No / In recent years, different genes and proteins have been highlighted as potential biomarkers for psoriasis, one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases worldwide. However, most of these markers are not only psoriasis-specific but also found in other inflammatory disorders. We performed an unsupervised cluster analysis of gene expression profiles in 150 psoriasis patients and other inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, contact eczema, and healthy controls). We identified a cluster of IL-17/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-associated genes specifically expressed in psoriasis, among which IL-36gamma was the most outstanding marker. In subsequent immunohistological analyses, IL-36gamma was confirmed to be expressed in psoriasis lesions only. IL-36gamma peripheral blood serum levels were found to be closely associated with disease activity, and they decreased after anti-TNFalpha-treatment. Furthermore, IL-36gamma immunohistochemistry was found to be a helpful marker in the histological differential diagnosis between psoriasis and eczema in diagnostically challenging cases. These features highlight IL-36gamma as a valuable biomarker in psoriasis patients, both for diagnostic purposes and measurement of disease activity during the clinical course. Furthermore, IL-36gamma might also provide a future drug target, because of its potential amplifier role in TNFalpha- and IL-17 pathways in psoriatic skin inflammation. / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to JW (WE-4428), the René Touraine Foundation (for AD), and the PTJ reference number 0306v12 as part of the Technology and Innovation Program (TIP) North-Rhine Westphalia (gene expression analyses)

O equilíbrio entre resposta imune e tolerância resulta da complexa interação entre células efetoras e reguladoras. Células capazes de amplificar a resposta imune foram descritas, mas um subgrupo de células T com esta capacidade ainda não foi identificado. Demonstramos que a ectoenzima CD39 ajuda a definir um subgrupo de células T CD4+ denominadas células T indutoras (Tind), capazes de amplificar proliferação e produção de citocinas por células T CD4+ efetoras, antagonizando a atividade supressora de células T reguladoras (Treg). Em doenças auto-imunes e infecções crônicas como a mielopatia associada à infecção pelo HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), Tinds podem ter papel importante no processo inflamatório exacerbado visto nestas condições clínicas. Demonstramos ainda que as frequências de Treg estão aumentadas em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1 independentemente da condição clínica, mas apenas pacientes HAM/TSP apresentam aumento da frequência de Tind. Além disso, a frequência de Tind está associada à carga proviral, considerado fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da HAM/TSP. O aumento da produção de IFN- e a reduzida produção de IL-17 em pacientes HAM/TSP sugerem que células Th17 não possuem papel importante no processo inflamatório relacionado à infecção pelo HTLV-1, diferentemente do que ocorre em condições auto-imunes com quadros clínicos semelhantes à HAM/TSP. Estes dados demonstram importantes alterações no balanço entre inflamação e supressão e sugerem um papel para Tind na patogênese da HAM/TSP / The balance between immunity and tolerance is a result from the interplay between effector and regulatory cells. An immunoregulatory cell that amplifies cellular immune responses upon activation is already known; however no T-cell subset with such function has been described. We report that the ectoenzyme CD39 helps to delineate a novel subpopulation called inducer T-cell (Tind) that significantly increases the proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells, counterbalancing the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg). In autoimmune conditions and chronic viral infections, such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, Tinds may play an important role in the inflammatory milieu. Here we show that Treg frequency is increased in HTLV-1-infected subjects regardless of their clinical status, but only HAM/TSP patients have increased frequency of Tind. Besides, Tind frequency is associated to HTLV-1 proviral load, a established risk factor for the development of HAM/TSP. Increased IFN- and reduced IL-17 production seen in HAM/TSP patients suggest that Th17 does not play an important role in the proinflammatory milieu related to HTLV-1 infection, unlike autoimmune disorders with clinical features similar to HAM/TSP. Altogether, our data demonstrate important changes in the inflammatory-regulatory balance and suggest a role for Tind in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP

Diabete Melito tipo 1A (DM1A) é uma doença autoimune resultante da interação de fatores ambientais, alterações imunológicas e predisposição genética. Decorre da perda da tolerância aos antígenos das células beta pancreáticas e ativação do sistema imunológico, notadamente dos linfócitos T e B. A via linfocitária T helper 17 está fortemente associada ao processo inflamatório denominado insulite, que resulta na destruição das células beta pancreáticas, levando à perda gradativa da produção de insulina e à instalação do DM1A. A via T helper 17 é regulada pelas interleucinas IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 e IL-27, que também atuam na agressão autoimune. Neste estudo nós avaliamos a importância dos receptores da IL-21 (IL-21RA) e da IL-17 (IL-17RA) na susceptibilidade ao DM1A e nas suas manifestações autoimunes (autoanticorpos) em 631 pacientes portadores de DM1A (24.6 ± 13.0 anos) comparados com 652 controles saudáveis (28.5 ± 11.4 anos). Não há dados prévios na literatura. As variantes selecionadas dos genes do IL-17RA (n=4), do IL-21R (n=5) e da cadeia gama comum (n=1) foram genotipadas através da metodologia Vera Code, Golden Gate (Illumina, EUA). Os autoanticorpos circulantes anti-descarboxilase do ácido glutâmico (anti-GAD65), anti-tirosina fosfatase (anti-IA2), anti-peroxidase (anti-TPO) e anti-tireoglobulina (anti-TG) foram dosados por radioimunoensaio, o antitransportador de zinco 8 (anti-ZnT8) por ELISA, o anti-célula parietal por imunofluorescência direta e o anti-receptor de TSH (TRAb) por ensaio radiorreceptor, marcado com iodo radioativo. As frequências dos genótipos das variantes foram testadas para o Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e as associações genotípicas, pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Estes foram ajustados para as covariáveis (idade, sexo, cor autorreferida e duração do diabete) na análise de regressão logística binária. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados para o gene IL17RA: a variante rs2241049 (genótipos AG/GG) foi associada à susceptibilidade para o DM1A (OR=1,42; IC95%=1,11-1,81; p=0,005), enquanto a variante rs879577 à proteção ao DM1A (genótipo AA: OR=0,61; IC95%= 0,4 - 0,93; p=0.021) e à menor frequência do anticorpo anti-IA2 (AA/AG; OR=0,67, IC95%= 0,45-0,99; p=0.043). O genótipo GG de rs5748863 foi relacionado à menor frequência dos autoanticorpos anti-IA2 (OR=0,52, IC95%= 0,32- 0,86; p=0.010). Em relação ao gene IL21R, os genótipos GC/CC de rs7199138 foram relacionados à susceptibilidade ao DM1A (OR= 1,33; IC95%= 1,05-1,68; p= 0,018). As variantes rs2214537(CG/GG) e rs2285452 (AG/AA) foram associadas à menor frequência dos autoanticorpos anti-célula parietal (OR=0,24; IC95%= 0,09-0,59; p < 0.001) e antiendomísio (OR=0,17; IC95%= 0,04-0,8; p=0.025), respectivamente. As variantes rs3093315 (TG/TT) e rs2285452 (AA) condicionaram maior frequência de TRAb (OR=5,89; IC95%=1,26-27,61; p=0.024) e anti-TPO (OR=2,38; IC95%= 1,1-5,13; p=0.028), respectivamente. Nossos resultados sugerem que variantes dos genes IL17RA e IL21R estão associadas à fisiopatologia do DM1A e à expressão de autoanticorpos pancreáticos e extrapancreáticos / Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from the interaction of environmental factors, immunological changes and genetic predisposition. It results from the loss of tolerance to pancreatic beta cell antigens and to the activation of the immune system, notably T and B lymphocytes. The T helper-17 pathway is strongly associated with the inflammatory process called insulitis, which results in pancreatic beta cells destruction, leading to the gradual loss of insulin production and to the manifestation of T1D. The T helper 17 pathway is regulated by the interleukins IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 and IL-27, which also act in the autoimmune aggression. In this study we evaluated the importance of the receptors of IL-21 (IL-21RA) and IL-17 (IL-17RA) genes in the susceptibility to T1D and its autoimmune manifestations (autoantibodies) in 631 patients with DM1A (24.6 ± 13.0 years) , compared with 652 health controls (28.5 ± 11.4 years).There is no previous data in the literature. The selected variants of the IL-17RA (n = 4), IL-21R (n = 5) and of the common gamma chain (n = 1) genes were genotyped using the Vera Code methodology, Golden Gate (Illumina, USA). The autoantibodies anti-decarboxylase of glutamic acid (anti-GAD65), anti-tyrosine phosphatase (anti-IA2), anti-peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) were measured by radioimmunoassay, anti zinc transporter 8 (Anti-ZnT8) by ELISA, anti-parietal cell by direct immunofluorescence and anti-TSH receptor (TRAb) by radiolabeled radioiodine receptor assay. The frequencies of the genotypes of the variants were tested by Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the genotypic associations were performed by the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact tests. These were adjusted for the covariates (age, gender, self-reported color and diabetes duration) in binary logistic regression analysis.We obtained the following results for IL-17RA : the rs2241049 variant (AG/GG genotypes) was associated with susceptibility to T1D (OR = 1,42; CI65%= 1,11-1,81; p = 0,005), while the rs879577 variant to T1D protection (genotype AA: OR = 0,61; CI95%= 0,4 - 0,93; p = 0,021) and to lower anti-IA2 frequency (AA/AG; OR = 0,067; CI95%=0,45-0,99; p=0,043). Further, the GG genotype of rs5748863 variant was related to lower frequency of the autoantibody anti-IA2 (OR= 0,52; CI95%= 0,32- 0,86; p= 0,010). Regarding IL21R, the GC / CC genotypes of rs7199138 were related to susceptibility to T1D (OR = 1,33; CI95%= 1,05-1,68; p = 0,018). The variants rs2214537 (CG/GG) and rs2285452 (AG/AA) were associated with lower frequency of parietal cell (OR=0,24; CI95%= 0,09-0,59; p < 0,001) and antiendomysial autoantibodies (OR=0,17; CI95%= 0,04-0,8; p=0,025), respectively. The rs3093315 (TG/TT) and rs2285452 (AA) variants were related to higher frequency of TRAb (OR=5,89; CI95%= 1,26-27,61; p=0,024) and anti-TPO (OR=2,38; CI95%= 1,1-5,13; p=0,028), respectively. Our results suggest that variants of the IL17RA and IL21R genes are associated with the pathophysiology of T1D and the expression of pancreatic and extra-pancreatic autoantibodies

Introduction: The pathogenesis and treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), severe asthma-non fungal sensitised (SANFS) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) is poorly understood. IL-17A, IgE and microbiome may be associated with pathogenesis of asthma, but their role in fungal-associated asthma is uncertain. Further, the efficacy of voriconazole, posaconazole and nebulised amphotericin B (NAB) in ABPA and SAFS has not been fully studied. Aims and objectives: The aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the role of IL-17A, IgE and lung microbiome in patients with SANFS, SAFS and ABPA. We also studied the efficacy and safety of NAB, voriconazole and posaconazole. Methods: Airway lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ABPA (n=16), SAFS (n=15), SANFS (n=11), mild asthma (MA) (n=6) and NH (n=11) were characterized by flow cytometric analysis (FACS) to determine the % of CD (+) IL-17A expressing cells. We also evaluated microbiome population using culture and PCR plus sequencing from BAL of these patients. In chapter 3, we analysed total and specific IgE in blood from adult cohorts of SAFS (n=34) and ABPA (n=48) using ImmunoCAP 100. In chapter 5 we studied the efficacy of voriconazole and posaconazole and in chapter 6; we studied the efficacy of NAB.Results: %CD4+IL-17A expressing cells were significantly higher in patients with severe asthma and correlated positively with serum neutrophil and presence of fungi in the airways. ABPA, SAFS and SANFS were similar but all were significantly higher than MA and NH. There were no differences in IL-17A expression between blood and the lung. Fungi were more frequently associated with severe asthma and low FEV1. Steroid treatment significantly increased airway fungal load. IgE against staphylococcal aureus (SE-IgE) correlated positively with FEV1 and OCS dose. Voriconazole and posaconazole improved asthma severity and radiological abnormalities. NAB was associated bronchospasm, but was extrely effective in the few patients (n=3) that took treatment for >12 months. These responders had unique characteristics. Conclusions: IL-17A, SE-IgE, and lung microbiome are associated with asthma severity. Steroid use in these patients may increase airway fungal load. Whereas voriconazole and posaconazole are efficacious, the use of NAB is associated with significant bronchospasm. SE-IgE -high asthma patients may be a distinct asthma phenotype. Larger studies are needed.

L’importance respective des lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels générés dans le thymus ou induits en périphérie dans la régulation immunitaire et la résolution de l’inflammation est désormais bien établie. Nous avons contribué à mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie d’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs périphériques à partir de cellules T humaines CD4+CD25- naïves et mémoires. Nous avons montré que l’engagement de la molécule ubiquitaire transmembranaire CD47 sur la cellule T par un anticorps monoclonal ou par le peptide 4N1K (peptide dérivé du domaine carboxy-terminal de la thrombospondine-1 et spécifique du site de liaison à CD47) induisait des lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs exerçant une fonction suppressive sur les lymphocytes T effecteurs. Les propriétés suppressives induites par la thrombospondine-1 confortent les fonctions anti-inflammatoires de cette protéine de la matrice extracellulaire. L’inhibition exercée par les lymphocytes T régulateurs induits dépend du contact intercellulaire entre les cellules T régulatrices et leurs cibles, et est indépendante du TGF-. Nos résultats démontrent également le rôle de CD47 sur le lymphocyte T CD4+ dans la réponse immunitaire spécifique de l’antigène in vivo. En effet, les souris BALB/c déficientes pour CD47 présentent un biais de la sécrétion d’anticorps et de cytokines de type Th1, alors que les souris BALB/c sont décrites comme exprimant un profil de production de cytokines de type Th2. Nos travaux mettent en évidence le rôle de CD47 dans l’inhibition du développement d’une réponse cellulaire et humorale de type Th1 in vivo, confirmant de précédentes études in vitro réalisées avec des cellules T CD4+ humaines. Nous présentons également le rôle inhibiteur de l’engagement de CD28 in vitro sur la différenciation en cellules Th17 des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs isolés de souris BALB/c. Le mécanisme proposé est dépendant de la production de l’IL-2 et de l’IFN- et indépendant de la présence de lymphocytes T régulateurs. Notre étude du rôle de deux molécules transmembranaires CD47 et CD28 exprimées sur la cellule T CD4+, contribue à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes impliqués dans la tolérance immunologique, la résolution de l’inflammation et la différenciation des cellules T "helper" CD4+. / Nowadays, the importance of natural regulatory T cells and adaptive regulatory T lymphocytes in immune regulation and resolution of inflammation are well established. We report a previously unknown pathway to generate adaptive regulatory T cells in the periphery from naive and memory human CD4+CD25- T cells. We show that the stimulation of the broadly expressed transmembrane proteins CD47 on T cells by a monoclonal antibody or by the 4NK1 peptide (carboxy-terminal peptide of thrombospondin-1 (TSP) specific of the binding site of CD47) induced regulatory T cells that exerted an inhibitory function on effector T cells. Our study on the suppressive proprieties of the TSP corroborates with reported anti-inflammatory activities of this extracellular matrix protein. The suppressive function of TSP induced regulatory T cells was contact-dependent and TGF--independent. Our data further demonstrate the role of CD47 expression on T cells in the antigenic-specific immune response in vivo. We report that the CD47-deficient BALB/c mice displayed a Th1-biased antibody and cytokine responses, instead of the Th2 cytokine profile observed in unmanipulated BALB/c mice. Our study outlines the role of CD47 as a self-control mechanism to negatively regulate type 1 cellular and humoral immune responses and most importantly confirm in vivo previous in vitro studies with human CD4+ T cells. We also report that soluble anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody suppressed in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells isolated from BALB/c mice into IL-17-producing cells by mechanism that are IL-2 and IFN-γ-dependent but independent of the presence of regulatory T cells. Our studies highlight the suppressive function of two transmembrane molecules CD47 and CD28 expressed by CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in human and mice. They thus may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of immune tolerance, the resolution of inflammation and the differentiation of the T helper cells.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on April 1, 2010). Vita. Thesis advisor: Habib Zaghouani. "May 2008" Includes bibliographical references.

Diabete Melito tipo 1A (DM1A) é uma doença autoimune resultante da interação de fatores ambientais, alterações imunológicas e predisposição genética. Decorre da perda da tolerância aos antígenos das células beta pancreáticas e ativação do sistema imunológico, notadamente dos linfócitos T e B. A via linfocitária T helper 17 está fortemente associada ao processo inflamatório denominado insulite, que resulta na destruição das células beta pancreáticas, levando à perda gradativa da produção de insulina e à instalação do DM1A. A via T helper 17 é regulada pelas interleucinas IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 e IL-27, que também atuam na agressão autoimune. Neste estudo nós avaliamos a importância dos receptores da IL-21 (IL-21RA) e da IL-17 (IL-17RA) na susceptibilidade ao DM1A e nas suas manifestações autoimunes (autoanticorpos) em 631 pacientes portadores de DM1A (24.6 ± 13.0 anos) comparados com 652 controles saudáveis (28.5 ± 11.4 anos). Não há dados prévios na literatura. As variantes selecionadas dos genes do IL-17RA (n=4), do IL-21R (n=5) e da cadeia gama comum (n=1) foram genotipadas através da metodologia Vera Code, Golden Gate (Illumina, EUA). Os autoanticorpos circulantes anti-descarboxilase do ácido glutâmico (anti-GAD65), anti-tirosina fosfatase (anti-IA2), anti-peroxidase (anti-TPO) e anti-tireoglobulina (anti-TG) foram dosados por radioimunoensaio, o antitransportador de zinco 8 (anti-ZnT8) por ELISA, o anti-célula parietal por imunofluorescência direta e o anti-receptor de TSH (TRAb) por ensaio radiorreceptor, marcado com iodo radioativo. As frequências dos genótipos das variantes foram testadas para o Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e as associações genotípicas, pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Estes foram ajustados para as covariáveis (idade, sexo, cor autorreferida e duração do diabete) na análise de regressão logística binária. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados para o gene IL17RA: a variante rs2241049 (genótipos AG/GG) foi associada à susceptibilidade para o DM1A (OR=1,42; IC95%=1,11-1,81; p=0,005), enquanto a variante rs879577 à proteção ao DM1A (genótipo AA: OR=0,61; IC95%= 0,4 - 0,93; p=0.021) e à menor frequência do anticorpo anti-IA2 (AA/AG; OR=0,67, IC95%= 0,45-0,99; p=0.043). O genótipo GG de rs5748863 foi relacionado à menor frequência dos autoanticorpos anti-IA2 (OR=0,52, IC95%= 0,32- 0,86; p=0.010). Em relação ao gene IL21R, os genótipos GC/CC de rs7199138 foram relacionados à susceptibilidade ao DM1A (OR= 1,33; IC95%= 1,05-1,68; p= 0,018). As variantes rs2214537(CG/GG) e rs2285452 (AG/AA) foram associadas à menor frequência dos autoanticorpos anti-célula parietal (OR=0,24; IC95%= 0,09-0,59; p < 0.001) e antiendomísio (OR=0,17; IC95%= 0,04-0,8; p=0.025), respectivamente. As variantes rs3093315 (TG/TT) e rs2285452 (AA) condicionaram maior frequência de TRAb (OR=5,89; IC95%=1,26-27,61; p=0.024) e anti-TPO (OR=2,38; IC95%= 1,1-5,13; p=0.028), respectivamente. Nossos resultados sugerem que variantes dos genes IL17RA e IL21R estão associadas à fisiopatologia do DM1A e à expressão de autoanticorpos pancreáticos e extrapancreáticos / Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from the interaction of environmental factors, immunological changes and genetic predisposition. It results from the loss of tolerance to pancreatic beta cell antigens and to the activation of the immune system, notably T and B lymphocytes. The T helper-17 pathway is strongly associated with the inflammatory process called insulitis, which results in pancreatic beta cells destruction, leading to the gradual loss of insulin production and to the manifestation of T1D. The T helper 17 pathway is regulated by the interleukins IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 and IL-27, which also act in the autoimmune aggression. In this study we evaluated the importance of the receptors of IL-21 (IL-21RA) and IL-17 (IL-17RA) genes in the susceptibility to T1D and its autoimmune manifestations (autoantibodies) in 631 patients with DM1A (24.6 ± 13.0 years) , compared with 652 health controls (28.5 ± 11.4 years).There is no previous data in the literature. The selected variants of the IL-17RA (n = 4), IL-21R (n = 5) and of the common gamma chain (n = 1) genes were genotyped using the Vera Code methodology, Golden Gate (Illumina, USA). The autoantibodies anti-decarboxylase of glutamic acid (anti-GAD65), anti-tyrosine phosphatase (anti-IA2), anti-peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) were measured by radioimmunoassay, anti zinc transporter 8 (Anti-ZnT8) by ELISA, anti-parietal cell by direct immunofluorescence and anti-TSH receptor (TRAb) by radiolabeled radioiodine receptor assay. The frequencies of the genotypes of the variants were tested by Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the genotypic associations were performed by the chi-square and Fisher\'s exact tests. These were adjusted for the covariates (age, gender, self-reported color and diabetes duration) in binary logistic regression analysis.We obtained the following results for IL-17RA : the rs2241049 variant (AG/GG genotypes) was associated with susceptibility to T1D (OR = 1,42; CI65%= 1,11-1,81; p = 0,005), while the rs879577 variant to T1D protection (genotype AA: OR = 0,61; CI95%= 0,4 - 0,93; p = 0,021) and to lower anti-IA2 frequency (AA/AG; OR = 0,067; CI95%=0,45-0,99; p=0,043). Further, the GG genotype of rs5748863 variant was related to lower frequency of the autoantibody anti-IA2 (OR= 0,52; CI95%= 0,32- 0,86; p= 0,010). Regarding IL21R, the GC / CC genotypes of rs7199138 were related to susceptibility to T1D (OR = 1,33; CI95%= 1,05-1,68; p = 0,018). The variants rs2214537 (CG/GG) and rs2285452 (AG/AA) were associated with lower frequency of parietal cell (OR=0,24; CI95%= 0,09-0,59; p < 0,001) and antiendomysial autoantibodies (OR=0,17; CI95%= 0,04-0,8; p=0,025), respectively. The rs3093315 (TG/TT) and rs2285452 (AA) variants were related to higher frequency of TRAb (OR=5,89; CI95%= 1,26-27,61; p=0,024) and anti-TPO (OR=2,38; CI95%= 1,1-5,13; p=0,028), respectively. Our results suggest that variants of the IL17RA and IL21R genes are associated with the pathophysiology of T1D and the expression of pancreatic and extra-pancreatic autoantibodies

O equilíbrio entre resposta imune e tolerância resulta da complexa interação entre células efetoras e reguladoras. Células capazes de amplificar a resposta imune foram descritas, mas um subgrupo de células T com esta capacidade ainda não foi identificado. Demonstramos que a ectoenzima CD39 ajuda a definir um subgrupo de células T CD4+ denominadas células T indutoras (Tind), capazes de amplificar proliferação e produção de citocinas por células T CD4+ efetoras, antagonizando a atividade supressora de células T reguladoras (Treg). Em doenças auto-imunes e infecções crônicas como a mielopatia associada à infecção pelo HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), Tinds podem ter papel importante no processo inflamatório exacerbado visto nestas condições clínicas. Demonstramos ainda que as frequências de Treg estão aumentadas em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1 independentemente da condição clínica, mas apenas pacientes HAM/TSP apresentam aumento da frequência de Tind. Além disso, a frequência de Tind está associada à carga proviral, considerado fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da HAM/TSP. O aumento da produção de IFN- e a reduzida produção de IL-17 em pacientes HAM/TSP sugerem que células Th17 não possuem papel importante no processo inflamatório relacionado à infecção pelo HTLV-1, diferentemente do que ocorre em condições auto-imunes com quadros clínicos semelhantes à HAM/TSP. Estes dados demonstram importantes alterações no balanço entre inflamação e supressão e sugerem um papel para Tind na patogênese da HAM/TSP / The balance between immunity and tolerance is a result from the interplay between effector and regulatory cells. An immunoregulatory cell that amplifies cellular immune responses upon activation is already known; however no T-cell subset with such function has been described. We report that the ectoenzyme CD39 helps to delineate a novel subpopulation called inducer T-cell (Tind) that significantly increases the proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells, counterbalancing the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg). In autoimmune conditions and chronic viral infections, such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, Tinds may play an important role in the inflammatory milieu. Here we show that Treg frequency is increased in HTLV-1-infected subjects regardless of their clinical status, but only HAM/TSP patients have increased frequency of Tind. Besides, Tind frequency is associated to HTLV-1 proviral load, a established risk factor for the development of HAM/TSP. Increased IFN- and reduced IL-17 production seen in HAM/TSP patients suggest that Th17 does not play an important role in the proinflammatory milieu related to HTLV-1 infection, unlike autoimmune disorders with clinical features similar to HAM/TSP. Altogether, our data demonstrate important changes in the inflammatory-regulatory balance and suggest a role for Tind in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP

L’importance respective des lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels générés dans le thymus ou induits en périphérie dans la régulation immunitaire et la résolution de l’inflammation est désormais bien établie. Nous avons contribué à mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie d’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs périphériques à partir de cellules T humaines CD4+CD25- naïves et mémoires. Nous avons montré que l’engagement de la molécule ubiquitaire transmembranaire CD47 sur la cellule T par un anticorps monoclonal ou par le peptide 4N1K (peptide dérivé du domaine carboxy-terminal de la thrombospondine-1 et spécifique du site de liaison à CD47) induisait des lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs exerçant une fonction suppressive sur les lymphocytes T effecteurs. Les propriétés suppressives induites par la thrombospondine-1 confortent les fonctions anti-inflammatoires de cette protéine de la matrice extracellulaire. L’inhibition exercée par les lymphocytes T régulateurs induits dépend du contact intercellulaire entre les cellules T régulatrices et leurs cibles, et est indépendante du TGF-. Nos résultats démontrent également le rôle de CD47 sur le lymphocyte T CD4+ dans la réponse immunitaire spécifique de l’antigène in vivo. En effet, les souris BALB/c déficientes pour CD47 présentent un biais de la sécrétion d’anticorps et de cytokines de type Th1, alors que les souris BALB/c sont décrites comme exprimant un profil de production de cytokines de type Th2. Nos travaux mettent en évidence le rôle de CD47 dans l’inhibition du développement d’une réponse cellulaire et humorale de type Th1 in vivo, confirmant de précédentes études in vitro réalisées avec des cellules T CD4+ humaines. Nous présentons également le rôle inhibiteur de l’engagement de CD28 in vitro sur la différenciation en cellules Th17 des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs isolés de souris BALB/c. Le mécanisme proposé est dépendant de la production de l’IL-2 et de l’IFN- et indépendant de la présence de lymphocytes T régulateurs. Notre étude du rôle de deux molécules transmembranaires CD47 et CD28 exprimées sur la cellule T CD4+, contribue à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes impliqués dans la tolérance immunologique, la résolution de l’inflammation et la différenciation des cellules T "helper" CD4+. / Nowadays, the importance of natural regulatory T cells and adaptive regulatory T lymphocytes in immune regulation and resolution of inflammation are well established. We report a previously unknown pathway to generate adaptive regulatory T cells in the periphery from naive and memory human CD4+CD25- T cells. We show that the stimulation of the broadly expressed transmembrane proteins CD47 on T cells by a monoclonal antibody or by the 4NK1 peptide (carboxy-terminal peptide of thrombospondin-1 (TSP) specific of the binding site of CD47) induced regulatory T cells that exerted an inhibitory function on effector T cells. Our study on the suppressive proprieties of the TSP corroborates with reported anti-inflammatory activities of this extracellular matrix protein. The suppressive function of TSP induced regulatory T cells was contact-dependent and TGF--independent. Our data further demonstrate the role of CD47 expression on T cells in the antigenic-specific immune response in vivo. We report that the CD47-deficient BALB/c mice displayed a Th1-biased antibody and cytokine responses, instead of the Th2 cytokine profile observed in unmanipulated BALB/c mice. Our study outlines the role of CD47 as a self-control mechanism to negatively regulate type 1 cellular and humoral immune responses and most importantly confirm in vivo previous in vitro studies with human CD4+ T cells. We also report that soluble anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody suppressed in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells isolated from BALB/c mice into IL-17-producing cells by mechanism that are IL-2 and IFN-γ-dependent but independent of the presence of regulatory T cells. Our studies highlight the suppressive function of two transmembrane molecules CD47 and CD28 expressed by CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in human and mice. They thus may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of immune tolerance, the resolution of inflammation and the differentiation of the T helper cells.

T lymphocytes are distinguished by the expression of αβ TCR or γδ TCR on their cell surface. The kinetic differences in the effector functions classifies γδ T cells as innate-like lymphocytes and αβ T cells as adaptive lymphocytes. Although distinct, αβ and γδ T cell lineages produce a common array of cytokines to mount an effective immune response against a pathogen. The production of cytokine IL-17 is a shared characteristic between the γδ T (Tγδ17) cells and the CD4 T (Th17) cells. γδ T cells develop into Tγδ17 cells in the thymus whereas CD4 T cells differentiate into Th17 cells in response to antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. γδ T cells exported from the thymus, as pre-made effectors, are the early IL-17 producers compared with the late IL-17 producing Th17 cells. In this thesis we describe how TGFβ-SMAD2 dependent pathway selectively regulates Th17 cell differentiation but not Tγδ17 cells generation. We further illustrate the requirement of WNT-HMG box transcription factor (TF) signaling for the thymic programming of Tγδ17 cells. Cytokine TGFβ in co-operation with IL-6 induces the differentiation of Th17 cells. Conversely, TGFβ signaling also regulates the differentiation and maintenance of CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. The mechanism by which TGFβ signals synergize with IL-6 to generate inflammatory versus immunosuppressive T cell subsets is unclear. TGFβ signaling activates receptor SMADs, SMAD2 and SMAD3, which associate with a variety of nuclear factors to regulate gene transcription. Defining relative contributions of distinct SMAD molecules for CD4 T cell differentiation is critical for mapping the versatile intracellular TGFβ signaling pathways that tailor TGFβ activities to the state of host interaction with pathogens. We show here that SMAD2 is essential for Th17 cell differentiation and that it acts in part by modulating the expression of IL-6R on T cells. While mice lacking SMAD2 specifically in T cells do not develop spontaneous lymphoproliferative autoimmunity, Smad2-/- T cells are impaired in their response to TGFβ in vitro and in vivo and they are more pathogenic than controls when transferred into lymphopenic mice. These results demonstrate that SMAD2 is essential for TGFβ signaling in CD4+ T effector cell differentiation and that it possesses functional capabilities distinct from SMAD3. Although SMAD2 is essential for the differentiation of Th17 cells, TGFβ signaling via SMAD2 is not required for the thymic programming of innate Tγδ17 cells. Among different γδ T cells, Vγ2+ (V2) γδ T cells are the major IL-17 producing subsets. We demonstrate that Sry-high mobility group (HMG) box TFs regulate the development of V2 Tγδ17 cells. We show that the HMG box TF, SOX13 functions in a positive loop for the intrathymic generation of V2 Tγδ17 cells. SOX13 regulates the programming of Tγδ17 cells by controlling the expression of B-lymphoid kinase (BLK) in developing immature V2 γδ T cells. BLK is an Src-family kinase expressed by all Tγδ17 cells. Furthermore, we show another HMG box TF, TCF1, the nuclear effector of canonical WNT signaling, is the primary negative regulator of IL-17 production by all γδ T cells. We propose that the antagonism of SOX13 and TCF1 determines the generation of IL-17 producing γδ T cells. We also show that extrinsic cues from αβ T cells do not affect the generation of IL-17 producing γδ T cells. Using OP9-DL1 culture system, we demonstrate that the progenitors of V2 Tγδ17 cells are the c-Kit+ early thymic precursors.