This thesis looks at the Indonesian government’s strategy for managing the threat of terrorism between 2001 and 2006. Various socio-political factors such as the importance of Islam in Indonesian society and politics, ongoing democratization and important civil-military reform all contribute to an environment where counterterrorism efforts are both necessary and politically risky. In order to better address the many complexities of the Indonesian case study, this thesis uses a modified securitization theory framework which gives increased weight to the political and social context in which securitization decisions are made. The modified framework disaggregates the decision of an agent to rhetorically securitize an issue from the decisions behind subsequent policy actions, and considers separately the motivations behind each. When applied to the Indonesian case study this modified framework reveals that between 2002 and 2006, President Megawati Soekarnoputri and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono managed terrorism by employing a combination of securitizing and criminalizing strategies. It additionally reveals that for each president the non-discursive policy action was not solely result of the success or failure of discursive securitization, but was also dependent on the specific political environment each faced.

This thesis looks at the Indonesian government’s strategy for managing the threat of terrorism between 2001 and 2006. Various socio-political factors such as the importance of Islam in Indonesian society and politics, ongoing democratization and important civil-military reform all contribute to an environment where counterterrorism efforts are both necessary and politically risky. In order to better address the many complexities of the Indonesian case study, this thesis uses a modified securitization theory framework which gives increased weight to the political and social context in which securitization decisions are made. The modified framework disaggregates the decision of an agent to rhetorically securitize an issue from the decisions behind subsequent policy actions, and considers separately the motivations behind each. When applied to the Indonesian case study this modified framework reveals that between 2002 and 2006, President Megawati Soekarnoputri and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono managed terrorism by employing a combination of securitizing and criminalizing strategies. It additionally reveals that for each president the non-discursive policy action was not solely result of the success or failure of discursive securitization, but was also dependent on the specific political environment each faced.

This thesis looks at the Indonesian government’s strategy for managing the threat of terrorism between 2001 and 2006. Various socio-political factors such as the importance of Islam in Indonesian society and politics, ongoing democratization and important civil-military reform all contribute to an environment where counterterrorism efforts are both necessary and politically risky. In order to better address the many complexities of the Indonesian case study, this thesis uses a modified securitization theory framework which gives increased weight to the political and social context in which securitization decisions are made. The modified framework disaggregates the decision of an agent to rhetorically securitize an issue from the decisions behind subsequent policy actions, and considers separately the motivations behind each. When applied to the Indonesian case study this modified framework reveals that between 2002 and 2006, President Megawati Soekarnoputri and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono managed terrorism by employing a combination of securitizing and criminalizing strategies. It additionally reveals that for each president the non-discursive policy action was not solely result of the success or failure of discursive securitization, but was also dependent on the specific political environment each faced. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Marital rape is not a criminal offence in Kenya. This thesis argues that criminalization of marital rape in Kenya is a necessary but insufficient means of addressing marital rape. I shall analyze the Kenyan legal framework and the international framework. The analysis of the international framework shall be focused on the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). I shall undertake a comparative analysis of how South Africa and Zimbabwe have addressed marital rape. I will examine the benefits and limitations of criminal law in addressing marital rape. I will argue that an examination of the wrongful gender stereotypes of married women is essential to create effective and holistic remedies; that wrongful gender stereotypes of married women violate their rights to equality and non-discrimination and the right to be free from violence.

Marital rape is not a criminal offence in Kenya. This thesis argues that criminalization of marital rape in Kenya is a necessary but insufficient means of addressing marital rape. I shall analyze the Kenyan legal framework and the international framework. The analysis of the international framework shall be focused on the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). I shall undertake a comparative analysis of how South Africa and Zimbabwe have addressed marital rape. I will examine the benefits and limitations of criminal law in addressing marital rape. I will argue that an examination of the wrongful gender stereotypes of married women is essential to create effective and holistic remedies; that wrongful gender stereotypes of married women violate their rights to equality and non-discrimination and the right to be free from violence.

A large body of jurisprudence has developed in Canada criminalizing the conduct of HIV positive persons who transmit or expose others to the HIV infection in an equivocal attempt to be seen to be doing something about individuals who are perceived to be driving the HIV epidemic. Convictions have been obtained for charges ranging from aggravated assault to, most recently, murder. The Cuerrier judgement, a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, left a number of issues unresolved. Given the ambiguities in the decision, this Thesis will address the unfortunate consequences resulting from the Cuerrier’s decision. The conclusion I will attempt to reach is that criminalization is an inadequate strategy to prevent further HIV infection, its increased use in practice is misguided, and counterproductive to public health goals, thus alternatives to the routine criminalization of HIV transmission that may enhance the goals of public health should be considered.

A large body of jurisprudence has developed in Canada criminalizing the conduct of HIV positive persons who transmit or expose others to the HIV infection in an equivocal attempt to be seen to be doing something about individuals who are perceived to be driving the HIV epidemic. Convictions have been obtained for charges ranging from aggravated assault to, most recently, murder. The Cuerrier judgement, a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, left a number of issues unresolved. Given the ambiguities in the decision, this Thesis will address the unfortunate consequences resulting from the Cuerrier’s decision. The conclusion I will attempt to reach is that criminalization is an inadequate strategy to prevent further HIV infection, its increased use in practice is misguided, and counterproductive to public health goals, thus alternatives to the routine criminalization of HIV transmission that may enhance the goals of public health should be considered.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como tema de estudo a Justiça Terapêutica (JT), uma pena de tratamento direcionada aos sujeitos apreendidos por porte/uso de substâncias classificadas como ilícitas. Essa política configura-se como uma Pena Alternativa, não encarcerando o sujeito, mas restringindo seus direitos, veiculada como uma humanização da lei. Constitui-se em tratamento compulsório, por tempo determinado por juiz em sentença judicial; seu modelo é importado dos EUA a exemplo das Droug Courts e prega a total abstinência, ou Tolerância Zero. Esta política, para além de ações relacionadas às drogas, dirige-se às pequenas ilegalidades, instituindo, nos EUA, práticas como toques de recolher em bairros pobres. A Justiça Terapêutica Tolerância Zero é problematizada como certa ampliação do sistema penal, na forma extramuros, operando uma criminalização dos eventos relacionados às drogas e de certos sujeitos, uma vez que o sistema não atinge toda a população, mas penaliza prioritariamente certa parcela desta. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados como referenciais teóricos, principalmente, os conceitos de biopoder e de sociedade de controle, inaugurados, respectivamente, por Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze, problematizando a JT como tecnologia biopolítica pós-moderna de controle dos indesejáveis distúrbios relacionados às drogas, supostos causadores dos mais diversos males urbanos. Foram desenvolvidos cinco capítulos onde foram abordados temas como: algumas legislações sobre drogas, o proibicionismo norte-americano, o território contemporâneo onde vem se instituir a Justiça Terapêutica e as políticas de Tolerância Zero, o papel da mídia na difusão de certos medos e de pedidos por endurecimento de penas, o especialismo na prática psi. Como metodologia utilizo também a Análise de Implicações, conceito trazido por René Lourau, principalmente para analisar o trabalho do profissional psicólogo como um dos agentes executores desta política. Objetivei, com esse estudo, colocar em questão algumas das políticas penais/sociais que vimos instituindo contemporaneamente, especificamente a JT, e suas funções de controle, principalmente das populações pobres-periculosas, não produtivas / This dissertation analyses a type of treatment directed for users of illicit drugs known as Therapeutical Justice (TJ). The proposal is humanize the law alleviating incarceration as an Alternative Penal solution. Instead of going to jail the individual will have his civil rights restricted and will be submitted to treatment. The punishment will be defined by the judge. This particular law is inspired by North-American practices, for example, the Droug Courts where there is Zero Tolerance (total abstinence). Nonetheless, this policy includes other types of illicit behavior not restricted to drug use. In some low-income neighborhoods for instance there is curfew to guarantee safety. Zero Tolerance Therapeutical Justice can be seen as an extension of the judiciary system outside prison. One of the consequences is to transform other type of events into drug related crimes where only some segments of society are affected. The theoretical approaches used for this research are the concepts of bio-power and control society by Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze respectively, where TJ can be seen as a source of post-modern bio-political technology control mechanism of drug abuse. Supposedly of the main triggers for urban violence. This dissertation has five chapters dedicated to the following subjects: legislation for illicit drugs; North-American prohibiton practices; contemporary use of TJ and Zero Tolerance policies; the role of the media influencing public opinion on punishment methods and harshness of the law and for last, psychology practices. The methodology includes Implication Analysis, a term translated by René Lourau directed to analyze the work of the psychologist, who contributes in different ways for the implementation of the law, among others. The objective was to put into question some of the penal/social policies in practice today with special attention on TJ and the implications for the poor-dangerous and non-productive population

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como tema de estudo a Justiça Terapêutica (JT), uma pena de tratamento direcionada aos sujeitos apreendidos por porte/uso de substâncias classificadas como ilícitas. Essa política configura-se como uma Pena Alternativa, não encarcerando o sujeito, mas restringindo seus direitos, veiculada como uma humanização da lei. Constitui-se em tratamento compulsório, por tempo determinado por juiz em sentença judicial; seu modelo é importado dos EUA a exemplo das Droug Courts e prega a total abstinência, ou Tolerância Zero. Esta política, para além de ações relacionadas às drogas, dirige-se às pequenas ilegalidades, instituindo, nos EUA, práticas como toques de recolher em bairros pobres. A Justiça Terapêutica Tolerância Zero é problematizada como certa ampliação do sistema penal, na forma extramuros, operando uma criminalização dos eventos relacionados às drogas e de certos sujeitos, uma vez que o sistema não atinge toda a população, mas penaliza prioritariamente certa parcela desta. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados como referenciais teóricos, principalmente, os conceitos de biopoder e de sociedade de controle, inaugurados, respectivamente, por Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze, problematizando a JT como tecnologia biopolítica pós-moderna de controle dos indesejáveis distúrbios relacionados às drogas, supostos causadores dos mais diversos males urbanos. Foram desenvolvidos cinco capítulos onde foram abordados temas como: algumas legislações sobre drogas, o proibicionismo norte-americano, o território contemporâneo onde vem se instituir a Justiça Terapêutica e as políticas de Tolerância Zero, o papel da mídia na difusão de certos medos e de pedidos por endurecimento de penas, o especialismo na prática psi. Como metodologia utilizo também a Análise de Implicações, conceito trazido por René Lourau, principalmente para analisar o trabalho do profissional psicólogo como um dos agentes executores desta política. Objetivei, com esse estudo, colocar em questão algumas das políticas penais/sociais que vimos instituindo contemporaneamente, especificamente a JT, e suas funções de controle, principalmente das populações pobres-periculosas, não produtivas / This dissertation analyses a type of treatment directed for users of illicit drugs known as Therapeutical Justice (TJ). The proposal is humanize the law alleviating incarceration as an Alternative Penal solution. Instead of going to jail the individual will have his civil rights restricted and will be submitted to treatment. The punishment will be defined by the judge. This particular law is inspired by North-American practices, for example, the Droug Courts where there is Zero Tolerance (total abstinence). Nonetheless, this policy includes other types of illicit behavior not restricted to drug use. In some low-income neighborhoods for instance there is curfew to guarantee safety. Zero Tolerance Therapeutical Justice can be seen as an extension of the judiciary system outside prison. One of the consequences is to transform other type of events into drug related crimes where only some segments of society are affected. The theoretical approaches used for this research are the concepts of bio-power and control society by Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze respectively, where TJ can be seen as a source of post-modern bio-political technology control mechanism of drug abuse. Supposedly of the main triggers for urban violence. This dissertation has five chapters dedicated to the following subjects: legislation for illicit drugs; North-American prohibiton practices; contemporary use of TJ and Zero Tolerance policies; the role of the media influencing public opinion on punishment methods and harshness of the law and for last, psychology practices. The methodology includes Implication Analysis, a term translated by René Lourau directed to analyze the work of the psychologist, who contributes in different ways for the implementation of the law, among others. The objective was to put into question some of the penal/social policies in practice today with special attention on TJ and the implications for the poor-dangerous and non-productive population

The criminalization of women is an area of study that has intrigued many researchers. Using critical race theory, multiracial feminist theory, and radical feminist theory, this research attempts to explain this phenomenon. Through the use of personal interviews with women who are currently reintegrating back into society after being incarcerated, I attempt to uncover the factors which influence female criminality, and analyze the experiences women encounter when confronted by the Canadian criminal justice system. A key hypothesis that fuels this study is that discriminatory practices exist within the Canadian criminal justice system which negatively impact women of colour and Aboriginal women. I argue that the criminalization of women of colour and Aboriginal women occurs as a result of failing to take into consideration the intersectionality of race, class and gender in women who commit criminal acts. This phenomenon occurs due to patriarchal and classist biases that seek to maintain current power structures and relationships by continually oppressing those who do not fit within their group. The findings that emerged from the interviews support my hypothesis and confirm that changes within the criminal justice system are imperative in order to ensure women are treated fairly. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2009-05-21 12:25:50.747