We study the (strong-)Gibbsian character on RZd of the law at time t of an infinitedimensional gradient Brownian diffusion / when the initial distribution is Gibbsian.

The authors analyse different Gibbsian properties of interactive Brownian diffusions X indexed by the d-dimensional lattice. In the first part of the paper, these processes are characterized as Gibbs states on path spaces. In the second part of the paper, they study the Gibbsian character on R^{Z^d} of the law at time t of the infinite-dimensional diffusion X(t), when the initial law is Gibbsian. <br><br> AMS Classifications: 60G15 / 60G60 / 60H10 / 60J60

Abstract Entrepreneurship has become an important issue in the modern society where the business landscape consists of many small and medium sized firms. These firms have all been started by an entrepreneur who has identified and business idea and developed that idea into a new venture. We therefore see the idea identification and idea development process as a central part of the creation of a new firm. A concept that has become popular in the discussion about entrepreneurship is the cluster concept and dynamic business settings. These concepts are based on the fact that in some geographical regions more firms are started than in other geographical locations. These firms are often started in the same field or industry which has lead to theories that the environment supports and stimulates entrepreneurship. The studies about clusters have often been conducted with an organizational perspective and studied formal contacts within clusters. Therefore we in this study want to study how cluster environments support entrepreneurs in their idea identification and idea development process with the perspective of the individual entrepreneur. The study is based on a theoretical framework built around the cluster theories develop by Michael Porter who is considered to be the father to this concept. In addition to this we also present theories about the importance of untraded interdependencies, the triple helix, spin-offs and entrepreneurs as organizational products. The empirical material for this study has been collected through interviews with five entrepreneurs in Sweden’s famous ICT cluster Kista Science City just outside Stockholm. These interviews are later presented as five individual cases which describe the idea identification and development process. The results from these interview shows that the cluster environment can support the entrepreneurs in several ways. The support we have found in this study could be linked to the existence of untraded interdependencies that provided the entrepreneurs with access to information, knowledge and experts through networks. These factors were useful both in the idea identification and the idea development process.

This very research was conducted through in-depth interview and affiliated with secondary data gathering to discuss the motive, entry mode of wood industry companies¡¦ China investment as well as its successful management experience. Wood industry companies in Taiwan have considerably started overseas investment owing to the market saturation that causes less and less sales. Furthermore, China¡¦s market opening policy and its great local demands both greatly contribute to more and more overseas investment. This very study has suggested wood industry companies to focus their overseas investment on locations where Taiwan based companies cluster. For those companies that aim to develop China¡¦s local market, it highly suggested Joint Venture or Strategic Alliance as entry mode since it¡¦s much easier to establish the relationship and secure the local resources. This very study has shown five key successful factors for wood industry companies¡¦ overseas investment in China. 1.The managing director has to develop the customers by himself or herself and organize a team that is be able to work independently. 2.A managing team that could fully devote itself to China market has to be built up. 3.Core competence ¡V Specialized Knowledge and Experience is successfully diffused among the team. 4.Creative fund raising mode is applied so that sufficient capital is provided. 5.The company has to keep very good relationship with the raw log group.

Around the world, regions are developing their knowledge-based assets in order to stay competitive in today's global economy. Europe alone is home to more than a thousand cluster initiatives. There are an overwhelming number of innovative regions and "valleys" competing to become the place to live and do business within a particular field. In this highly competitive environment, marketing directors and innovation system executives must develop and execute a well conceived branding strategy in order to survive and thrive.      Regional innovation systems are complex constructions often involving a variety of clusters, agendas and business models across a large number of partners from the business world, academia and society, each with their own best interest at heart. Unlike a company with a business idea and a range of products, an innovation system encompasses a multitude of business ideas and offerings that, when taken in the aggregate, are often abstract in nature.      The purpose of this study is to address some common challenges when building the brand of a regional innovation system and attempt to identify some possible solutions for how to successfully overcome those challenges. In doing so, a selection of eight experts and practitioners in the field of regional innovation systems have been interviewed.        The four most important challenges in the branding of regional innovation systems are converting interested bystanders into committed stakeholders, juggling the brands of multiple stakeholders, communicating the complex subject of innovation and technology, and building and maintaining brand trust in a localized, close-knit environment.       The findings in this report suggest that branding an innovation system requires a unique approach - different branding channels and skill sets - compared to traditional product branding.  As a result I recommend that regional innovation systems focus on four major brand strategies: setting and managing brand expectations, ambassador development, creating a Branded Warehouse, and storytelling.              First in setting and managing brand expectations, it is important to communicate clearly so that potential members understand what the initiative is all about and why they should be excited about it. Paint a vision specific enough to drive interest but not so specific that members feel they have no input into the mission. Once consensus has been reached it's important to manage the different brand expectations so that all members are satified.       Suitable champions on a regional, national and international level can act as ambassadors of the regional innovation system, spreading the brand message in the right networks by the power of their own individual credibility. Brand managers should work proactively with the board to leverage their networks to the greatest extent possible.      The findings in this paper suggest that the best approach for juggling multiple brands may be a Branded Warehouse model where a strong branded house is just as important to the success of the initiative as the strength of the brands inside that house.      Identifying, creating and spreading the narratives that define the brand help people grasp the complex subject of a regional innovation system. For spreading the brand message both within and outside of the region, the media and ambassadors are unrivaled tools.

Innlandet har flere klyngeinitiativ som blir fulgt opp og utviklet i regi av virkemiddelapparatet, herunder også Kunnskapsparkene. Kunnskapsparken Hedmark har bioforedling og kulturnæringer som fokusområder. I denne avhandlingen har vi valgt å presentere og belyse utfordringer knyttet til utviklingen av to ulike klyngeinitiativ, en på anvendt bioteknologi og en på musikk (pop/rock). Begge klyngeinitiativ er initiert og har sitt hovedsete i Hedmark, med tilknyttede aktører i Oppland, men også i andre regioner. Fokuset på å utvikle regionale næringsklynger bunner først og fremst i behovet for at næringsaktører og FoU miljø i større grad samarbeider og samhandler for å øke konkurransekraften. Ved å initiere fellesprosjekter bidrar man til å øke verdiskapingen i regionen, konsekvensen blir at man løfter ulike fagmiljø til å bli mer attraktive og man kan slik lettere rekruttere ny arbeidskraft, flere studenter og på alle måter skape merverdi. Et regionalt klyngeinitiativ går aktivt inn i prosessen med å fjerne barrierer mellom de ulike aktørene, så som mellom næring og høgskole/universitet. Det handler om å smelte sammen ulike kulturer og synliggjøre verdien av samarbeid med tanke på synergier og økt nasjonal og internasjonal konkurransekraft. Målsettingen vil da være å bli en lærende region, dvs. et innovasjonssystem der alle barrierer er fraværende og kommunikasjonsflyten derved er svært god. Slik kan man ta ut merverdien og skape et godt innovasjonsmiljø. Denne avhandlingen knytter arbeidet med klyngeutvikling opp til relevant teori og belyser slik de utfordringer man står overfor, systemisk og praktisk. I begynnelsen av utviklingsprosessen ligger det en forventning om sterkt offentlig engasjement, i forhold til ledelse og koordinering samt finansiering. Gjennom å gradvis få tettere dialog med de ulike næringsaktørene og evt. et FoU miljø ligger det en forventning om at næringsaktørene gradvis går inn mer aktivt i klyngeutviklingen, både med menneskelige ressurser og kapital. Forankringen hos de ulike aktørene og det å alliere seg med en respektert person som kan snakke varmt om klyngeprosessen er en kritisk suksessfaktor. Etter hvert som klyngeutviklingen blir mer kjent, forstått og akseptert kan klyngefasilitatoren rette blikket utover, fra det regionale til det nasjonale og etter hvert det internasjonale miljø. I Norge finnes det to hovedprogrammer for klyngeutvikling, Arena og Norwegian Centres of Expertise. Arena er ment for de mer umodne miljøene, mens NCE programmet er tiltenkt de klyngene som har størst vekstpotensial og som gjør seg gjeldende i et internasjonalt marked. Denne avhandlingen presenterer to case; BIOINN som har avsluttet sin programperiode som Arenaprosjekt og nå står på egne ben på regionale offentlige og private midler, samt musikk-klyngen i Hedmark som er i tidlig fase i utviklingen, men har et stort potensial og er i god driv. Kravet til ledelse varierer i forhold til hvilket utviklingstrinn klyngen er i, og arbeidets grad av suksess er gjerne knyttet til at man ikke slipper fokus og er i aktiv dialog med alle aktørene. Man må kontinuerlig være på post og drive aktiv markedsføring, motiveringsarbeid og på ulike måter holde trykket og entusiasmen oppe.

By means of the cluster expansion method we show that a recent result of Poghosyan and Ueltschi (2009) combined with a result of Nehring (2012) yields a construction of point processes of classical statistical mechanics as well as processes related to the Ginibre Bose gas of Brownian loops and to the dissolution in R^d of Ginibre's Fermi-Dirac gas of such loops. The latter will be identified as a Gibbs perturbation of the ideal Fermi gas. On generalizing these considerations we will obtain the existence of a large class of Gibbs perturbations of the so-called KMM-processes as they were introduced by Nehring (2012). Moreover, it is shown that certain "limiting Gibbs processes" are Gibbs in the sense of Dobrushin, Lanford and Ruelle if the underlying potential is positive. And finally, Gibbs modifications of infinitely divisible point processes are shown to solve a new integration by parts formula if the underlying potential is positive.

Multinational companies in the global economy of today are competing based on strategic knowledge. The ability to send and receive knowledge within different subsidiaries has therefore become imperative for the international firm. There are several known barriers and facilitators to transferring knowledge across different borders. Social interaction is one variable that by some have been shown to positively impact the knowledge sharing within multinational companies. The challenges social interaction bridges are especially related to tacit knowledge, which is foremost shared through face-to-face interaction in social communities. In this study, we investigated this impact in a management consultancy operating in the knowledge intensive service sector. We further investigate the implications of communities in the shape of country clusters and its effects on social interaction and knowledge transfer within the firm. Our findings show that social interaction is only positively relevant in terms of sending knowledge, and not on receiving knowledge. Moreover, our study did not find any significant impact of social interaction on knowledge transfer within the country clusters.

Much is known about childbirth fear in Sweden including its relationship to caesarean birth. Less is understood about this in Australia. Sweden has half the rate of caesarean birth compared to Australia. Little has been reported about women’s beliefs and attitudes to birth in either country. The contribution of psychosocial factors such as fear, attitudes and beliefs about childbirth to the global escalation of caesarean birth in high-income countries is an important topic of debate. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the prevalence and impact of fear on birthing outcomes in two cohorts of pregnant women from Australia and Sweden and to explore the birth attitudes and beliefs of these women.   A prospective longitudinal cohort study from two towns in Australia and Sweden (N=509) was undertaken in the years 2007-2009. Pregnant women completed self-report questionnaires at mid-pregnancy, late pregnancy and two months after birth. Fear of birth was measured in mid-pregnancy with a tool developed in this study: the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS). The FOBS showed promise as a clinically practical way to identify women with significant fear. A similar prevalence of fear of birth (30 percent) was found in the Australian and Swedish cohorts (Paper I).  The Swedish women had attitudes indicating a greater concern for the personal impacts of birth and a belief system that situated birth as a natural event when compared to the Australian women (Paper II). Finally, when women’s attitudes and levels of fear were combined, three profiles were identified: Self determiners, Take it as it comes and Fearful (Paper III). Belonging to the Fearful profile had the most negative outcomes for women including higher rates of elective caesarean, more negative feelings in pregnancy and post birth and poorer perceptions of the quality of their antenatal and intra-partum care (Paper IV).

The goal of this work is to provide a detailed description of the freezing mechanism in gold clusters. This is accomplished by using constrained Monte Carlo simulations combined with parallel tempering algorithms to evaluate the free energy barriers for various temperatures with respect to crystalline order parameters on a 456 atom cluster. <p>Our simulation results help us to challenge the usual assumption of classic nucleation theory where nucleation starts at the center of a cluster, showing instead that nucleation is favored by freezing started at the surface. We study simplistic phenomenological models for surface freezing and find that the three phase contact line free energy term must be included in order to properly describe the features of the free energy barriers. <p>Furthermore, we propose an alternative free energy parameter with which we are able to identify a kinetic spinodal temperature where the nucleation barrier disappears and find that the critical cluster size remains finite at the limit of stability of the fluid phase. This result is supported by Molecular Dynamics simulations.