京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23352号 / 地環博第210号 / 新制||地環||40(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 德地 直子, 准教授 渡邉 哲弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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X-ray diffraction studies of 29 Virginia Blue Ridge and Piedmont soil profiles and petrographic examinations of the parent rocks reveal that even after prolonged chemical weathering, physical and mineralogical differences exist between soil types which are due largely to changes in the parent rock, and to a lesser extent changes in the topography. Soils developed from different source rocks can be distinguished on the basis of color, texture, degree of contrast between horizons, and depth to fresh rock. The clay minerals of such soils differ in their distribution, amount and kind. The role of parent material in soil and clay mineral formation is a complex function of several variables: (1) chemical composition (2) mineralogical composition (3) rock texture and (4) rock structure. Soils developed from calcium-aluminum rich rocks or from basic rocks which have structures or textures not conducive to good drainage are characterized by kaolin and montmorillonite clay minerals and by dense plastic, poorly drained, clayey subsoils. In all other soils and in the surface horizon of these soils, the major clay minerals are kaolin and vermiculite. Topography affects the degree of profile development, color, and soil texture and controls the rate of clay mineral accumulation and weathering. The climates of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont are most favorable to the formation of kaolin minerals. However, greater amounts of kaolinite appear to be formed in the warmer Piedmont climate and more vermiculite in the cooler Blue Ridge climate. The most important mechanism for clay mineral formation is probably by direct alteration of the primarily silicate minerals. The distribution of these clays in the profile is determined by the weathering stability of the primary silicate. All ferromagnesium silicates weather to 14 A clay minerals. An intermediate 14 A chlorite phase was not observed. The most common product is vermiculite. The formation of montmorillonite is controlled by the four parent material factors listed above. Hornblende and augite are the chief source materials of montmorillonite. Biotite possibly weathers to montmorillonite if the internal drainage is strongly retarded. Montmorillonite weathers to vermiculite in the surface horizons. Kaolinite forms early in the profile during the weathering of feldspar. Medium- to coarse-grained muscovite is also a source of kaolinite. There was no evidence found to indicate that kaolinite is a weathering product of the 12 A clay minerals. Illite occurs in minor amounts in a few micaceous profiles but appears to be the result of mechanical break-down of larger mica particles. / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1956 M35 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1960 B74

Niobium and rare earth elements (REE) are considered as strategic metals in industrialised countries, and are mainly derived from carbonatite-related deposits. Indicator mineral methods for carbonatites using of portable XRF and Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy (QEMSCAN®), shows promise in exploration for Nb and REE. Portable XRF analysis of stream sediments from the Aley, Lonnie, and Wicheeda carbonatites identified 125-250 μm as the ideal size fraction for indicator mineral studies. QEMSCAN® provides (with no additional processing) detection and characterisation of indicator minerals (when found in high concentrations) from carbonatite deposits. Preconcentration by Mozley C800 separator is recommended for sediment samples with low concentrations of indicator minerals. Discrimination diagrams for pyrochlore supergroup and columbite-tantalite series minerals show that minerals from carbonatites occupy the pyrochlore field and extend slightly into the betafite field. Columbite-tantalite series minerals from carbonatites have Mn/(Mn+Fe) atomic ratios ≤0.25 and Ta/(Ta+Nb) ≤0.20. The compositional fields for pyrochlore supergroup and colubmite-tanatlite series minerals from different deposit types partially overlap. / Graduate / 0996 / 0411 / 0372

Mini-dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Provings are important to expand known materia medica and advance homeopathy. The Dead Sea was chosen as a substance because it has numerous therapeutic properties in its crude form, making Yam ha-Melach an invaluable homeopathic remedy as the therapeutic properties of a substance is increased during the potentization process. Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Yam ha- Melach 30CH, on healthy provers and to record the signs and symptoms produced, so that it may be prescribed according to the Law of Similars, to those presenting with similar symptoms and further to compare the materia medica of Yam ha- Melach’s constituent minerals with symptoms obtained from the proving of Yam ha- Melach 30CH. Methodology This proving took the form of a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled study. The potency used was the 30th centesimal potency or 30CH. The proving population consisted of a combined project of twenty provers who met the inclusion criteria (Appendix A). Ten percent of the test group (two subjects) received placebo and the rest received Yam ha-Melach 30C (18 subjects). In order for the study to have remained double blind, neither the researchers nor the provers were aware of who received placebo and who received the remedy. Data collection was in the form of a journal kept by each prover, in which their symptoms were recorded daily for a total of five weeks, before, during and after taking the powders. On completion of the proving, data obtained from the journals were analyzed by the researcher for suitability of symptoms for inclusion in the materia medica of Yam ha-Melach. These symptoms were then translated into ii materia medica and repertory language, and a homeopathic picture of the remedy formulated. Data obtained from the case histories and physical examinations (Appendix E) and group discussions were also considered. A comparison between the ‘minimum characteristic syndrome’ of Yam ha-Melach and the symptoms on the mental, emotional and physical planes of each of Yam ha- Melach’s main constituent mineral remedies and their group themes were made, whereby the essential similarities and differences between them were elucidated. The main constituent minerals of the Dead Sea are magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, bromide and sulphur. The materia medica of Yam ha- Melach’s main constituent minerals therefore included the remedies: Magnesium muriaticum Kali muriaticum Natrum muriaticum Bromium Sulphur The proving symptoms were also compared to the materia medica group themes of the Magnesuims, Kali’s, Bromatums, Muriaticums and the Natrums in Scholten’s Homeopathy and Minerals (Scholten, 1993). Rabinowitz (2008) conducted an analysis of the proving symptoms, comparing the symptoms with existing indications of the Dead Sea’s clinical therapeutic use, in a parallel study of similar methodology. Symptoms were taken from the groups of both studies and included in the materia medica and repertory for Yam ha-Melach. Results The symptoms obtained from the proving had a very definite polarity. On the one side there was depression and loneliness, whilst on the other side there was happiness. This was shown also on the mental sphere, which varied from confusion to mental clarity. iii The main symptoms of this proving were the dreams, especially of war; violence; evil; religion; family and friends. Provers experienced a wide range of symptoms on mental, emotional and physical levels during the study. The main themes were feelings of loneliness and isolation, depression and hopelessness, being emotionally overwhelmed and crying, irritability and frustration, worrying about family and friends, needing affection, paranoia, oversensitivity and mood swings; and the feeling of being relaxed, calm and happy. The polarity continued on the physical level with regards to sleep, energy and appetite. On the physical level provers experienced dehydration resulting in headaches, dry itchy skin, eyes and mouth with diarrhea or constipation as well as nausea and vomiting. Some of the subjects had no appetite while others had an increase in appetite. Provers noted flu and hay fever like symptoms as well as joint and muscle stiffness and pain. Numbness, pins and needles and increased sensitivity were present in the extremities of most provers. Provers noticed pimples and dry patches on skin with severe itchiness and burning all over. Sleep was affected with some provers having difficulty sleeping, waking up all the time and others sleeping like a ‘rock.’ There was either a lack of energy or an increase in energy levels. Some provers had hot flushes and others felt cold and noticed fluctuations of body temperature. There was a general increase in perspiration. Some provers displayed black rashes and black stools. Provers experienced a general aggravation from alcohol. The main cravings were for salty food and coffee. The main aversion was for sweets. There was a general increase in thirst among the prover population. Conclusions The 30CH potency of Yam ha-Melach produced clearly observable signs and symptoms in healthy provers. Comparing the symptoms elucidated from the proving iv of Yam ha-Melach to the materia medica of its mineral constituents attempted to expand and clarify the therapeutic action of the remedy and allowed a better understanding of the similarities and differences between Yam ha-Melach and these remedies that exist in known materia medica. A complete and thorough understanding of Yam ha-Melach and its relationship to these remedies was achieved and contributed to a comprehensive remedy picture and aided in its practical application. The comparison revealed that Yam ha-Melach was most similar to Magnesium muriaticum on mental, emotional and physical planes. Both remedies had similar feelings of aggression, depression, being overwhelmed quickly, dreams of water, anxiety and restlessness, lethargy and similar sensations and complaints on the physical level. This is interesting as the Dead Sea consists of 53% magnesium chloride, 37% potassium chloride, 8% sodium chloride, low concentration of sulfate ions and a high bromide concentration. Magnesium chloride is therefore the main mineral constituent of the Dead Sea.

Neoproterozoic volcanic, sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary rocks of central Wadi Allaqi were deformed and metamorphosed to greenschist facies during the Pan-African orogeny. Three major, geochemically and lithostratigraphically distinct, tectonic-stratigraphy Successions with an intermediate tectonically-emplaced unit of ophiolitic rocks (Gebel Taylor Wedge), which have been metamorphosed to blueschists facies prior to emplacement, are recognised. The tectonic pile has been intruded by four granitic plutons and basic igneous sills, which were emplaced at various stages in the tectonic history. A series of large-scale thrust duplexes with a few major nappe-like folds and shear-zones, the most conspicuous of which is the Allaqi Shear-zone, structurally dominate the area. A complex polyphase structural history has been deduced consisting of earlier ductile and late more brittle deformation phases and this has been related to the regional metamorphic development. A gold mineralized quartz vein system was emplaced syn-tectonically along the first deformation (D1) shear-zones. Data from structures, petrography, fluid inclusions and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen tend to support a metamorphic provenance for the auriferous fluids. The petrological, geochemical and structural evidence strongly support a back-arc basin environment for the sedimentary development of central Wadi Allaqi before the Pan-African Orogeny. A single Wilson Cycle is proposed for the evolution of the area, in which following an extensional phase, during which the marginal elements of the ancient Mozambique Ocean (in the sense of Dalziel 1991) were developed. Back-arc sedimentary rocks and volcaniclastic rocks were metamorphosed and transported as a thrust-duplex system northward over the Nile Craton and any associated marginal sedimentary sequence.

Οι ζεόλιθοι είναι φυσικά ένυδρα αργιλοπυριτικά ορυκτά, με πολύ χρήσιμες ιδιότητες από πλευράς δομής και χημικής σύνθεσης, γεγονός που τους καθιστά κατάλληλους για πολλές χρήσεις, τόσο ως φυσικά ορυκτά όσο και ως τεχνητά. Μερικά από τα σημαντικότερα χαρακτηριστικά των ζεόλιθων είναι η μικρή πυκνότητα που παρουσιάζουν με μεγάλο όγκο κενών η σταθερή κρυσταλλική δομή τους και τα ομοιόμορφα σε μέγεθος κανάλια τους. Σε αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά τους οφείλουν και την πληθώρα των ιδιοτήτων τους που τους καθιστά ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμους, όπως είναι η μεγάλη ιοντοανταλλακτική τους ικανότητα, καθώς και η ικανότητα προσρόφησης και κατάλυσης. Οι ζεόλιθοι εξαιτίας των μεγάλων κενών και των καναλιών που παρουσιάζει η δομή τους, χρησιμοποιούνται ως πληρωτικά στη χαρτοβιομηχανία, ως ελαφριά αδρανή σε τσιμέντα και σκυροδέματα, καθώς και ως συμπληρώματα διατροφής στην κτηνοτροφία. Επιπρόσθετα, η ικανότητά τους να ανταλλάσουν κατιόντα, βοηθά στον έλεγχο της περιβαλλοντικής ρύπανσης με διάφορες εφαρμογές, στην αποσκλύρυνση του σκληρού νερού, στο διαχωρισμό του οξυγόνου από το άζωτο στον αέρα, στη μετατροπή του πετρελαίου σε καταλύτες, σε λιπάσματα και βελτιωτικά εδαφών αλλά και σε ανθεκτικά απορροφητικά οξέως που χρησιμοποιούνται κατά την ξήρανση και τον καθαρισμό του φυσικού αερίου. Οι αφυδατωμένοι ζεόλιθοι χρησιμοποιούνται σε πληθώρα βιομηχανικών εφαρμογών, όπου η επιλογή του εκάστοτε ζεόλιθου προϋποθέτει τον έλεγχο των ανταλλάξιμων κατιόντων και της θερμοκρασίας. Επίσης, χρησιμοποιούνται για την αύξηση του αριθμού των οκτανίων της βενζίνης και το διαχωρισμό κορεσμένων από τους ακόρεστους υδρογονάνθρακες. Ζεόλιθοι χρησιμοποιούνται συχνά και σαν φορείς καταλυτών μεγάλης πτητικότητας, για την εκλεκτική προσρόφηση μετάλλων από διαλύματα, στη δέσμευση βαρέων μετάλλων από βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και τη συγκράτηση επικίνδυνων ραδιενεργών στοιχείων από πυρηνικά απόβλητα. Οι συνθετικοί ζεόλιθοι είναι προτιμότεροι από τους φυσικούς στις περισσότερες βιομηχανικές εφαρμογές, εξαιτίας της ενιαίας χημικής τους σύστασης και κρυσταλλικότητας, αλλά μειονεκτούν λόγω του υψηλού κόστους παραγωγής τους, ωθώντας στηνν αναγκαιότητα της αξιοποίησης των αποθεμάτων των φυσικών ζεόλιθων. Αποθέσεις ζεόλιθων στον Ελλαδικό χώρο απαντώνται σε βαθιά μη ηφαιστειακά ιζήματα των Ιόνιων νήσων, όπως στη Ζάκυνθο, στην Κεφαλονιά και τη Λευκάδα, αλλά και σε μεταμορφωμένα πυροκλαστικά πετρώματα στη Θράκη, στα νησιά Κίμωλος και Πολύαιγος, καθώς και στη Σάμο, τη Μήλο και τη Σαντορίνη. Αυτά τα κοιτάσματα δημιουργήθηκαν είτε από υδροθερμικές εξαλλοιώσεις με τη βοήθεια μετεωρικού ή/και θαλασσινού νερού, είτε από τη διαγένεση του ηφαιστειακού γυαλιού σε ανοιχτά υδρολογικά συστήματα, με την κυκλοφορία βασικών εδαφικών νερών, είτε σε περιβάλλοντα αλμυρών λιμνών με υψηλή αλκαλικότητα. Στην παρούσα πτυχιακή εργασία, μελετήθηκαν 24 δείγματα από περιοχές της πιο πρόσφατης ηφαιστειακής δραστηριότητας της νήσου Μήλου, οι οποίες παρατηρούνται γύρω από τα ηφαιστειακά κέντρα της Φυριπλάκας (νότια) και του Τράχηλα (βόρεια). Το νησί αυτό, αποτελείται κυρίως από ηφαιστειακά προϊόντα, με εναλλαγές πυροκλαστικών προϊόντων χερσαίας απόθεσης και τοφφιτών, αποτεθειμένων σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον. Κύριος στόχος της εν λόγω μελέτης είναι ο ορυκτολογικός και χημικός προσδιορισμός των εξαλλοιωμένων τόφφων της νήσου Μήλου, η ιοντοανταλλακτική ικανότητά τους, καθώς και ο προσδιορισμός του περιβάλλοντος σχηματισμού τους, με έμφαση στις ορυκτολογικές, ιστολογικές και χημικές τροποποιήσεις που υπέστησαν κατά τα στάδια εξαλλοίωσης τους. Οι ζεολιθοποιημένοι τόφφοι από τη νήσο Μήλο μελετήθηκαν ορυκτολογικά και ιστολογικά, μέσω μακροσκοπικής και μικροσκοπικής παρατήρησης, ενώ πραγματοποιήθηκε και ακτινογραφική μελέτη, τόσο των φυσικών δειγμάτων, όσο και του αργιλικού τους κλάσματος. Ακολούθως, ελέγχθηκαν χημικά και οι αναλύσεις τους επεξεργάσθηκαν, ενώ εφαρμόσθηκε και η μέθοδος Isocon, για την προσέγγιση της κινητικότητας των στοιχείων κατά την πορεία της εξαλλοίωσσής τους. Τέλος, προσδιορίστηκε και η ιοντοανταλλακτική ικανότητα σε επιλεγμένο αριθμό δειγμάτων. / Zeolites are natural hydrated aluminosilicate minerals with very useful properties in terms of structure and chemical composition, which makes them suitable for many uses, such as natural minerals and as artificial. Some of the important characteristics of the zeolites are sparsely presenting with large void volume of the stable crystalline structure and uniform in size their channels. In these characteristics are and the abundance of properties that make them particularly useful, as is the large ion exchange capacity and adsorption capacity and catalysis. Zeolites due to the large gaps and channels showing their structure, are used as filler in the paper industry as a lightweight aggregate in cement and concrete, as well as dietary supplements in animal husbandry. Additionally, the ability to exchange cations, helps control environmental pollution with various applications in aposklyrynsi of hard water, the separation of oxygen from nitrogen in the air, the conversion of oil catalysts, fertilizers and soil but also acid resistant absorbent used in the drying and cleaning of gas. Dehydrated zeolites used in numerous industrial applications, where the selection of the respective zeolite assumes control of exchangeable cations and temperature. Also used to increase the octane number of gasoline and the separation of the saturated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Zeolites are often used as carriers for catalysts and high volatility, for the selective adsorption of metals from solutions, the binding of heavy metals from industrial waste and containing hazardous radioactive elements from nuclear waste. Synthetic zeolites are preferred by physicists in most industrial applications, because of their uniform chemical composition and crystallinity, but handicapped by the high cost of production, pushing stinn need for the valuation of stocks of natural zeolites. Zeolites deposits in Greece are found in deep non-volcanic sediments of the Ionian islands, as in Zakynthos, Kefalonia and Lefkada, but in metamorphic pyroclastic rocks in Thrace, the islands of Kimolos and Polyaigos and Samos, Milos and Santorini . These deposits were created either by hydrothermal alteration with the help meteoric and / or seawater or diagenesis of volcanic glass in open hydrologic systems with the release of key soil water or in environments salt lakes with high alkalinity. In this thesis, studied 24 samples from areas of more recent volcanic activity of the island of Milos, observed around the volcanic centers Fyriplaka (south) and the neck (north). The island consists mostly of volcanic products, swings pyroclastic products of terrestrial deposition and toffiton, deposited in a marine environment. The main objective of this study is the mineralogical and chemical identification of the altered tuffs of the island of Milos, the ion exchange capacity, and the determination of the environment of their formation, with emphasis on the mineralogical, chemical and histological changes caused by the alteration stages. The zeolithopoiimenoi tuffs from the island of Milos studied mineralogy and histologically by macroscopic and microscopic observation, while held and radiographic study of both natural samples and their clay fraction. Subsequently tested chemicals and their analyzes were processed and applied the method Isocon, to approximate the mobility of elements during the course of their exalloiossis. Finally, determined and ion exchange capacity in a selected number of samples.