Des recherches antérieures introduisent la coopétition comme stratégie d'innovation technologique dans le secteur high-tech. Jusqu'à présent, nous disposons de résultats contradictoires sur l'impact de la coopétition sur la capacité des entreprises à innover ou sur leurs positions de marché. Il est encore nécessaire d'envisager un questionnement sur au moins trois niveaux : les déterminants de la coopétition, la mise en œuvre et le management de la coopétition, les résultats de la coopétition. Comment la coopétition impacte l'innovation technologique des rivaux/partenaires? Cette question est déclinée en trois sous-questions : Qu'est-ce qui motive les entreprises à choisir la coopétition comme stratégie de R&D? Quelles formes de coopétition favorisent quels types d'innovation? Qu'est ce qui détermine les bénéfices des entreprises de la coopétition ? La première phase de recherche est de nature exploratoire où nous avons mené 15 entretiens semi-directifs. Ensuite, nous avons choisi, sur la base des résultats de la première phase, le projet 100GET comme cas d'étude. Ce projet est un projet de coopétition multiple où quatre grands concurrents européens sur le marché des solutions Ethernet ont collaboré ensemble pour développer la prochaine génération de la technologie Ethernet de 100 Gigabits. Nous avons effectué 27 entretiens semi-directifs. Nos résultats montrent que la coopétition aide les partenaires/rivaux à rendre leur technologie plus mature pour l'exploitation individuelle et l'utilisation dans leurs produits et services. Le degré de maturité de la technologie est composé de trois dimensions : une dimension marché, une dimension institutionnelle et une troisième au niveau de l'entreprise (technologique). Notre recherche montre que les différentes formes de coopétition peuvent être adaptées à différents types d'innovation. D'autre part, faire de la coopétition dyadique avec son rival « encastré » est approprié pour améliorer ou démontrer la faisabilité d'une technologie. Au niveau de l'impact de la coopétition, la recherche montre que, selon l'objectif de vitesse fixé par la firme, sa vitesse d'apprentissage dans le projet coopétitif et son choix de la stratégie de gestion de ses ressources, elle aura un impact sur la probabilité d'atteindre cet objectif. Nous avons proposé quatre modèles de la vitesse. Chacun d'entre eux est caractérisé par une vitesse, une stratégie de gestion des ressources et des coûts différents. Enfin, pour bénéficier des avantages de la coopétition, les entreprises doivent gérer efficacement les tensions liées à la coopétition. Ces tensions sont induites par la nature contradictoire de cette relation. / Previous research introduced coopetition a strategy for technological innovation in high-tech sector. Till now, we have contradictory results on the impact of coopetition on firms' capacity to innovate or market position. These results means that we still have to open the black box to understand: how coopetition impact technological innovation of rivals/partners? This research has to understand what motivates firms to choose coopetition as a strategy in R&D? What forms of coopetition favours which type of innovation? And what determine firms' benefits from coopetition? In this research, we will answer these latter questions. A research design is of two phases was conducted to answer our research questions. First phase is of exploratory nature where we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews. In the second phase we chose, based on the results of the first phase, the project 100GET as a case. This project is a multiple coopetition project where four major European competitors in the Ethernet solutions market collaborated together to develop the next generation of 100 Gigabit/s Ethernet technology. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews. Our results show that coopetition helps rival/partners to render their technology more mature for individual exploitation and use in their product and services. The technology maturity degree is composed of: market, institutional and firm (technological) dimensions. Our research shows that different forms of coopetition could be suitable for different types of innovation, Doing multiple coopetition with unfamiliar rivals/partners' is suitable to achieve industry-wide (radical) innovation. On the other hand, doing dyadic coopetition with embedded rival/partners' is suitable to improve incrementally or to demonstrate the feasibility of a technology. At coopetition benefits side, we showed that according to firm's speed objective, firm's learning speed in coopetitive project and its choice of resource management strategy will impact its likelihood to achieve this objective. We proposed four speed patterns. Each of them is characterized by different speed, resource management strategy and costs. Finally, in order for firms to manage effectively tensions related to coopetition to ensure its benefit from coopetition, they have to manage tensions induced from the contradictory nature of this relationship. Different attentions at different organisational levels led to different results from coopetition.

Este trabalho descreve um projeto simples de gerenciamento de clusters que apresenta uma interface de usuário para as tarefas mais comuns de uso e gerenciamento de um cluster utilizado como máquina paralela. A partir do estudo de vários softwares existentes hoje, o sistema projetado foi adequado às necessidades do cluster do Laboratório de Processamento Paralelo Aplicado do Instituto de Física de São Carlos. O sistema é baseado em páginas HTML e scripts CGI. O uso de HTML e CGI se demonstrou apropriado para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de sistemas. / This work describes a simple cluster management system that operates as a user interface for some common user and manager tasks performed on a cluster used as parallel machine. We studied some cluster management systems from the literature and then designed a system with the needs of our research laboratory in mind. The system was implemented using HTML pages and CGI scripts. The use of HTML and CGI was found adequate for this type of systems.

A SOA está se tornando uma abordagem difundida no desenvolvimento de sistemas. Em sistemas maiores onde se utiliza SOA pode ocorrer problemas de alta demanda, que podem ser resolvidos com arquiteturas distribuídas como clusters. Esta dissertação apresenta a proposta de uma nova arquitetura para distribuição de requisições em clusters de web services. A arquitetura proposta tem foco na distribuição flexível de requisições, possibilitando o emprego de políticas diversificadas, estas voltadas a diferentes objetivos, aplicações e plataformas. A arquitetura também propõe trabalhar de forma dinâmica, possibilitando decisões baseadas na coleta de estado dos elementos que compõem a estrutura de atendimento. A transparência, do ponto de vista do cliente, também é tratada na arquitetura. Os testes da arquitetura foram realizados através de um protótipo que a implementa. O protótipo instancia os objetivos propostos na arquitetura, apresentando ganhos de desempenho em relação à solução existente atualmente. A flexibilidade das políticas de distribuição é destacada através da construção de uma política, cujo objetivo é melhorar a eficiência no consumo de energia de clusters. Dentre as contribuições do trabalho está a criação de uma nova arquitetura de software que atua como facilitadora para a criação de políticas de distribuição de requisições mais eficiente para web services / SOA is becoming a widespread approach to develop systems. High demand problems may appear in huge systems where SOA and web services are used. This problems can be solved by means of distributed architectures like clusters. This work presents the proposal of a new architecture for request distribution in web service clusters. The proposed architecture provides flexible request distribution. It allows the use of several policies, these related to different objectives, applications and platforms. The architecture\'s dynamic feature enables decisions based on states of the cluster\'s elements, in a transparent way, under clients\' point of view. The architecture was tested using a prototype that implements the proposed ideas in this work. The objectives of the proposal were reached by the prototype and still shown performance improving in many cases, when comparing to an existing solution. The use of a novel policy, related to energetic efficiency for clusters, is also shown on the experiments related to flexibility. Among architecture\'s contributions is a novel software architecture that acts as a facility to create and to test more efficient web services policies

Orientador: Stanley Robson de Medeiros Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boschi_RaquelStucchi_M.pdf: 3107405 bytes, checksum: 588133f11eed8053ecc9977774702c0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No atual cenário de aquecimento global, fenômeno ao qual a ocorrência de secas intensas e eventos extremos de chuva está cada vez mais associada, o conhecimento do comportamento da precipitação pluvial é fundamental para um planejamento agrícola adequado. A imprevisibilidade das variações climáticas e a dependência do regime pluviométrico são os principais fatores de risco e insucesso na produção agrícola. A variabilidade temporal da precipitação é apontada como a principal causa das variações dos rendimentos das principais culturas, particularmente no Rio Grande do Sul. Na Região Sul do Brasil, este é o estado mais afetado pelas secas. Esses períodos de estiagens conhecidos como veranicos, são apontados como um dos principias fatores limitantes da produção agrícola, uma vez que, dependendo da sua duração e frequência, podem provocar reduções significativas na produção final das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento espaço temporal da precipitação pluvial e dos veranicos no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da aplicação de técnicas de mineração de dados. As séries históricas deste estudo foram adquiridas junto à Agência Nacional de Água (ANA), disponíveis no sistema de informações hidrológicas Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). A metodologia utilizada teve como base o modelo CRISP-DM (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). Primeiramente, foram definidas áreas pluviometricamente homogêneas para o decênio 1987-1996 e para o decênio 1997-2006, separadamente. Em seguida, pela sobreposição dos clusters obtidos para os dois períodos, foram definidas seis zonas comuns aos dois decênios, denominadas de A-F. As alterações no volume de precipitação foram avaliadas anual, sazonal e mensalmente nas seis zonas (A-F), e as alterações no número médio de veranicos foram analisadas anual e sazonalmente. A precipitação pluvial anual apresentou um incremento significativo entre os decênios 87-96 e 97-06 em todas as zonas, exceto na zona A. Na análise sazonal não se observou padrão de redução ou incremento. Na análise mensal, destaca-se a redução na precipitação pluvial média do mês de janeiro no segundo decênio, com exceção da zona E. De um modo geral, na análise de veranicos anual, notou-se uma redução no número de veranicos maiores que 15 dias e um aumento no número de veranico de menores de 15 dias. As alterações observadas no número médio de veranicos, nas estações do ano, não apresentaram padrão de redução ou incremento, ocorrendo variações entre classes e períodos / Abstract: In the current scenario of global warming, in which the occurrence of droughts and extreme rainfall events are increasingly associated with these phenomena, the understanding of the behavior of rain is crucial to a proper agricultural planning. The unpredictability of climatic variations and dependence on rainfall are the main risk and failure factors in agricultural production. In the case of Rio Grande do Sul, in particular, the temporal variability of precipitation is considered as the main cause of changes in yields of major crops. In southern Brazil, this is the state most affected by droughts. These periods of drought, known as dry spells, are pointed out as one of the main limiting factors for agricultural production, since depending on the duration and frequency, they can cause significant reductions in final yield of crops. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal rainfall and dry spells in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by applying techniques of data mining. The historical series of this study were obtained from the database of the National Water Agency (ANA), available at the system of hydrological information Hidroweb (http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/). The methodology used was based on the CRISP-DM model (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining). First, homogeneous precipitation areas for the decades 1987-1996 and 1997- 2006 were defined separately. Subsequently, by the overlapping of the clusters obtained from both periods, six common areas were defined ranging from A to F. The changes in the volume of precipitation were evaluated annual, seasonal and monthly, while the changes in the average number of dry spells were evaluated annual and seasonally, in the six zones (A-F). The annual rainfall showed a significant increase between the decades 87-96 and 97-06 in all areas, except for the area A. In the seasonal analysis, no pattern either reduction or increase was found, while in the monthly analysis, the results revealed a reduction in the average rainfall for January in the second period, with the exception of the area E. On the other hand, it was observed a reduction in the number of dry spells longer than 15 days and an increase in those under 15 days, in the annual analysis of dry spells,. The seasonal changes in the average number of dry spells did not present any pattern of either reduction or increase, occurring variations according to classes of dry spells and periods / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Nas últimas décadas, o cenário empresarial mundial tem presenciado profundas modificações que afetam diretamente as empresas e definem novas formas de atuação no mercado. Por um lado, pode-se identificar a posição de destaque ocupada pelos consumidores, ávidos por produtos e serviços de alta qualidade e que de fato atendam às suas necessidades. Por outro, destaca-se o fenômeno da globalização dos mercados e seu reflexo na concorrência entre as empresas, que agora passa a ser mundial. Além disto, esta troca de paradigmas traz em seu bojo mudanças nos fatores definidores de competitividade para as empresas. Esta situação desfavorece, sobretudo, as micro e pequenas empresas (MPE\'s), que muitas vezes não contam com capacidade competitiva necessária para se adaptarem a esta nova era. Para sobreviver às condições impostas pela economia vigente, observa-se o surgimento de novas formas de organização industrial, com destaque às que estimulam a cooperação entre empresas de um mesmo setor ou de setores complementares, dentre os quais destacam-se os chamados aglomerados ou clusters. Pelas suas características, a presença em um cluster possibilita às MPE\'s incrementos em seus processos produtivos, tanto em termos de volume de produção quanto em termos de aumento de possibilidades tecnológicas, através do compartilhamento de meios produtivos e de investimentos na busca por melhores tecnologias, sejam elas de produto, de processo ou de gestão. De acordo com este cenário, o objetivo desta tese consiste em desenvolver uma análise da competitividade das MPE\'s do cluster alimentício do município de Marília/SP, possibilitando identificar ações a serem tomadas para aumento da competitividade deste conjunto de empresas. Para a realização desta análise foi elaborado um modelo geral adotado na pesquisa, considerando as particularidades do cluster em questão: a predominância de MPE\'s e as características da indústria alimentícia. / In the last decades, the managerial scenery in the world has been witnessing deep modifications that affect the companies directly and define its new forms of performance in the market. On one side, it can be verified the prominent position occupied by the consumers, avid for products and services of high quality and that in fact assist to their needs. On other side, it can be stand out the phenomenon of the globalization of the markets, enlarging the horizons of the companies for besides the national limits, increasing, with that, the competition among them. Besides this, this change of paradigms in its core some changes in the factors that define the competitiveness for a company. This situation disfavors, above all the small firms, that don\'t have necessary competitive capacity for adapt itself to this new era. Thus, to survive to the conditions imposed by the effective economy, these firms create new ways of industrial organization that stimulate cooperation among companies that belongs to the same sector or to the complementary sectors, which can be stand out as agglomerates or clusters. For its characteristics, the presence in a cluster facilitates to the MPE\'s increments in its productive processes, so much in terms of production volume as in terms of increase of technological possibilities, through the share alike of productive means and of investments in the search for better technologies, be them of product, of process or of administration. In agreement with this scenery, the objective of this consists of developing an analysis of the competitiveness of MPE\'s agroindustrial cluster in the municipal district of Marília/SP, facilitating to identify actions to be taken for the competitiveness increasing of this group of companies. For the accomplishment of this analysis a general model adopted in the research was elaborated, considering the particularities of the cluster in subject: the predominance of ) MPE\'s and the characteristics of the nutritious industry.

Cluster ensembles are collections of individual solutions to a given clustering problem which are useful or necessary to consider in a wide range of applications. The R package clue provides an extensible computational environment for creating and analyzing cluster ensembles, with basic data structures for representing partitions and hierarchies, and facilities for computing on these, including methods for measuring proximity and obtaining consensus and "secondary" clusterings. (author's abstract)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Summary: Expressed sequence tag database is a rich and fast growing source of data for gene expression analysis and drug discovery. Clustering of raw EST data is a necessary step for further analysis and one of the most challenging problems of modem computational biology. There are a few systems, designed for this purpose and a few more are currently under development. These systems are reviewed in the "Literature and software review". Different strategies of supervised and unsupervised clustering are discussed, as well as sequence comparison techniques, such as based on alignment or oligonucleotide compositions. Analysis of potential bottlenecks and estimation of computation complexity of EST clustering is done in Chapter 2. This chapter also states the goals for the research and justifies the need for new algorithm that has to be fast, but still sensitive to relatively short (40 bp) regions of local similarity. A new sequence comparison algorithm is developed and described in Chapter 3. This algorithm has a linear computation complexity and sufficient sensitivity to detect short regions of local similarity between nucleotide sequences. The algorithm utilizes an asymmetric approach, when one of the compared sequences is presented in a form of oligonucleotide table, while the second sequence is in standard, linear form. A short window is moved along the linear sequence and all overlapping oligonucleotides of a constant length in the frame are compared for the oligonucleotide table. The result of 85 comparison of two sequencesis a single figure, which can be compared to a threshold. For each measure of sequence similarity a probability of false positive and false negative can be estimated. The algorithm was set up and implemented to recognize matching ESTs with overlapping regions of 40bp with 95% identity, which is better than resolution ability of contemporary EST clustering tools. This algorithm was used as a sequence comparison engine for two EST clustering programs, described in Chapter 4. These programs implement two different strategies: stringent and loose clustering. Both are tested on small, but realistic benchmark data sets and show the results, similar to one of the best existing clustering programs, D2_cluster, but with a significant advantage in speed and sensitivity to small overlapping regions of ESTs. On three different CPUs the new algorithm run at least two times faster, leaving less singletons and producing bigger clusters. With parallel optimization this algorithm is capable of clustering millions of ESTs on relatively inexpensive computers. The loose clustering variant is a highly portable application, relying on third-party software for cluster assembly. It was built to the same specifications as D2_cluster and can be immediately included into the ST ACKPack package for EST clustering. The stringent clustering program produces already assembled clusters and can apprehend alternatively processed variants during the clustering process. / South Africa

The thesis is pursuing the proposal of establishing an industrial cluster from a university perspective in the region of South Moravia. The thesis is based on processed records. According to interest from businesses and institutions become of cluster member and evaluate their condition, were propose areas of cooperation in project of research, development and education. There is a potential in establishing an industrial cluster in South Moravian region. But there was no leader found either from the business sphere or from the university deputies who would initiate issues leading to creation of industrial cluster.

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