Orientador: Nelson Pedro da Silva / Banca: José Sterza Justo / Banca: Denise Hernandes Tinoco / Resumo: O envolvimento de adolescentes e até crianças como trabalhadores no tráfico de drogas vem aumentando nas últimas décadas no Brasil, e quiçá no mundo. A globalização contribuiu para que isto ocorresse, concomitante a organização dessa forma de crime, promovendo lucros consideráveis, a ponto de ser concebido como o segundo grande negócio mundial, atrás apenas do tráfico de armas. Decorrência: o tráfico contribuiu para que os jovens passassem a serem vítimas e também autores de ações de violência relacionadas a esta atividade. Com o presente trabalho, analisamos como se articulam, na constituição subjetiva, o trabalho dos adolescentes no tráfico de drogas e a função paterna. Tivemos a pretensão, ainda, de compreender se eles tiveram, ao longo de sua história, referências de autoridade que contribuíram para entrarem nela. Os adolescentes escolhidos foram os pertencentes às camadas sociais de baixa renda e que eram considerados trabalhadores do tráfico de drogas. Realizamos um estudo de casos múltiplos, por meio de entrevistas/conversas com tais adolescentes. Utilizamos, para a análise das informações, a teoria psicanalítica, na perspectiva da psicanálise extramuros, a qual prioriza a análise de um fenômeno social, considerando o contexto onde este ocorre e seus desdobramentos na subjetividade humana. Os resultados obtidos nos levaram a concluir que, para eles, tal atividade é o caminho mais provável, em nossa cultura para conquistarem reconhecimento social e sentimento de pertença ao mundo adulto e à sociedade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The involvement of adolescents and even of children as workers in drug trafficking has been increasing in the last decades in Brazil, and perhaps in the world. Globalization has contributed for this to happen together with the organization of this type of crime, promoting considerable profit to such an extent that it is considered the world's second greatest business, only staying behind weapon trafficking. Consequence: this kind of traffic contributed so that the youth has become not only the victim but also the author of violent actions related to this activity. With the present work we analyze the articulation, in the subjective constitution, between the adolescents works in drug trafficking and the paternal function. We also had the pretension to comprehend if they had, throughout their history, authority references that contributed to their entry in this business. The chosen adolescents were the ones that had a low income and were considered illegal drug trade workers. We realized an study of multiple cases through talks/interviews with these adolescents. We used, for the analysis of the informations, psychoanalytic theory, in the extended psychoanalysis perspective, which gives priority to the analysis of a social phenomenon, considering the context in which it occurs and its unfolding in human subjectivity. The results obtained led us to conclude that, for them, this activity is the likely way in our society to achieve social recognition and a sense of pertaining in the adult world and in a consumerist society. Drug trafficking works as a symbolic anchor for the boys... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The trafficking of illicit drugs by sea has become an industry comprised of many individual enterprises of variform size and organization. Seizure statistics for the 1980s indicate that 70% of the total quantity of drugs intercepted in the trafficking stage were interdicted in the maritime sector or attributed to having been transported by sea. More significantly, it appears that only between 8 - 12% of the total volume of drugs trafficked are intercepted. The use of the seaborne modes of transport is the result of planetary geography which made the maritime medium one of only two ways by which drugs may enter several states. In response, varying sophisticated counter-trafficking offensives, policies and strategies have been implemented and contemplated in select geographical regions - examples being the Caribbean and Pacific Basins. However, the importation of illicit substances to the primary consuming states has not been curbed and indications are that the overall flow of drugs remains unimpeded. This thesis focuses on the maritime trade in illicit drugs during the 1980s by providing both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the activity. Specifically, the theme addressed is the question of why there is so little success in combating the maritime drug trade. Embraced by the study are the various geographical, physical, technical and socio-political elements supportive of the trade. Among the pertinent topics revealed are the flow structure to the trade, the categories of drugs transported, the classes of vessels utilized, the methods of concealment and deception employed, the involvement of organized crime, the contributing geographical elements and the unique variations to specific routes as determined by destination and region. Additionally, the international law suppressing the maritime trade in illicit drugs is examined. To lend completeness to the study a brief review of the historical dimension to the smuggling of drugs by sea is included along with analysis of drug production and consumption. Because the threat of drugs is perceived to be greatest, albeit wrongly, among the developed states this thesis tackles the subject from the perspective of the coastal member states of O.E.C.D. Lastly, recommendations and innovations to old strategies are proffered specifically as they apply to the maritime component of the illicit drug trade.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 graneraraujo_rce_me_assis.pdf: 513495 bytes, checksum: 4f0b16b53b2e90b6794cd511475b15d6 (MD5) / O envolvimento de adolescentes e até crianças como trabalhadores no tráfico de drogas vem aumentando nas últimas décadas no Brasil, e quiçá no mundo. A globalização contribuiu para que isto ocorresse, concomitante a organização dessa forma de crime, promovendo lucros consideráveis, a ponto de ser concebido como o segundo grande negócio mundial, atrás apenas do tráfico de armas. Decorrência: o tráfico contribuiu para que os jovens passassem a serem vítimas e também autores de ações de violência relacionadas a esta atividade. Com o presente trabalho, analisamos como se articulam, na constituição subjetiva, o trabalho dos adolescentes no tráfico de drogas e a função paterna. Tivemos a pretensão, ainda, de compreender se eles tiveram, ao longo de sua história, referências de autoridade que contribuíram para entrarem nela. Os adolescentes escolhidos foram os pertencentes às camadas sociais de baixa renda e que eram considerados trabalhadores do tráfico de drogas. Realizamos um estudo de casos múltiplos, por meio de entrevistas/conversas com tais adolescentes. Utilizamos, para a análise das informações, a teoria psicanalítica, na perspectiva da psicanálise extramuros, a qual prioriza a análise de um fenômeno social, considerando o contexto onde este ocorre e seus desdobramentos na subjetividade humana. Os resultados obtidos nos levaram a concluir que, para eles, tal atividade é o caminho mais provável, em nossa cultura para conquistarem reconhecimento social e sentimento de pertença ao mundo adulto e à sociedade... / The involvement of adolescents and even of children as workers in drug trafficking has been increasing in the last decades in Brazil, and perhaps in the world. Globalization has contributed for this to happen together with the organization of this type of crime, promoting considerable profit to such an extent that it is considered the world’s second greatest business, only staying behind weapon trafficking. Consequence: this kind of traffic contributed so that the youth has become not only the victim but also the author of violent actions related to this activity. With the present work we analyze the articulation, in the subjective constitution, between the adolescents works in drug trafficking and the paternal function. We also had the pretension to comprehend if they had, throughout their history, authority references that contributed to their entry in this business. The chosen adolescents were the ones that had a low income and were considered illegal drug trade workers. We realized an study of multiple cases through talks/interviews with these adolescents. We used, for the analysis of the informations, psychoanalytic theory, in the extended psychoanalysis perspective, which gives priority to the analysis of a social phenomenon, considering the context in which it occurs and its unfolding in human subjectivity. The results obtained led us to conclude that, for them, this activity is the likely way in our society to achieve social recognition and a sense of pertaining in the adult world and in a consumerist society. Drug trafficking works as a symbolic anchor for the boys... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This thesis is about women in the international cocaine trade and in particular about their experiences as drug mules. This is the first comprehensive qualitative investigation based on the accounts of women and men who worked as drug mules and those who organise and manage trafficking cocaine by mule across international borders. Two explanations for women’s involvement in drug trafficking compete. The ‘feminisation of poverty’ thesis contends that women’s participation in the drug trade results from (and is a response to) their economic and social subordination. The ‘emancipation thesis’ contends that women’s participation in the drugs trade is an effect of women’s liberation. This thesis explores if and how women’s involvement in the drug trafficking (recruitment and ‘work’) is shaped by their gender. I interviewed 37 men and women drug traffickers imprisoned in Quito, Ecuador. This location was chosen due to the high numbers of women and men imprisoned for drug trafficking crimes. Respondents came from all levels of the drug trade and from different parts of the world. Data was collected and analysed using narrative analysis to understand the way in which discourses of victimhood were created in prison. This allowed for a sensitive interpretation of the meaning of victimhood and agency in respondents’ responses. The substantive section of the thesis examines two aspects of women’s involvement in drug trafficking in depth. The first section examines aspects of women’s recruitment into the drug trade as mules; the second section examines the work that mules do. This research finds that women’s participation in the international cocaine trade cannot be adequately understood through the lens of either victimisation or volition. The contexts in which men and women chose to work as a mule were diverse reflecting their varied backgrounds (nationality, age, experience, employment status, as well as gender). Furthermore, mules’ motivations reflected not only volition but also coercion and sometimes threat of violence. Although gender was a part of the context in which respondents became involved in mulework, it was not the only, or the most important aspect. Secondly, this research examined the nature of mule-work. Most mules (men and women) willingly entered a verbal contract to work as a drugs mule; nonetheless the context of ‘mule-work’ is inherently restrictive. Mules were subject to surveillance and management by their ‘contacts’ had few opportunities to have control or choice over their work. Collaboration, resistance and threat were often played out according to gendered roles and relationships but gender was not a determining factor. Nonetheless, respondents could and did find ways to negotiate resist and take action in diverse and creative ways. Prior research on the cocaine trade has ignored the importance of women’s participation or has considered it only in limited ways driven by gender stereotypes. Thus, this research addresses a significant gap in available evidence on women in the drug trade. This research also contributes to contemporary debates in theories of women’s offending which have centred on the role of victimisation and agency in relation to women’s offending.

In recent years Mexico has found itself at the center of the drug ?war? as powerful criminal organizations have destabilized the region by engaging in this illicit, multi-billion dollar trade that allows drug lords emerge as powerful political actors. Violence and corruption are having a devastating effect on the new and struggling democracy as the weak institutions put in place during the reign of the PRI have not been replaced with a workable system. The judiciary and law enforcement continue to be ineffective as President Calderon chose to mobilize the military to help combat drug trafficking. Mexico is also experiencing the challenges of drug addiction as the competitive trade drove dealers to open up local markets for cheap and highly addictive drugs. Mexico has found itself fighting the drug war on all fronts and this article seeks to explain the circumstances that led the nation to this vulnerable position. This article is a historical look at the processes by which Mexico transformed the economy to capitalism, developed and industrialized, and then transitioned to democracy, and found itself here in the eye of the drug storm.

During the last three decades, Mexican drug-trafficking organizations have expanded their operations in North America, while drug-related violence has intensified in different regions in Mexico. Since 2006, more than 100,000 people have died as a result of the constant re-organization of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs), as well as a national security strategy that aims to reduce their power through direct confrontation. Drug-related violence is affecting the lives and livelihoods of Mexican citizens who get caught between the conflicts, and who are not always accounted for in the official data on victims. Drawing on postcolonial theory, affect theory, the growing field of emotional geographies, and critical studies of trauma, this dissertation examines the effects of drug-related violence on secondary witnesses—that is psychologists, social workers, and journalists—based in the northwest Mexican city of Culiacán, the state capital of Sinaloa. This group represents a small sample of ordinary citizens whose daily work brings them into regular contact with some of the outcomes of violence as it relates to the so-called drug wars and its politics—what some have referred to as necropolitics and narcopolitics. Through the analysis of open-ended interviews, findings show that the secondary witnesses of drug-related violence in Culiacán are experiencing symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress. At the same time, they are coping with those effects through individual and collective strategies that result from a long-term social and spatial proximity with the phenomenon. In this sense, drug-related violence is a spatial phenomenon that produces traumatic events where affective and emotional effects are collected and stored as traumatic memories. Those memories are critical to understanding the symptoms of job-related stress affecting the secondary witnesses of drug-related violence, as well as the creation and development of coping strategies. The findings of this research are significant for efforts to improve the mental and emotional health of ordinary citizens who inform and offer care and support to the multiple victims of violence in Mexico.

In 2006, President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa mobilized the Mexican military into high risk zones which, along with the ongoing battle between drug cartels for territorial control, unleashed a wave of violent crimes toward the civilian population. As a response to the overwhelming amounts of violence that the Mexican people were exposed to, filmmakers started producing movies that revolved around the havoc wreaked by the cartels during the Drug War and represent how it affects Mexicans on a daily basis. This thesis comprises a detailed study of the three most representative film works that depict the narco-violence taking place in Mexico produced during and after Calderón’s government: Amat Escalante’s Heli (2013), Gerardo Naranjo’s Miss Bala (2011), and Luis Estrada’s El Infierno (2010). In each film, the directors expose the bloodshed and political and societal corruption caused by the Drug War This thesis analyzes each director’s attempt to raise awareness of the way the Drug War affects civilians through their narrative and visual styles and their use of graphic violence to disturb viewers and inspire them to reform the country.

Not only has gang membership been expanding, but the formation of cooperative ties with Mexican drug trafficking organizations (MDTOs) has been increasing as well. Collaborative relationships with MDTOs appear to be the driving force behind the continuing gang expansion and its subsequent effects. Using social network analysis, this study examines the linkage between MDTOs and American-based gang activity and the potential influence that MDTOs may have in U.S. drug market through their associations with American street gangs. Findings show the MDTOs to be extensively linked to each other by their affiliations with U.S. gangs, and a high level of connectivity exists between U.S. gangs and MDTOs. In addition, various centrality measures indicate the Sinaloa Cartel to have the broadest reach into the illicit drug market, as this cartel is affiliated with the highest number of gangs. The current study provides support for the continuance of multijurisdictional collaboration, and reaffirms the need for law enforcement to continue to explore the non-traditional approaches to crime and intelligence analysis.

Resumé International trafficking in drugs is one of the gravest global issues. Its combating deserves due attention. In the course of the last hundred years, a series of international conventions were adopted for this cause. The crucial international legal instruments for combating illicit drug trafficking are the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) and foremost, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The first two Conventions focus primarily on legal manipulation with narcotic and psychotropic substances via administrative measures. The goal is to limit them for medical and scientific use only and thus prevent their transfer into illegal channels. The third Convention deals with drug control via criminal law measures. The Parties to the Convention are to incriminate certain offences connected to drug trafficking and apply appropriate sanctions. The Convention also introduces measures against the transfer of proceedings of crime. It further deals with confiscation, extradition, jurisdiction issues and mutual legal assistance. The main bodies in the international fight against illegal trafficking are the UN Commission on Narcotics, International Narcotics Control Board and UN Office...