Summary The master thesis presents legal analysis of forms of complicity in the Criminal Code of Republic of Lithuania. The institute of complicity presents rather complicated structure within the Criminal Law. The modern system of forms of complicity consists of three members: group of accomplices, organized group and criminal association. The theory of Criminal Law is trying to find ways of justifying the construction, presented by the legislator. The forms of complicity as a topic of analysis have a great importance for the court practice, whereas courts’ decisions depend on the proving of marks and features of complicity. The legal regulation of complicity has been changed by the legislator. The new Criminal Code of 2000 regulates forms of complicity and constitutes new features of them. The regulation is new. The forms of complicity were not present in the old Criminal Code. In addition to that, different doctrines of law separate different features of forms of complicity. It is important systemize them theoretically. The new regulation of forms of complicity is important not only because of new features of the forms, but also the estimation of them present difficulties in various criminal cases. Thus, the author presents valuable analysis and different suggestions for establishing forms of complicity in different criminal cases. Examples from cases are widely analyzed and discussed. The existing doctrine is based on the Criminal Code of 1961. The doctrine of law is... [to full text]

Researchers have consistently identified two distinct types of aggression: A “hot-blooded”, impulsive, reactive form of aggression, and a “cold-blooded”, premeditated, instrumental form of aggression. Despite the relevance of psychopathology to the prediction of violent offending, there has been limited research on the role of mental health factors in subtypes of severe criminal violence. Childhood maltreatment history has also demonstrated associations with both psychopathology and violence, yet has not been investigated in subtypes of severe violence in adults. In the current study, the relationships between mental health history, substance use, personality pathology, maltreatment, and subtypes of criminal violence were examined in a sample of 144 incarcerated male offenders. Domain-specific multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that the likelihood of reactive violence was predicted by the severity of alcohol use history and polysubstance intoxication at the time of the offence. Whereas there was a trend for stimulant use history to be predictive of reactive violence, stimulant intoxication at the time of offence was exclusively associated with instrumental violence. Severity of opiate use history revealed a trend for association with the likelihood of instrumental violence. Specific Axis I mental health problems, personality pathology, and maltreatment history were not predictive of violence subtype. Although psychopathy was not a significant individual predictor of violence subtype, the interaction between substance intoxication and specific psychopathic traits contributed significantly to the prediction of violence subtype. A final logistic regression model identified stimulant intoxication, polysubstance intoxication, and alcohol use history as key predictors of violence subtype. This model allowed for the prediction of subtype of violence at a rate higher than chance. In addition to risk-factor analyses, person-focused analyses identified four clusters of offenders in the current sample: A High Psychopathology cluster, a Low Psychopathology cluster, an Antisocial cluster, and a Moderate Schizoid Traits cluster. Clusters differed significantly on psychopathology profiles, and were marginally different on maltreatment history. However, clusters demonstrated limited association with subtype of violence. Findings from this research have important implications for violence risk prediction, offender profiling, and developing targeted intervention services.

This doctoral thesis considers how factors from the home country, the family, and the individual impact the risk for criminal offending among young males from a foreign background residing in Stockholm. I use Swedish register data to examine the risk for police registered suspicion of criminal offending. The introductory chapter presents an historical overview of immigration in Sweden, theories of criminal offending, and details about analysis of register data. It is followed by three empirical studies that consider unique risk factors for crime among children of immigrants while controlling for factors encountered within Sweden. The first study shows that young male children of immigrants do not seem to be inherently violent as a result of coming from a war-torn country. The second study indicates that it is not the age at immigration, but the family situation that seems to dictate criminal propensity. The final study suggests that threats of deportation and stricter immigration policies do not seem to deter criminality. The most interesting result was probably that high home country human development was a protective factor against crime. This is the first known work to uncover such a result. Future theoretical development may be best aimed at unpacking and empirically evaluating the human development index as a risk factor. Together, these three studies suggest that some previously unconsidered uniquely immigrant factors are related to risk for criminality. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

Do the same risk factors predict recidivism in both male and female youth? The current research obtained historical data about a sample of 936 young people who received a Youth Justice (YJ) Intake to Child, Youth and Family (CYF) during 2002. Statistical analyses were performed to develop separate models to predict recidivism in males and females. The risk factors that predicted recidivism for males and females were significantly different. These models were then tested against the opposite gender’s data to see whether there was a significant reduction in predictive validity. Only when the female model was applied to the male data was there a significant reduction in predictive validity.

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The purpose of this study was to determine how American involvement in the war-crimes trials held in Germany after World War II affected Germany's own prosecution of war criminals from 1949 to the present. Achievement of this objective entailed determining the role of the United States in war-crimes prosecutions, relating the role to that of the other occupation powers and then discovering the specific ways that the United States influenced Germany's conduct of its own trials.The procedure involved four steps. The United States plans for the prosecution of war criminals were traced throughout the war in order to determine attitudes and roles which might have affected planning for postwar Germany. Then the proceedings of the International Military Tribunal, the Dachau trials and Nuremberg trials were studied so their characteristics could be compared with the German-conducted proceedings. A note was next made 'on every individual who was indicted or tried in the Federal Republic. Also listed were the individual's age, former position in the Nazi regime, war-crimes charge, place of trial, results of the proceedings and appeal, public reaction, and any other data which might be pertinent to the trials, such as antiSemitic and neo-Nazi revivals, and Adolf Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem.General conclusions became immediately apparent. First, the trials of war criminals would have ended at the close of the International Military Tribunal had not the United States insisted they continue. Secondly, the United States conduct of its trials at Nuremberg and Dachau planted seeds which affected Germany's prosecution of war criminals. The most important seed was a crushing burden of guilt. Guilt in turn produced rationalizations about the past deeds of the Nazis. Consequently, no real atonement for the German people could take place. The number of trials declined appreciably from 1949 to 1957. Germany's delay in accepting its guilt was also due to the fact that American authorities determined that other issues were more important, including rebuilding Germany economically and. militarily to defend the Western world against the communist menace in Eastern Europe. Thirdly, the realization that German youth were not being taught the truth about the Nazi era, that Nazi war criminals had escaped prosecution, and that former Nazis had won their way back into the government and judiciary awakened people to the need to undergo a "national self-purification," The number of trials held in Germany increased. The Eichmann Trial was part of the momentum, but the Auschwitz proceedings were almost anti-climactic, creating more apathy and indifference than anything else. So deep, however, is the burden of guilt that the statute of limitations has been removed on genocide and extended twice for murder to insure that the remaining war criminals will be punished, despite the fact that two out of every five Germans opposed the trials. Finally, although a commendable effort has been made to write the last chapter in Germany's conduct of warcrimes trials, the Bonn government has undercut the force of extending the statute of limitations by allowing a penal code reform in 1968 to end the prosecution of war criminals except in cases of murder or aiding and abetting in murder out of such base motives as racial hatred. In spite of legal delays and manoeuvers in the trial of war criminals, one can expect the proceedings to continue but to slow down and then end completely in 1979.

This thesis examines the relationship between the type of crime of which an inmate is convicted, the change in oxytocin level, and the level of generosity of that inmate. The level of generosity is measured using a behavioral economics task called the Ultimatum Game. Studies of oxytocin have demonstrated that it is connected to generosity so it is illuminating to study it in conjunction with the generosity measure obtained in the Ultimatum Game. The results of the experiment indicate that there is no correlation between the type of crime of which an inmate is convicted and his generosity level.

This study expands upon the study of racial stereotyping through looking at the realm of professional sports. An athlete’s race, the sport an athlete plays, and the crime the athlete commits were all investigated to determine whether racial stereotyping plays a role in verdict and sentencing decisions. Participants were exposed to one of eight vignettes in a 2 (Race: White or Black) X 2 (Sport played: professional football or professional soccer) X 2 (Crime: sexual assault or performance enhancing drug use) design. The dependent variables measured are classified as “seriousness, guilt, and responsibility” and “sentencing.” Results from this study show that racial stereotyping does still play a role in terms of sentencing. While most of the hypotheses are partially supported, there is no full support of any one hypothesis. Data was expected to support the hypotheses that black athletes will be more harshly punished than white athletes. Results showed that there was a significant 3-way interaction on the variable “seriousness of crime” (p < .05; F(1, 151) = 5.20). The independent variable of crime type had a significant main effect on all of the variables excluding monetary fine and the sport violence variables (p < .05 for all). However, the direction of this effect differed per dependent variable. Race of the athlete only had a main effect on the variable of monetary fine (p < .05) in the direction of white athletes. No pattern was found in the results suggesting that perhaps participants may have responded opposite to racial biases.

There are two main objectives of this thesis. First, to review the social science evidence on the extent to which different police practices have been proven to reduce crime, or not reduce crime, as well as those cases where the evidence is not clear. This thesis synthesizes crime reduction strategies to short-list those practices that are proven to reduce crime. Second, it uses the evidence collected to facilitate an exploratory case study with three key informants from the Ottawa Police Service (OPS). The case study examines the current use and perceived future role of the police in evidence-based crime prevention efforts. Overall, the research study seeks to answer the following four research questions: 1. What sources of literature provide well-researched and reliable data on effectiveness of policing in crime reduction? 2. In this literature, what policing strategies/practices are shown to reduce crime, not reduce crime or are promising in reducing crime? 3. To what extent is the OPS using evidence-based knowledge to guide their policing strategy/practices? 4. To what extent is the OPS open to using evidence-based knowledge to guide their policing strategy/practices in the future?

Stealing, in Lithuania as in the entire world, make the biggest part of all crimes and are usually made by criminal acts. Consequently, the increase of criminality is related with increase of number of stealing. Properties take the important place in human being's life, thus, the loss of it affects every single victim causing not just material, but often moral trauma (especially burglary, when people consider one's home as home-castle or car stealing, even though it is not an expensive car). It is also important to make a note that stealing is the fastest ant the easiest illegal way to make a profit, that's why they are interesting by its unique features, which main point is that majority, who did crime- stole something, but also around 70%-80% all crimes are made by professionals. In this work author is talking about stealing as separate sort of crimes, because it is important thoroughly traverse roots of stealing, the development of tendency, structure and define thieves, name causes and factors, which stimulate stealing, so that one could effectively control stealing and apply correspondent preventive means. This master's work, which contains four parts, analyses the historical process with penal stealing assessment review, the rates of crimes: dynamics, bouclé, level, variation, investigation, stealing in general criminality contest. Moreover, work contains the defining of persons, review of court practice though penalizes and real porridge term, name and analyse... [to full text]