on Czechia as a country of destination. The main aim is to identify the key factors that initiate international migration of the Vietnamese and how they determine main directions of these movements, affect migrants' and non-migrants' expectations and determine adaptation strategies. In this respect, the methodology of the paper is based on the combination of macro-level and micro-level approaches. Therefore, the thesis brings an analysis of main structural factors encouraging international migration of the Vietnamese such as economic development, economic and political reforms Đổi Mới and pro-emigration policy of the Vietnamese government; and also an analysis of actors' personal interpretations of these factors. The key part of the thesis is also identifying the transformation of importance of these factors depending on the stage of migration and on the socio-economic-political context of migration or migration-decision making. The paper stems from the analysis of available statistical data and legal documents, and results of three-year research, which was carried out...

Thesis advisor: Brinton Lykes / A growing number of families in the U.S. are of mixed-status with at least one undocumented relative who is threatened by deportation. Many also are simultaneously involved in cross-border or transnational families. Despite these challenging contexts,these families rarely are attended to in psychological research. This dissertation presents findings from research with nine intergenerational Maya Kiche transnational and mixed-status families who live across the United States and Guatemala. The study explored relationships within these families and how they are maintained in contexts of family separation as influenced by U.S. immigration and deportation systems. A grounded theory analysis of in-depth interviews with at least one U.S.-based undocumented migrant parent, and one Guatemala-based child and caregiver from each family was developed to better understand and characterize the ways in which diverse family members perceive and experience their family relationships and separations. The middle-range theory developed from this study is called "being present when forced to be absent." This theory describes the main strategies family members in Guatemala and the U.S. utilize to maintain relationships over time and across space, which include communication, remittances or financial support, and the provision of life advice or consejos. Findings suggest that while these strategies mitigate challenges experienced in transnational family relationships, families view contextual strains in Guatemala and the U.S. as continuing to influence their cross-border relationships and family processes. Finally, this study showed that families leverage an additional strategy identified as reconfiguring the transnational family, wherein they alter the transnational configuration of their family to confront challenges of family separation. This study shows that U.S.-based undocumented migrant parents and children and elected caregivers in Guatemala contribute to their transnational families in unique ways. It also supports previous research arguing that immigration and deportation policies violate the rights of families from the global south who migrate north to support their relatives in origin countries. Implications for comprehensive immigration reform and new directions for research in psychology with migrant and transnational families are discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Thesis advisor: Stephen Pfohl / This dissertation explores the intersection of gender, violence, and dispossession among Burmese migrants living in precarious circumstances in Thailand, close to the border with Myanmar. In this space, particularly in the town of Mae Sot and surrounding areas, migrants are targets of multiple overlapping technologies of governance, including the Thai state, multinational garment export processing facilities, plantation-style agricultural firms, international humanitarian NGOs, and transnational social and political networks. Through a multi-modal qualitative approach relying on collaborative action research and key informant interviews, I consider how this complex web of discursive and relational power simultaneously renders migrants invisible subjects of global supply chains and yet hyper-visible targets of humanitarian assistance and intervention. Invisible because actors associated with state or market forces performatively enforce upon migrant bodies the violent notion that they are deportable, reiterating the boundaries of sovereignty at each encounter. And visible because as migrants struggle to make ends meet working long hours for illegally low wages, NGOs spotlight their social problems and offer solutions that promote individual biowelfare but not wider transformative change. Despite what appear to be opposing forces, both forms of power contribute to the production of gendered border subjects that are healthy workers; ethical and self-reliant yet docile. Migrants interpret and negotiate these overlapping systems, exerting agency as they rely on their own social and political networks to establish mechanisms of order that are shaped by but not necessarily subordinate to the disciplinary regimes of factories and farms, the juridical frameworks of the state, or the biopolitical gaze of NGOs. This dissertation finds that within these mechanisms, gender becomes a key discursive metaphor both to make sense of the widespread violence of displacement and to maintain collective order. Migrants' own gendered performances of discipline are themselves a product of border precarity and forge pathways of limited agency through which migrants seek to navigate the everyday conditions of that precarity. Throughout, this dissertation reflexively examines its own collaborative action research approach as well as humanitarian intervention on the border to identify ways that both are complicit in gendered border subjectivation. Gender in this analysis manifests itself as a set of discursive resources that NGO staff and migrants make use of as they seek to effect change--albeit in ways that tend to leave unchallenged the larger structural conditions of violence and neoliberal sovereignty that undergird and require the formation of a docile and disposable border population. Thus, in one sense, this dissertation is about how migrants survive in a violent context of dispossession, but it is also just as much about the generative qualities of violent life, the spaces in which agency challenges precarity, and the ways in which performatively reproduced gendered hierarchies are at the center of both precarity and resistance. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Thesis advisor: Julian Bourg / The social and cultural aftershocks of the end of French empire in Algeria reverberated throughout the former colony and metropole long after independence in 1962. This dissertation illustrates the process of decolonization between the start of the Algerian war in 1954 and the election of François Mitterrand to the presidency in 1981. Rather than “forgetting Algeria” after 1962, French administrators, social aid workers, and the public were constantly confronted by traces of empire, and especially by the presence of Algerian migrant workers and families on metropolitan soil. I trace the evolution of a group of private social aid associations that were created to help integrate newly arrived families in the colonial era, and that continued their work even after it ended. These social aid associations acted as mediating bodies between Algerians and the French welfare state. They offered services to a growing population of Algerian workers and families to help them become more at home in France. As the number of Algerian families grew in the post-independence era, the colonial modernizing mission justified social aid associations’ interventions to “emancipate” Algerian women through social aid and education. The “slow end to empire” demonstrated by the growth of social aid for Algerians even after they were no longer citizens highlights the importance of studying not just the empire and the colony in a single analytic field, but also the post-empire and the post-colony. Furthermore, this dissertation reveals the social logic behind increasingly restrictive immigration protocols toward Algerians. Historians have argued that colonial and ex-colonial subjects created the potential for France’s economic growth during the Thirty Glorious Years. It would not have been possible without access to this cheap labor. Though the availability of employment helped to pave the way for migration initially, family and worker migration far surpassed this threshold in the 1960s and 70s. The perceived inability of Algerian families to integrate, which had allowed for the growth of social aid also led to its downfall. Paradoxically, the failures of social aid associations justified contracting Algerian family migration in the 1970s. Attention to integration alongside immigration reveals how the perceived social burden of welcoming Algerian families also conditioned their ability to resettle there. Against the backdrop of a faltering global economy and disintegrating Franco-Algerian relations, support for the specialized social welfare network for Algerians began to collapse in the late 1970s. As a result, the network reoriented its services to the whole body of migrants arriving in France. This “universalizing” republican approach to welfare conceived of social aid as a structural problem without regard to nationality. This approach, I argue, served the purpose of helping the French forget their colonial past in the years immediately preceding its supposed “resurgence.” The winnowing of the specialized social welfare network provided support for this revival, but not because France had yet to reckon with its colonial past. Rather, the French administration had litigated this past since Algerian independence in the context of social aid for Algerian families. The powerful return of “neo-republicanism” in the 1980s thus occurred as a result of the long process of decolonization.

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The pioneering work of Ödegaard (1932) was the first to link migration and schizophrenia by reporting rates in Norwegian immigrants in Minnesota as twice that of native Minnesotans and of Norwegians in Norway. However, only in recent decades has an interest in migration and schizophrenia been rekindled as a result of reports of elevated rates of schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the United Kingdom in the mid- 1960s (Hutchinson & Haasen, 2004). Later studies reported elevated rates in secondgeneration Afro-Caribbean immigrants compared to first-generation (Harrison, Owens, Holton, Neilson, & Boot, 1988). In the United States, Blacks were diagnosed with schizophrenia 2.4 times more often than Whites (Olbert, Nagendra, & Buck, 2018). However, mental health researchers in the United States generally combine all individuals of African descent as African- Americans. This practice obscures the nuances of culture and ethnicity within the Black subgroups as well as the immigrant status of Afro-Caribbeans. This research focused on the Afro-Caribbean immigrants and factors that predict risk for schizophrenia within this population. The process of migration is a complex enterprise that produces stressors and challenges, the effects of which are multifaceted. The social and environmental forces that parallel the process of migration may predispose individuals to severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Socio-political dynamics in the host country that marginalize others of different cultural and/or racial persuasions can compound the negative effects of post-migration. Therefore, migration is considered a social determinant of health. Empirical evidence has substantiated that socio-environmental factors such as urbanicity, discrimination or socio-economic deprivation, social support, and goal striving stress are potential contributing factors to the development of psychotic disorders in immigrants. Moreover, evidence has supported that the darker the skin color of the immigrant the greater the risk (Cantor-Graae, 2007). The findings of this study confirmed that for Afro-Caribbean immigrants stressors in the post-migration phase such as discrimination, limited social support, and economic hardship that can be compounded by the number of dependent children were identified as possible predictors of risk for schizophrenia. This risk increased with length of residency and continued into the second-generation. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection