This thesis examines the way in which the United States formulated its policy toward Greece during the Greek civil war (1943-1949). It asserts that U.S. intervention in Greece was based on circumstantial evidence and the assumption of Soviet global intentions, rather than on dispatches from the field which consistently reported from 1943-1946 that the Soviets were not involved in that country’s affairs. It also maintains that the post-Truman Doctrine American policy in Greece was in essence, a continuation of British policy there from 1943-1946, which meant to impose an unpopular government on the people of Greece, and tolerated unlawful violence of the extreme Greek right-wing

This study examines the evolution of the popular images of John Brown and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. It begins by analyzing the historiography of each man. The second and third chapters are biographies of each man. The fourth, fifth, and sixth chapters examine the popular images of the two men in print media, visual media, and monuments. This thesis concludes with appendices which contain reproductions of songs, photographs, and paintings referred to in the chapters. This study finds that the myth of the Lost Cause has kept Thomas Jackson's popular image consistently positive and heroic since his death in 1863. At the same time, this myth has contributed to an ever-changing image of Brown, though other issues, such as race and terrorism, have played significant roles as well. Brown has at various times been considered a madman, a saint, and merely a product of his times. Because the Lost Cause continues to pervade popular memory of the Civil War, Jackson's image is unlikely to change quickly. Because race and the fear of terrorism continue to pervade American society, Brown's image is likely to remain controversial.

This study examines adult education in Civil War Richmond from January 1861 to April 1865. Drawing on a range of sources (including newspapers, magazines, letters and diaries, reports, school catalogs, and published and unpublished personal narratives), it explores the types and availability of adult education activities and the impact that these activities had on influencing the mind, emotions, and attitudes of the residents. The analysis reveals that for four years, Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy, endured severe hardships and tragedies of war: overcrowdedness, disease, wounded and sick soldiers, food shortages, high inflationary rates, crime, sanitation deficiencies, and weakened socio-educational institutions. Despite these deplorable conditions, the examination reveals that educative systems of organizations, groups, and individuals offered the opportunity and means for personal development and growth. The study presents and tracks the educational activities of organizations like churches, amusement centers, colleges, evening schools, military, and voluntary groups to determine the type and theme of their activities for educational purposes, such as personal development, leisure, and recreation. The study examines and tracks such activities as higher education, industrial training, religious education, college-preparatory education, military training, informal education, and educational leisure and recreation, such as reading and listening to and singing music. The study concludes that wartime conditions had minimal affect on the type and availability of adult education. Based on the number and types of educational activities and participants engaged in such activities, the study concludes that adult education had influenced and contributed to the lives of the majority of Richmonders, including the thousands of soldiers convalescing in the city's hospitals. Whatever the educative system, the study finds that the people of Richmond, under tremendous stress and despondency improved themselves individually and collectively. Thus, Civil War Richmond's adult education experience is about educative systems that gave people knowledge, comfort, and hope under extreme deprivation and deplorable conditions. / Ph. D.

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Review of: The Retreats of Reconstruction: Race, Leisure, and the Politics of Segregation at the New Jersey Shore, 1865–1920. David Goldberg. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8232-7272-3. 188 pp., paper, $28.00. Excerpt: David Goldberg's The Retreats from Reconstruction: Race, Leisure, and the Politics of Segregation at the New Jersey Shore, 1865–1920 continues the historiographical trend that expands our understanding of Reconstruction and the Civil War's consequences beyond the plantation South. In this case, Goldberg examines the politics of race and segregation in the resort communities of Asbury Park and Atlantic City, New Jersey. He argues that over the last decade of the nineteenth century and first decades of the twentieth century, consumption and consumer freedom replaced the free labor political economy of the Civil War era at the Jersey shore. Subsequent clashes between working-class African Americans, middle-class white tourists, and white business elites prompted the implementation of Jim Crow segregation there by 1920 [...]

This essay has sought out to study the ideological debate in the Swedish press using the Spanish civil war. To complete this task three newspapers editorial pages were studied during the period 13/07-14/10 -1936. The three newspapers that were studied were Dagens Nyheter (liberal), Norrskensflamman (communist) and Svenska Dagbladet (moderat). This essay used qualitative methods to reach the answers it set out to achieve. The method consisted of thoroughly reading through the editorial pages of the chosen newspapers to highlight how each newspaper framed certain aspects of the conflict. Since this essay was on a small scale the results can only be seen as an indication of how the debate looked and was framed. If the same study was conducted but with more newspapers and a longer time period the results could have been broader. The results show that the different newspapers differentiated on who was to blame, why the civil war had broken out and who they wanted to win. The results also show that the different newspapers framed certain aspects of the war differently. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2023-06-02</p>

This dissertation explores the efforts of northern soldiers’ relief organizations in bringing Union veterans home and aiding them during and after the Civil War. Part One focuses on the wartime work of the United States Sanitary Commission’s Special Relief Department in Washington, which dealt with a humanitarian crisis caused by neglect on the part of the U.S. Army as the city became choked with wounded, ill, or destitute discharged soldiers unable to get home. Employing antebellum missionary tactics, its workers relieved suffering where found but also forged vital and innovative bureaucratic mechanisms to move men homeward. By 1864, the Special Relief Department stood poised to spearhead a national system of soldiers’ homes. The Sanitary Commission leadership backed away from this challenge not out of a simple faith in American self-sufficiency, as they professed, or indifference, as many scholars suggest, but because they were daunted by mounting evidence of widespread poverty among soldiers and a societal problem beyond their reach. The withdrawal of the Sanitary Commission did not leave a vacuum as sometimes claimed. Part Two examines relief efforts in the Boston area. Previous scholarship has asserted that northern civilians turned their backs on suffering endured by discharged soldiers. On the contrary, a decentralized yet complex and multilayered network of private charities and state and local government programs saved lives and mitigated suffering. Some groups of veterans were indeed marginalized, due not to civilian antipathy towards veterans but to long-standing prejudices on the part of veterans and civilians alike against foreigners and the poor that were exacerbated by the Panic of 1873. As the Grand Army of the Republic joined the decentralized aid system, they cultivated the image of the noble discharged soldier to garner respect. Consequently, they played a major role in cementing the concept of the “unworthy” veteran in the public mind, stripping destitute veterans of the aura of the “discharged soldier.” Diverse methodologies sparked debate between aid workers who based their efforts on emerging social science and those religion-based antebellum models. This project explores this complex discourse and the varied strategies employed to assist the discharged soldier.