On July 1, 1994, Taiwan¡¦s Executive Yuan ratified and determined the Ministry of Justice would dispatch personnel from drug enforcement related units and the Taiwanese High Prosecutor¡¦s Office would establish a ¡§Drug Enforcement Unit.¡¨ Each District Prosecutor¡¦s Office established an ¡§executive drug enforcement unit¡¨ and attempts were made to resolve problems arising from drug enforcement units being subsumed under different units. However, at present drug enforcement still suffers from the problem of various actors vying for jurisdiction over various matters related to drug enforcement. In addition, no national database for drug enforcement, has, as yet, been established, making it more difficult to solve drug related criminal cases. The drug related units of various government organs lack horizontal lines of communication, thus leading to wasted cooperative resources when dealing with international organs. That is why a study of drug enforcement responsible authorities has been an important and pressing issue. This thesis will discuss cross-national drug enforcement institutions in the United States based on exploring their social, political, economic background, to consider the provisions of international drug trends, and reference to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration of manpower, budget , training and other mechanisms so on, and provide future scholars and explore the practical possibility of development of anti-drug system. It will be expected to let our drug enforcement work more effective and reduce the spread of drugs in our country by researching U.S. law enforcement cooperation model.

This work advances a theory about corruption, criminal organizations, and violence to show how political institutions set incentives and constraints that lead criminal organizations / Government

My dissertation, From Vaqueros to Mafiosos: A Community History of Drug Trafficking in Rural South Texas is an ethnographic study of the impact of the drug trade in South Texas, with a specific focus on Starr County. This dissertation examines drug trafficking along the U.S-Mexico Border at two levels of analysis. First, through historical ethnography, I provide a cultural history of South Texas, as well as a specific history of drug trafficking in Starr County. In doing so, I highlight the different trafficking practices that emerge throughout South Texas’ history, and I document the social changes that develop in Starr County as a result of these illicit practices. The second half of my dissertation, however, is devoted to a contemporary analysis of the impact of the drug trade on the border region by analyzing important social practices in Starr County relating to drug abuse, policing and the criminal justice system, youth socialization and family life. Through ethnography I present the devastating effects of the drug trade and border policing on this Mexican American border community in rural South Texas. / text

This dissertation analyzes the representation of violence in Colombian novels and films from the last two decades of the XX century. Aided by current theories of violence and representation on the one hand, and an interdisciplinary methodology that analyses the phenomenon of the violence of drug trafficking from different perspectives on the other, my analysis examines the challenges and limits of literary and cinematic representation as it grapples with the extreme realities of life in Colombia’s major cities. The central body of my thesis focuses on three novels and two films, selected for the marked differences that inform their generic form, their style and their approach to representation as testimony. By focusing on the differences in these works, I further examine how different genres and subgenres help reveal, distort, or obscure the extreme realities these novels and films strive to portray. Chapter two provides the historical and theoretical context for violence and drug traffic in Colombia. Chapter three studies the different narrative strategies used in the literary works that fall under the so-called drug traffic genre. Chapter four analyses the role of the intellectual narrator on La virgen de los sicarios who presents himself as the new authority, called to restore the lost order left by drug trafficker terrorists and their sicarios. Chapter five studies the impact of drug trafficking in the aristocratic world. On Delirio, the apparent madness of the protagonist unmasks the obscure world of high society, a world lead by corruption, complicities, and lies to maintain their economic status. Chapter six analyses Comandante Paraíso and the role of the main character as the new drug lord, who has built an empire based on a network of power, money, and loyalty to maintain order. Chapter seven compares La virgen de los sicarios and Rosario Tijeras and their adaptations to film. The literary works and films analyzed have nourished on the complex reality of extreme violence lived under the drug trafficking era. They explore how this violence has roots in political, economic, and social problems, and the importance of finding a viable solution for this national issue.

This thesis investigates the behavioural and interactive elements of heroin importation behaviour. Almost all heroin consumed in Australia is imported. Thus the people who conduct the importing and their behavioural characteristics are an important point of focus. The thesis argues too little is known of illegal drug importation and higher level drug deal offending beyond stereotypes and that the lack of publicly available, independent research means there is ill-informed public and political debate and a very narrow evidence-base on which policy and strategy can be based. Review of available literature led to identification of a number of gaps in knowledge about heroin imporation offending and these provided a framework for the focus of investigations. The thesis uses data triangulation to increase the validity of the findings. The findings are based on agency data and semi-structured interviews with informants in Australia, Thailand and Hong Kong. The characteristics of offenders detected importing heavy weights of heroin are contrasted with those importing lighter weights. A number of understandings arise from the findings including some that are supported by other research. As well there are a number of new findings which challenge current concepts and stereotypes and have implications for policy and strategy aimed at supply reduction. (For complete abstract open the document)

A vigente política brasileira sobre drogas aloca, aos que as consomem ou aos que as comercializam, ao patamar da ilegalidade – ainda que preveja a diferenciação de fronteiras imprecisas, entre consumo e tráfico. A conjuntura proibicionista proporciona a existência de complexas redes sociais, entre os que mais lucram, e não são identificados como tais, e os que são passíveis de punição/correção. Estes últimos são os que se encontram na porção final da rede de vendas de drogas, em geral ocupada por jovens pobres, fato denunciado no contexto das medidas socioeducativas descritas por este trabalho. Esta dissertação é o resultado de um processo cartográfico junto a jovens em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto por envolvimento no comércio de drogas, a partir da inserção em grupos de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade e de Liberdade Assistida. Apresento aqui os elementos vivenciados no período da pesquisa, relacionando-os com as noções de criminalização das juventudes, biopoder e de medicalização do social, analisando como estes se expressam na contemporaneidade e como são trabalhados e (re)produzidos no contexto socioeducativo. Demonstrar como estes conceitos se articulam e constituem a produção de discursos na relação com jovens envolvidos/as com a rede de comércio de drogas, com as políticas públicas para crianças e jovens ao longo do tempo e com as instituições responsáveis pelas medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto foram as pistas percorridas por esta cartografia. Neste contexto é coerente questionar, serão os jovens que estão em conflito com as leis, ou as leis que estão em conflito com os jovens? / The current Brazilian substance misuse policy allocates to those who consume or to those who sell, the illegality – although providing a differentiation, yet of blurred boundaries between consumption and trafficking. The prohibitionist scenario provides the existence of complex social networks among those who profit from, and are not identified as such, and of those whom are punishable. The latter are those who are in the final portion of the drug sales network, generally occupied by poor young people, a fact reported in the context of socio-educational measures described in this work. This dissertation is the result of a social cartography process with young people in fulfilment of educational measures for involvement in the drug trade, part of the integration in Service Delivery groups to Community and Assisted Freedom. I present here the experiences during the research period, relating them to the criminalization of youths, biopower and the medicalization of social, analyzing how these are expressed in contemporary society and how they are worked out and (re)produced in the social and educational context. To demonstrate how these concepts are linked and constitute the production of discourse in relation to young people involved with the drug trade network, with public policies for children and young people over time and with the institutions responsible for social and educational measures were the hints used by this cartography. In this context it is relevant to question: is it the youths who are in conflict with the laws, or are the laws in conflict with the youths?

The present article demonstrates the historical bases previous to the success of alternative development in the region San Martín. It shows that anti-drug policy was unable to successfully function during the 1980s due to an absence of basic security conditions in the region. The ar- ticle’s main objective consists in presenting how the state managed to meet said security condi- tions. Thus, this article is divided into two periods of analysis. First, it focuses on the time period from 1980 to 1989 and shows how generalized state repression resulted counterproductive in the region because of strong subversive forces. Second, it presents the time period from 1989 to 1995 and demonstrates how the exercise of sequential period of focalized repression facilitated an environment to fight against drug trafficking. In this way, the focalized strategy and sequence permitted the state to resume security conditions that in a post-boom and post-conflict situation permitted the implementation of alternative development programs. / El presente artículo muestra las bases históricas previas al éxito del desarrollo alternativo en la región San Martín. Se muestra que la política antidrogas no pudo llevarse a cabo exito- samente durante la década de los ochenta debido a la ausencia de condiciones de seguridad mínimas en la región. De esta manera, el principal objetivo del artículo consiste en presentar cómo el Estado logró alcanzar dichas condiciones de seguridad. Para ello, la investigación se divide analíticamente en dos períodos. El primero se extiende de 1980 a 1989 y muestra cómo la ‘represión generalizada’ del Estado resultó contraproducente en la región debido a la presencia subversiva. El segundo parte de 1989 y se extiende hasta 1995 y muestra cómo, al ejercer una ‘represión focalizada’, de carácter secuencial primero en la subversión se facilitó el terreno para después luchar contra el narcotráfico. De esta manera, esta estrategia focalizada y secuencial permitió retomar las condiciones de seguridad que, en una situación post-boom y post-conflicto,facilitaron la implementación de los programas de desarrollo alternativo.

The following abstract analyses female participation in drug trafficking in Alagoas considering the adaptations in the modus operandi of local drug dealers to dodge repression, gender differences in current social panorama, both in the workplace and in relationships, on top of police action in order to restrain female workforce in the State, which mostly takes place in the city outskirts. The current study demonstrates that Brazilian anti-drug policies favours the imprisonment of poor drug dealers while the ones who are more powerful economically and politically are left unpunished. It brings punishment and gender selection into action as well as individual criminal tendencies. Such processes allow police officers to choose whom Justice will target. The research also discusses social and economic aspects of female drug dealers in Alagoas, the male power to which such women are subjected to and their roles in drug trafficking. In order to perform such delicate task, experienced investigators on drug trafficking in state police force were interviewed to gather information about the peculiarities of their action in Alagoas. Furthermore, female inmates at Santa Luzia State Prision, in Maceió were interviewed as to unveil their reasons to participate in such illegal market, the relationships with male drug dealers and their imprisonment circumstances. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisa a participação das mulheres no tráfico de drogas em Alagoas, considerando as adaptações no modo de atuar das redes de traficantes locais para driblar a repressão, as diferenças de gênero na contemporaneidade, tanto no mercado de trabalho como nas relações afetivas, além da ação da polícia nas periferias com objetivo de coibir a mão de obra feminina no estado. O estudo demonstra que a política antidrogas brasileira favorece o aprisionamento de traficantes pobres, em detrimento dos traficantes de maior poder econômico e político, colocando em prática a seletividade punitiva, a seletividade de gênero e a sujeição criminal, processos que permitem aos policiais escolher quem será atingido pela Justiça Penal. A pesquisa discute ainda as condições socioeconômicas das mulheres traficantes de Alagoas, a dominação masculina a que estão submetidas nas redes criminosas locais e o protagonismo feminino no exercício das funções no tráfico de drogas. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas com agentes da segurança pública experientes em investigações sobre o tráfico, visando captar as particularidades de sua dinâmica em solo alagoano; e com mulheres presas recolhidas no Presídio Feminino Santa Luzia, em Maceió, para, através das suas histórias de vida, desvendar o que as levaram a ingressar no mercado ilícito, a relação que vivenciaram com outros traficantes, além das circunstâncias de suas prisões.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8966_Dissertação_Fernando Colnago20150826-123156.pdf: 3408650 bytes, checksum: 8e6f48a8678d513330c4dbecc0a5c9bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Popularmente conhecida como maconha, a Cannabis sativa é a mais usada de todas as drogas ilícitas e seu comércio, em conjunto com outras drogas, é uma das atividades criminosas que mais consomem recursos públicos e está intimamente associado aos homicídios. No Estado do Espírito Santo (ES), 70% dos homicídios tem relação com o tráfico de entorpecentes, apresentando atualmente o segundo maior índice dos país. A despeito da atuação policial, não existem estudos detalhados sobre plantio, distribuição e consumo de Cannabis no Brasil, de uma forma geral, sabe-se apenas que a maior parte da droga é produzida no Paraguai ou cultivada dentro do próprio país e acredita-se que o Paraguai seja responsável pelo abastecimento das regiões sul, sudeste e centro-oeste do Brasil. A identificação genética de Cannabis apreendidas pela Polícia Civil pode auxiliar na determinação geográfica de plantios e possíveis rotas do tráfico, informação essencial para a ação da polícia no combate ao tráfico de drogas. Com objetivo de caracterizar as amostras de Cannabis apreendidas pela Polícia Civil do ES e verificar correlações que pudessem indicar origens comuns, foram analisados 18 loci STR de 165 amostras oriundas de 71 dos 78 municípios do Estado. Foram encontrados 89 alelos, variando de 2 (loci A501 e 9269) a 12 alelos (locus A301). Os loci H06 e A305 apresentaram 3 alelos cada e o locus B05 apresentou 4 alelos, similar ao encontrado em amostras do Paraguai. Os dados alélicos dos loci A305, B05 e H06 sugerem que a região sudeste do Brasil pode estar sendo abastecida por Cannabis de origem Paraguaia. Também foi verificado que 4 alelos apareceram apenas nas amostras 176 e 230. A amostra 230 era proveniente de uma apreensão realizada na cidade de Aracruz, onde a Polícia verificou a ligação do proprietário com o tráfico internacional de entorpecentes, e demonstrou ser geneticamente mais próxima de amostras da Alemanha, sugerindo que sua matriz tem origem no exterior podendo, dentre outras possibilidades, ter chegado ao ES através do tráfico pela internet. Os resultados obtidos fornecem mais informações a respeito da maconha comercializada no Brasil, podendo ser utilizados em estudos futuros para elaboração de um banco de dados baseado em STR para aplicação forense / Popularly known as marijuana, Cannabis sativa is the most used of all illicit drugs and, with other drugs, its trade is one of the criminal activities that most consume public resources and is closely related to homicides. In the Espírito Santo State (ES), 70% of homicides is related to drug trafficking, currently presenting the second highest rate in the country. Despite the police action, there is no detailed studies of planting, distribution and Cannabis consumption in Brazil, in general, we only know that most drug is produced in Paraguay or grown within the country and it is believed that Paraguay is responsible for supplying the Brazil’s south, southeast and centerwest region. Genetic analysis of Cannabis seized by the police can assist in determining, geographically, plantations and possible routes of trafficking, essential information for police’s action in drug trafficking combat. In order to characterize the Cannabis samples seized by the police at ES and verify correlations that could indicate common origins, we analyzed 18 STR loci in 165 samples from 71 of 78 municipalities in the State. We have found 89 alleles ranging from 2 (A501 loci and 9269) to 12 alleles (A301 locus). The loci H06 and A305 presented each, 3 alleles and the locus B05, 4 alleles, similar to that found in Paraguayan samples. The allelic data of loci A305, B05 and H06 suggest that Brazil 's southeast region can be being supplied by Paraguayan Cannabis. We also found four alleles that appeared only in samples 176 and 230. Sample 230 was seized in Aracruz city, where the police found owner's connection with international trafficking, and demonstrated to be genetically nearest to German samples, suggesting a foreign origin what could be explained by internet trafficking. The obtained results provide more information about marijuana’s market in Brazil and could be used in future studies to develop a STR database for forensic application.

Submitted by HELENA SALIM DE CASTRO (helenas.castro@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T19:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_CASTRO, H. S..pdf: 2062828 bytes, checksum: 8aae16d19999253596fa9350b035e4e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T18:11:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_hs_me_mar.pdf: 2062828 bytes, checksum: 8aae16d19999253596fa9350b035e4e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T18:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_hs_me_mar.pdf: 2062828 bytes, checksum: 8aae16d19999253596fa9350b035e4e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O tráfico internacional de drogas é uma das principais ameaças de segurança para os países da América do Sul, em especial o Brasil e a Bolívia. O país andino é o terceiro maior produtor mundial de cocaína e o território brasileiro se constitui como uma das principais rotas de trânsito para as drogas enviadas à Europa, bem como, é considerado o principal mercado consumidor para a cocaína boliviana. Na literatura ainda são poucos os trabalhos que abordam a relação entre os dois países no que concerne essa temática. Assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa foi analisar o tipo de cooperação desenvolvida entre o Brasil e a Bolívia para o policiamento do combate ao tráfico de drogas. Nosso período de análise foi desde novembro de 2008, quando, após décadas de influência e ingerência norte-americana nas políticas antidrogas da Bolívia, a Drug Enforcement Admnistration (DEA) foi expulsa do território boliviano, o que gerou uma aproximação entre os governos brasileiro e boliviano, até o final de janeiro de 2012, quando foi estabelecido um acordo trilateral entre Bolívia, Brasil e Estados Unidos. Acordo que marcou o retorno da parceria entre o país andino e a superpotência, no que se refere o combate ao tráfico de drogas. Trabalhamos na pesquisa com o conceito de cooperação para o policiamento, pois observamos as operações realizadas não são somente pelas agências policiais, mas, inclusive, aquelas desenvolvidas entre as Forças Armadas. Analisamos algumas questões presentes no processo de policiamento, como a expansão dos atores envolvidos nas atividades de fiscalização e repressão ao tráfico de drogas, a autonomia dos mesmos no desenvolvimento da cooperação e a assimetria de poder entre a relação bilateral, os quais auxiliaram no nosso objetivo central. Constatamos que, diferentemente da cooperação entre Bolívia e Estados-Unidos, o Brasil e a Bolívia estabeleceram, ao longo dos anos de 2008 a 2012, uma cooperação para o policiamento do tipo bilateral, em que houve o respeito à soberania territorial e às políticas antidrogas de cada país. / International drug trafficking is one of the main security threats to the countries of South America, especially Brazil and Bolivia. The Andean country is the third largest cocaine producer in the world and the Brazilian territory is one of the main transit routes for drugs sent to Europe, as well as being considered the main consumer market for Bolivian cocaine. In the literature there are still few studies that deal with the relationship between the two countries concerning this issue. So, the main objective of this research was to analyze the type of cooperation developed between Brazil and Bolivia for policing the fight against drug trafficking. Our period of analysis has been since November 2008, when, after decades of US influence and interference in Bolivia's anti-drug policies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was expelled from Bolivian territory, which led to an approximation between the Brazilian and Bolivian governments, until the end of January 2012, when a trilateral agreement was signed between Bolivia, Brazil and the United States. This agreement marked the return of the partnership between the Andean country and the superpower, as it relates to combating drug trafficking. We work in the research with the concept of cooperation for policing, because we observe the operations carried out not only by the police agencies, but also those developed among the Armed Forces. We analyzed some issues in the policing process, such as the expansion of actors involved in drug control and repression activities, their autonomy in the development of cooperation and the asymmetry of power between the bilateral relationship, which have helped our central objective. We concluded that, unlike Bolivia-US cooperation, Brazil and Bolivia established, over the years 2008-2012, a bilateral cooperation for policing, with respect for territorial sovereignty and respect of each country's anti-drug policies.