In this paper, we examine the relationship between outward FDI and trades across Taiwan Strait during the period 1994Q4 to 2007Q4. We modify the export function, import function and trade function by including outward FDI variable to reflect the effect of bilateral trade between Taiwan and China. Empirical evidences indicate that the coefficient is significantly crucial to the long-run relationship. Due to the failure of a linear error-correction model (ECM) in describing the dynamics of exports and trades, we apply a nonlinear ECM to examine its dynamics and find supporting to the appropriateness of the nonlinear model empirically. Furthermore, outward FDI in percentages of Taiwan GDP was found increasing exports and decreasing imports across Taiwan Strait in percentages of Taiwan GDP. Then, the results also indicate the possibility of a positive effect of the ratio of China GDP to Taiwan GDP on the ratio of import to Taiwan GDP and a negative effect of the ratio of export to Taiwan GDP. It possibly offsets the balance of trade surplus at the same time. Finally, the bilateral trade across Taiwan Strait raises while the FDI ratio is increasing. China becomes the most important trade partner to Taiwan in recent years.

In this thesis, using Taiwanese companies investing in China as the sample, the impact of localisation and R&D intensity on the firm performance of MNE subsidiaries investing in an emerging market are examined. There has been limited previous research for this important topic. In order to strengthen the statistical results, the thesis includes two major models to compare: OLS regression model and binomial logit model. In the empirical part, five explanatory variables: local employment ratio (local worker linkage), local content ratio (local supplier linkage), local capital ratio (local financial linkage), local sales ratio (local sales linkage), and firm’s age will be employed to measure the scope and extent of localisation. The strategic goal and operation type of local-market-seeking FDI are significantly different from that of export-oriented FDI. Thus, I categorise Taiwanese manufacturing industries investing in China into two groups: the local-market-seeking group and the exportoriented group. It is noteworthy that for these two groups, each localisation variable and R&D intensity exert a different impact on subsidiary performance. Besides, the aggregate influence of these five localisation variables on the subsidiary-level performance of local-market-seeking group is larger than that on the subsidiary-level performance of export-oriented group. Therefore, it is suggested that local-market-seeking FDI is more affected by host country local business environment than is export-oriented FDI.

Diploma thesis analyses investment coming from People's Republic of China into Europe and targets of this investment. It addresses reactions of regional groups as well as individual European countries to Chinese investment activity and analyses impact of Chinese investment in Europe. The aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive material covering current Chinese invesmtnet activity in Europe.

This very research was conducted through in-depth interview and affiliated with secondary data gathering to discuss the motive, entry mode of wood industry companies¡¦ China investment as well as its successful management experience. Wood industry companies in Taiwan have considerably started overseas investment owing to the market saturation that causes less and less sales. Furthermore, China¡¦s market opening policy and its great local demands both greatly contribute to more and more overseas investment. This very study has suggested wood industry companies to focus their overseas investment on locations where Taiwan based companies cluster. For those companies that aim to develop China¡¦s local market, it highly suggested Joint Venture or Strategic Alliance as entry mode since it¡¦s much easier to establish the relationship and secure the local resources. This very study has shown five key successful factors for wood industry companies¡¦ overseas investment in China. 1.The managing director has to develop the customers by himself or herself and organize a team that is be able to work independently. 2.A managing team that could fully devote itself to China market has to be built up. 3.Core competence ¡V Specialized Knowledge and Experience is successfully diffused among the team. 4.Creative fund raising mode is applied so that sufficient capital is provided. 5.The company has to keep very good relationship with the raw log group.

Abstract Taiwan corporations must maintain sustainable competitive advantage in the competitive global market to cope with the deteriorated industry environment in Taiwan. This research concentrates on exploring toy industry¡¦s investing process, and operating strategy in mainland China. All multinational enterprises entering China must be aware that even with cheaper labor and land cost, from 1986 to 2004, less then twenty years of rapid changes in China¡¦s toy industry, China is still a fast changing and competitive area for industry development. Based on the study of Company A¡¦s operation, one of the major purpose of this research is to provide corporate strategies for those industries that are interested in entering China, as well as toy industries that are currently in operation. Furthermore, as far as China investment, existing studies only focused on the entry mode; however, the results of these studies did not provide enough experience since most industry¡¦s investment in China is only at the introduction stage. However, since toy industry requires massive labor and is more competitive with Hong Kong¡¦s factories, both Taiwan and Hong Kong enterprises obtain complete operating experiences; and therefore provide valuable studies. The study of Company A has achieved the following conclusions: 1. Industry¡¦s moving outward is due to inconsistency of corporate value and society value in the economic region. Enterprises¡¦ operating strategy is to achieve society value, create customer value, and satisfy employee value in order to accomplish corporate value. 2. Time-based competitive advantage is to apply the concept of competitive advantage into dynamic operation strategy. Efficiency is the success factor of achieving competitive advantage. 3. Acknowledging industry mind-set, meaning to realize, to assume, and to expect specific industry in order to decide how corporate could increase value and to compete with others. 4. Local advantage is more important than core competencies. 5. Taiwan¡¦s industry should merge with area economic, for example, Taiwan-Shanghai, Taiwan-Shenzhen, Taiwan-Xiamen, to avoid Taiwan¡¦s industry become isolated from clusters.

After economic reform and opening-up, China constantly absorb foreign capitals. However, at the same time of economic take-off, for the need of continuously economic development and strategy, China must move towards the world in order to seek energy, technology, fund, overseas market etc.. Therefore, the model of China foreign investments and its operation under the international investment regulations is less likely to be discussed by theses. While Taiwan re-negotiate with China,it is necessary to study the model of investment and its reality which China invested in Hongkong after 1997 since Hongkong is the demonstration area under one country-two systems policy. When China still argue that it will implement one country-two systems policy under one Chine principle, this study will help us to understand how China will carry out its investment model in Taiwan in the future. Thus, the research framework of this study will be based on the above statements, and this study will also discuss relevant agreements regarding the international investment contract, technological transferring agreement etc.. This study will be served as a reference for China while making investment in Taiwan.

The goal of this thesis is to provide comprehensive set of information about Chinese investment abroad policy and its approach to Eastern Europe. Introduction and first chapters describe China as a developing country which is trying to diversify its large foreign reserves, and actively to penetrate into foreign markets. Then thesis focuses on Chinese regional investment experience. Natural resources and commodities are prime targets for China in Africa. Meanwhile, Western Europe is perceived as an opportunity to gain knowhow and management experience as well as access to developed markets. Last chapters are devoted to the investment partnership between China and CEE countries and are focused on CEE attractiveness for Chinese corporations. China invests in high tech, telecommunication, automotive, machinery, food and construction industries in Eastern Europe.

2009年6月30日政府開放陸資來台投資，經濟部統計至2012年4月止，累計核准陸資來臺投資件數為246件，核准投(增)資金額計2億8千萬美元。陸資來台基本上仍處小規模、試探性階段。在兩岸經貿關係逐步深化之後，政府未來是否有比照僑外投資方式開放陸資來台投資之可能，使陸資來台投資，轉化為我國經濟發展的正面能量，值得探討。因而，本研究之目的如下：(一)探討陸資來台投資之動機(二)陸資與外資來台投資政策及規範之比較分析(三)提出具體建議提供政府擬定陸資來台投資政策之參考。 本研究以文獻分析及個案深度訪談方法，就陸資來台投資之製造業、服務業中選出具代表性個案，計4家陸資企業進行訪談；另為陸資與外資來台投資政策及規範之比較分析，選定2家具代表性外資企業進行訪談，以為本研究之目的進行探討，並提出具體政策建議。 研究發現陸資來台投資動機主要為獲取先進技術與經營管理經驗、響應中國大陸政府對台投資政策、拓展市場，擴大出口，進行全球化佈局等，來台投資除企業對外投資經濟層面動機外，尚有響應中國大陸政策，積極推動陸資企業來台投資佈局之政策性動機存在。而就陸資與外資來台投資政策差異，政府主要對陸資採「先緊後鬆、循序漸進、先有成果、再行擴大」的原則政策，對外資則採獎勵投資、減少外人投資障礙之開放政策；在陸資來台投資項目係採正面表列，所開放的項目係以國內發展成熟且不會對國內經濟造成負面衝擊的產業為主；而外資來台投資項目則採負面表列方式管理，除少數基於國家安全、公共秩序、善良風俗或國民健康考量及法律明定或國際協定予以禁止以及部分特許行業加以有條件限制外，均予以開放，開放程度已達95％以上。 本研究提出具體建議提供政府擬定陸資來台投資政策之參考，建議政府可參照開放外資投資政策，擴大開放陸資來台投資政策，將陸資來台投資項目從正面表列改以開放的負面表列管理，惟就擴大開放陸資來台投資政策下，政府對相關可能造成負面衝擊之影響，建議亦應有相關配套產業政策：如推動兩岸新型產業合作、輔導弱勢產業轉型與升級，以因應未來擴大開放趨勢、關鍵技術產業智慧財產權之保障、儘速簽署投資保障協議等，以為因應，降低衝擊之影響。另就陸資來台投資法令規範，建議建立完善投資審查機制，以防衛國家安全及因應關鍵技術流失之不利衝擊，另建議放寬大陸人員來台進出之法令、陸資購置不動產相關法令，以利陸資來台投資。 / Taiwan’s Government deregulated the investment capital of Mainland China in Taiwan on June 30, 2009. According to the statistical data of Ministry of Economic Affairs, up to April 2012, Mainland China investment in Taiwan has accumulated to 246 cases and the accumulated amount of investment (incl. capital increase) is US$280 million. Basically, the Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan is still in small scale. Following the gradual deepening of cross-strait economic and trading relationship, it is worthwhile to probe into the possibility of treating the Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan as ordinary foreign investment in Taiwan and turning it into positive energy of the economic development of Taiwan. The purposes of this research are such as following: 1) The motive of Mainland China capital investing in Taiwan, 2) Comparison and analysis of the policies and regulation of Mainland China capital and traditional foreign investment, and 3) Proposing practical suggestions for reference of the government in formulating Mainland China capital investment policy. By Literature Analysis Approach and in Case Interview Method, the research selected representing cases of Mainland China investment in manufacturing and in services industries. There were 4 Mainland China capital enterprises interviewed. Also by comparative analysis on the policies and regulations of traditional foreign investment and Mainland China capital investment, two representing foreign invested enterprises were interview. The efforts pointed directly to the purposes of the research as well as providing practical policy suggestions. It is found that the motives of Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan are mainly in obtaining advance techniques and operating and management experience, echoing the Taiwan Investment Policy of Mainland China government, developing market, expanding export and globalization deployment. Besides the economic motives in foreign investment of the Mainland China enterprises, they are also echoing the policy of mainland China government and actively to deploy their investment in Taiwan. In the difference of policies of Taiwan Government toward Mainland China capital and traditional foreign capital, Taiwan government is working in the principle of “Tight firstly then loose, Moving progressively, See the result before expansion” to the Mainland China capital investment, while it is in encouraging and reducing barrier to foreign investment to the traditional foreign investment. Under the control of Mainland China capital, it is subject to positive listing, and the items opened is the industries that are matured and will not result in negative impact on the domestic economy. In addition, under the control of foreign capital investment, it is rather in negative listing, that only the industries are excluded based on national security, public order, decent customs or national health, or those forbidden specifically under law or international treaty, or the charter business, all others are opened and the level of open reached 95%. This research provided practical suggestions for the reference of government in formulating the Mainland China capital investment. We suggest that the government shall take reference of policy for opening foreign investment to expand the scope for Mainland China capital investment and turn the positive listing to negative listing in administration, but under the expanding liberalization of Mainland China capital investment, the government shall guard off the negative impacts with packaged industry policy such as new cross-strait industry cooperation, assisting the transformation or upgrading of disadvantage industry to cope with future expansion, Key techniques industry and intellectual property right protection and speed up investment protection treaty, so as to reduce the impact. In the part of legislation and regulatory of investments of Mainland China Capital, it is suggested to build complete investment review mechanism to defend national security and to cope with the unfavorable impact resulted from loss of key techniques. We will also suggest deregulating the purchasing of real estate to induce the investment of Mainland China capital under the control of the entry and exit of Mainland China people.

本論文主要由三大研究主題組合而成：第一個主題是依照中國金融體系的現況，針對國有銀行、政策性銀行、股份制商業銀行及城市商業銀行等四種不同類型銀行的獲利績效進行比較實證研究。其中的股份制商銀與城市銀行，其資本組成除少數仍有國務院持股（即中央政府持股）外，股東成員擴及地方政府、國有企業及民間企業，股本結構明顯較國有商業銀行及政策銀行多元化。不同的股本結構，尤其是官股比例（政府持股比例）是否對各家銀行的獲利能力產生影響，是本文主要研究興趣所在。本文採用Bankscope資料庫，涵蓋1997至2004年中國大陸49家銀行的財務及股東資料。結果發現：銀行股權結構中，中央政府持股比例越高，銀行獲利表現越差，地方政府持股的影響則較不明顯；而四類銀行中，股份制商銀與城市商銀的表現遠優於國有銀行及政策銀行。但1999年以後中國國有銀行的財務整頓措施的確使得國有銀行的相對表現有所提升。 鑑於外商銀行大舉進入中國金融市場，勢必對中國銀行帶來更多的競爭壓力，本論文第二個研究主題進一步將研究範圍擴及至世界資產排名前一百大的銀行，企圖比較中國銀行與世界百大銀行經營績效的差異。在這個主題中，延續前一主題「股權結構」的重要性，除了官股比例，同時考慮外資持股及本國人持股，分析三類持股對績效的影響，又鑑於總體面的政府治理因素可能對股權與銀行績效的關係產生變化，本研究也將政府治理變數，包括文獻中經常提到的證券市場內線交易情況、政府政策透明度及政府貪污情況等因素納入考量，比較這些因素對中國銀行與百大銀行影響有何差異。實證結果如下：對中國銀行及世界百大銀行而言，政府持股對銀行獲利的影響是負向的，而外資持股的影響則恰相反，開放程度愈高、銀行自由度愈高越有利於銀行績效提升。中國政府越無貪污情況時，越有助於外資持股對銀行績效的正向影響。對世界百大銀行而言，政府越無貪污情況時，越有助於外資持股對銀行績效的正向影響。而政府政策透明度越高，越有助於政府持股與本國人持股的正向影響。 第三個主題探討我國上市櫃公司不同的對外與大陸投資決策對母公司獲利性的影響。本文將投資決策對公司獲利的影響視為內生，也就是投資決策受公司特性因素的影響。同時，我們進一步假設公司的投資決策是分兩階段完成，第一步會先決定是否進行海外投資，一旦確定後，再決定是否赴大陸投資。因為有兩層的投資決策，本文以延伸的Heckman’s Two Stage Method進行估計。 實證結果顯示，在投資決策的影響因素方面，對第一層赴海外投資而言，規模愈大、國際化程度愈高、愈勞力密集的公司愈傾向赴海外投資；對第二層赴大陸投資的決策，影響因素也類似，只是公司規模不再是重要影響因素。至於獲利的影響因素方面，第一類「赴大陸投資的公司」與第二類「未赴大陸但赴其他國家投資的公司」的利潤型態較類似，長期負債對獲利都有負向顯著影響，總資產也傾向負向影響，至於第三類「未從事任何海外與大陸投資公司」的利潤型態則與前兩類不同，總資產與研發支出都呈現顯著負向影響。而三類公司的績效比較部分，第一類公司的平均預期資產報酬率雖若高於第二類，第二類公司又高於第三類公司，但三類公司兩兩之間平均預期資產報酬率的差距並未達統計上的顯著性。 / This dissertation contains three main parts. The first part studies the effects of government owned share on Chinese banks’ performance. After a series of financial reforms in the 1990s, joint stock commercial banks and city commercial banks started to boom and play an increasingly important role in China’s banking industry which had previously been monopolized by four state-owned commercial banks. These two new bank-types are considerably more diversified in that the primary shareholders include the central government, local governments, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, not just the central government. Using 49 Chinese banks’ financial data retrieved from Bankscope, this part examines the effect of different ownership structures, in general, and government-owned-shares, central vs. local, in particular, affect the profitability and risk of banks in China. It also compares the profitability of four types of banks, namely state-owned banks, policy banks, joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks. We conclude that, without equivocation, the higher the ratio of state-owned shares is, the worse is the profitability of the bank. And we also note the profitability of joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks is much better than that of state-owned and policy banks. In light of the ever-growing foreign competition facing Chinese banking industry, the second part expands the sample banks to World’s top 100 banks and studies the differences between Chinese banks and foreign banks from the respects of ownership structure, government governance and bank regulations. Our empirical results reveal that for both Chinese banks and top 100 banks, government owned share has a negative effect on banks’ profitability, while foreign owned share has an opposite effect. For both of them, the more the foreign institutions have access to the banking market and the more freedom the banking industry enjoys, the better the bank performs. For Chinese banks, lesser corruption helps strengthen foreign share’s positive effect on banks’ performance. Furthermore, higher transparency would increase the positive effect of government owned share and domestic owned share. The third part studies the profitability of Taiwan’s listed companies with and without investment in China. Unlike past studies which deal with the decision of investment in overseas and China as exogenous, the decision is endogenous in this paper. That is, the decision making is based on the firm’s characteristic factors. We further assume that there are two hierarchy decisions made by firms when they decide in investing in overseas and China. The first decision is whether it should invest overseas. Once the first decision is made, the next one is whether a firm should invest in China. This two decision model, which allows us to extend Heckman’s two-step method, is referred to as an extended-Heckman method in this paper. Our empirical results regarding the determinants of investing overseas and China are as follows. With respect to the investment in overseas, firm size and export ratio show positive influence on the decision of investment, while capital labor ratio shows negative effect. Next, with respect to the investment in China, determinants are similar except that firm size is no longer significant. Our results regarding the profit performance reveal that for ‘the firms with investment in China’ and ‘the firms without investing in China, only investing other countries’, long term liability ratio has a significantly negative impact on profitability, whereas total asset, R&D expenditure show a negative effect on profitability for ‘the firms without investing overseas, nor investing in China’. As for the performance comparison among firms of these three investment types, the differences are insignificant. This result implies that there are still considerable individual differences among the firms of the same investment type.