Bakgrund: Avkastningsstiftelse är en mycket speciell organisationsform vars syfte är att förvalta ett givet kapital och bruka dess avkastning för att främja ett uppsatt ändamål. Kapitalförvaltningens utformning får således stor inverkan på i vilken utsträckning dessa stiftelser kan främja deras ändamål och därmed uppnå deras syften. Dessa ändamål är i majoriteten av fallen allmännyttiga varför stiftelser spelar en viktig roll som resurstillförare i samhället. En genomgång av forskningen inom området visade att tidigare studier främst fokuserat på stiftelser som väsen i Sverige eller deras roll inom filantropin varför vi fann det intressant att genomföra en studie med fokus på deras kapitalförvaltning. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga och analysera svenska avkastningsstiftelsers kapitalförvaltning med fokus på investeringsprocessen och riskhantering, givet restriktioner och uppsatta mål. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ flerfallstudie inom vilken åtta intervjuer genomfördes med personer med insyn i stiftelserna i urvalets kapitalförvaltning. Även dokumentstudier genomfördes, dels för att skapa studiens referensram och dels som ett komplement till empirin insamlad via intervjuerna. Den insamlade data analyserades sedan i relation till etablerad finansiell teori och beprövad erfarenhet med fokus på investeringsprocessen samt riskhantering. Slutsats: Undersökningen av avkastningsstiftelsernas praktiska kapitalförvaltning har visat att stiftelserna i överlag inte utformat sin kapitalförvaltning fullt ut i enlighet med teorin och den beprövade erfarenheten inom ramen för denna studie. Stiftelsers speciella situation och begränsningar anses generellt sett ej ligga till grund för detta. Möjliga skäl vilka diskuteras är misstro på modellernas funktionalitet, att förvaltarna fallit offer för psykologiska snedvridningar samt kostnadsaspekten. / Background: A Swedish grant making foundation is a very special organizational form with the purpose to manage a given amount of capital and use the capital returns to fulfill a certain purpose. The design of the portfolio management therefore has a large impact on to which extent these foundations can fulfill their purposes. The purposes are generally of benefit for the society, thus foundations play an important role as a contributor of resources to the Swedish society. In our review of previous research we found that earlier studies mainly focused on foundations as an organizational form in Sweden or on their role in philanthropy why we found it interesting to conduct a study focusing on their portfolio management. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the portfolio management of Swedish grant making foundations focusing on the investment process and risk management, given constraints and set goals. Completion: This study is a qualitative multi-case study within which eight interviews were conducted with people with insight in the portfolio management of the foundations in the sample. Document studies were also conducted in order to create the frame of references of the study and as a complement to the information collected via the interviews. The collected data was then analyzed in relation to established financial theory and well-tried experience focusing on the investment process and risk management. Conclusion: The examination of the grant making foundations’ portfolio management showed that the foundations, in general, have not fully designed their portfolio management in accordance with the theoretical models and well-tried experience which are analyzed inrelation to in this study. The foundations’ special situation and restrictions are generally not found to be the basis for this. Possible reasons discussed were disbelief in the functionality of the models, the portfolio managers being victims to psychological biases and the cost issue.

This study is intended to provide the archaeologist with a solid understanding of the use of bricks and mortar in colonial New England and to examine the construction of New England colonial residential structures to determine if attributes exist that would allow the development of a regional diachronic or synchronic typology for aid in dating the structures either relatively or absolutely. This paper examines the technology involved in the produc ion of bricks and lime mortar, the construction of seventeenth and eighteenth century foundations, and the social environment that influenced the use of bricks. From the information presented in the paper, the archaeologist should gain an understanding of bricks as artifacts in the New England colonial landscape in order to improve the manner in which b licks are investigated and change the way in which archaeologists view, and therefore r -,cord information about, bricks, mortar, and foundations in Colonial New England. / Department of Anthropology

This study uses mixed methods to examine the experiences of African American women in doctoral programs. 102 African American women completed an on-line survey, and twenty women participated in one-on-one interviews. As an African American female, the researcher is interested in comparing the experiences of African American women: critiquing, analyzing and interpreting similarities and points of divergence in their experiences, and articulating stories of triumph and struggle, using a narrative style. This study confirms that Black women have experienced success in doctoral programs. Some of the participants had meaningful and supportive mentors. They have had limited exposure to Black faculty and/or scholarship. The participants in this study illuminate the dynamics inherent in their relationships with their dissertation committee members, particularly the chairs of their respective committees. In addition, this study explores the discordant relationship between Black female graduate students and Black female dissertation committee members. A majority of the participants were unfamiliar with the term Afrocentricity. They did not fathom that Afrocentricity could be used as a methodological or theoretical framework. All the participants exhibited at least one tenet of Afrocentricity. They are testimonies of the veracity of the Sankofian principles of looking back, reclaiming, and retelling their collective stories. These stories serve as inspiration for some and models of commitment for others.

Offshore structures are used in a variety of applications ranging from the traditional oil and gas extraction facilities to emerging renewable energy concepts. These structures must be secured to the seabed in an efficient and cost effective manner. A novel approach is to use shallow inverted buckets as foundations, installed by suction, in place of the more usual piles. These foundations lead to cost savings through reduction in materials and in time required for installation. It is necessary to determine how these foundations perform under typical offshore loading conditions so that design calculations may be developed. This thesis presents experimental data from a comprehensive series of investigations aimed at determining the important mechanisms to consider in the design of these shallow foundations for dense sand. Initially the long term loading behaviour (e.g. wind and current) was investigated by conducting three degree of freedom loading {V:M/2R:H} tests on a foundation embedded in dry sand. The results were interpreted through existing work-hardening plasticity theories. The analysis of the data has suggested a number of improved modelling features. Cyclic and transient tests, representing wave loading, were carried out on a foundation embedded in an oil saturated sand. The novel feature of the cyclic loading was that a 'pseudo-random' load history (based on the 'NewWave' theory) was used to represent realistic loading paths. Of particular interest was the tensile load capacity of the foundation. The results observed suggested that for tensile loading serviceability requirements rather than capacity may govern design. Under combined-load cyclic conditions the results indicated that conventional plasticity theory would not provide a sufficient description of response. A new theory, termed 'continuous hyperplasticity' was used, reproducing the results with impressive accuracy. Surprisingly, under the conditions investigated, loading rate was found to have a negligible effect on response.

This thesis is concerned with four different types of offshore foundations, namely gravity foundations, jack-up foundations, the mudmats for piled jacket structures and caisson foundations for jacket structures. In most applications, these can be idealised as circular rigid foundations. Unlike onshore foundations, offshore foundations are subjected to large horizontal and moment loads. This research used the finite element method to examine the elastic behaviour and stability of circular footings under combined loading. Due to the circular shape of the footings and the combination of vertical, horizontal and moment loads, three dimensional finite element analysis was used. In-depth analyses of the elastic behaviour of circular footings under combined loading (V,H,M) were performed. The vertical stiffness coefficient was investigated using two dimensional axi-symmetric analyses whereas three dimensional analyses were used to examine the other coefficients. Different features of offshore foundations such as footing embedment and cone angle were taken into consideration. Based on the numerical results, a set of empirical expressions for elastic stiffness coefficient was derived. For footing stability calculations, large horizontal or moment loads can cause the footing to lose contact with the soil, or cause the footing to slide relative to the soil. In finite element analyses, this loss of contact and sliding are modelled by interface elements. A new zero-thickness iso-parametric interface element was formulated for both two and three dimensional analyses. An exact close formed solution for integration of the stress-strain relationship (for the two dimensional interface element) was found. The element is then used to explore footing stability. It was shown that by using a yield criteria which allows the interface to behave as either frictional or cohesive interface, depending upon the normal stress, numerical stability is achieved. The footing stability was examined by establishing the bearing capacity envelope. The envelopes for footings on undrained clays were established for surface flat strip footings and for surface flat circular footings. The effects of soil strength varying with depth, cone angle and embedment on the bearing capacity envelope were also investigated.

The results of a series of over 120 model tests to study the end bearing capacity of piles in layered calcareous soils are described. The tests were carried out on samples enclosed in a cylindrical testing chamber, 450 mm diameter and 450 mm high, which allowed independent control of horizontal and vertical stress in the range 25 kPa to 500 kPa. The samples consisted of a loose, uncemented calcareous sand consisting predominantly of foraminifera and mollusc micro-organisms (D50 = 0.2 mm, calcium carbonate content 92%). Into this was built a layer of the same material artificially cemented by a gypsum plaster. The layer had similar properties to naturally cemented deposits, and layers with unconfirmed crushing strengths in the range 500 kPa to 4000 kPa have been prepared. All samples were tested dry. Closed end model piles of 16mm diameter were jacked at 0.1mm/s into the sample, and continuous profiles of end bearing capacity obtained during penetration. A parametric study has been carried out to examine the effects on the bearing capacity of stress level, K0, cemented layer thickness (0.5 pile diameters to 5.0 pile diameters) and layer strength. In addition, tests have been conducted with different pile geometry, multiple cemented layers, and using dynamic installation techniques. The study has identified ranges of parameters for which brittle failure of the cemented layer occurs (low stress levels and high layer strengths) and ranges where the failure is ductile (high stresses and low layer strengths). Characteristic patterns have been observed of the variation of end bearing with position as a layer is penetrated. Examination of the samples after testing has revealed details of failure mechanisms. Simple procedures are proposed for modelling the bearing capacity of such layered systems, and some implications of the results for design methods are discussed.

[Abridged abstract] The goal is to give structural proof-theoretical analyses of logical constants, and thereby provide a criterion for what a logical constant is. Another goal is to illustrate the thesis that structural assumptions of logic are basic and that alternative logics (later called substructural logics) differ from each other only in their structural assumptions, and not in their assumptions about logical constants.

Currently, much research is being directed at alternative energy sources to supply power for modern life of today and the future. One of the most promising sources is wind energy which can provide electrical power using wind turbines. The increase in the use of this type of energy requires greater consideration of design, installation and especially the cost of offshore wind turbines. This thesis will discuss the modelling of a novel type of shallow foundation for wind turbines under combined loads. The footing considered in this research is a circular caisson, which can be installed by the suction technique. The combined loads applied to this footing will be in three-dimensional space, with six degrees of freedom of external forces due to environmental conditions. At the same time, during the process of building up the model for a caisson, the theoretical analyses for shallow circular flat footing and spudcans also are established with the same principle. The responses of the soil will be considered in both elastic and plastic stages of behaviour, by using the framework of continuous plasticity based on thermodynamic principles. During this investigation, it is necessary to compare the numerical results with available experimental data to estimate suitable values of factors required to model each type of soil. There are five main goals of development of the model. Firstly, a new expression for plasticity theory which includes an experimentally determined single yield function is used to model the effects of combined cyclic loading of a circular footing on the behaviour of both sand and clay. This formulation based on thermodynamics allows the derivation of plastic solutions which automatically obey the laws of thermodynamics without any further assumptions. A result of this advantage is that non-associate plasticity, which is known to be a proper approximation for geotechnical material behaviour, is obtained logically and naturally. A FORTRAN source code called ISIS has been written as a tool for numerical analysis. Secondly, since there are some characteristics of the geometric shape and installation method which are quite different from that of spudcans and circular flat footing, another objective of this study is to adapt the current model which has been developed in ISIS for spudcans to the specific needs of caissons. The third goal of this research is the simulation of continuous loading history and a smooth transition in the stress-strain relationship from elastic to plastic behaviour. The model is developed from a single-yield-surface model to a continuous plasticity model (with an infinite number of yield surfaces) and then is discretized to a multiple-yield-surface model which can be implemented by numerical calculation to be able to capture with reasonable precision the hysteretic response of a foundation under cyclic loading. This can not be described by a conventional single-yield-surface model. Fourthly, as a method to simplify the numerical difficulties arising from the calculation process, a rate-dependent solution will be introduced. This modification is implemented by changing the dissipation function derived from the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, in order to control the model to capture the real behaviour, many parameters are proposed. A parametric study will be implemented to show the effects of these parameters on the solution.

This thesis is concerned with a conjecture of Zilber: that the complex field expanded with the exponential function should be `quasi-minimal'; that is, all its definable subsets should be countable or have countable complement. Our purpose is to study the geometry of this structure and other expansions by holomorphic functions of the complex field without having first to settle any number-theoretic problems, by treating all countable sets on an equal footing. We present axioms, modelled on those for a Zariski geometry, defining a non-first-order class of ``quasi-Zariski'' structures endowed with a dimension theory and a topology in which all countable sets are of dimension zero. We derive a quantifier elimination theorem, implying that members of the class are quasi-minimal. We look for analytic structures in this class. To an expansion of the complex field by entire holomorphic functions $\mathcal{R}$ we associate a sheaf $\mathcal{O}^{\scriptscriptstyle{\mathcal{R}}}$ of analytic germs which is closed under application of the implicit function theorem. We prove that $\mathcal{O}^{\scriptscriptstyle{\mathcal{R}}}$ is also closed under partial differentiation and that it admits Weierstrass preparation. The sheaf defines a subclass of the analytic sets which we call $\mathcal{R}$-analytic. We develop analytic geometry for this class proving a Nullstellensatz and other classical properties. We isolate a condition on the asymptotes of the varieties of certain functions in $\mathcal{R}$. If this condition is satisfied then the $\mathcal{R}$-analytic sets induce a quasi-Zariski structure under countable union. In the motivating case of the complex exponential we prove a low-dimensional case of the condition, towards the original conjecture.

Wave loading on offshore structures founded on sand can result in partially drained response of the foundation soil. The characteristics of the rate of loading, the permeability of the soil, and the size of the foundation affect the degree of partial drainage. Partial drainage refers to situations where pore pressures develop in the soil, and the response of the soil is neither fully drained nor undrained. This thesis is concerned with the effects of loading rate, and consequent drainage, on the behaviour of a flat footing that is founded on the surface of a saturated sand base. The results of physical tests performed in the laboratory on a model-sized footing are reported. The footing was founded on oil-saturated fine sand and was subjected to combined loading. The effect of the vertical, horizontal, and rotational displacements are reported. The response of the footing is analysed in the context of existing drained foundation models that are based on work hardening plasticity theory. The rate dependency of the vertical load:deformation behaviour and the combined yield surfaces are described.