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Soil 14CO2 Source Apportionment for Biodegradation in Contaminated Soils in Permafrost Climates: A Novel Technique for Rapid Sample Collection by Barium Carbonate PrecipitationReynolds, Lindsay 01 May 2019 (has links)
The rate of biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils can be studied using the radiocarbon (14C) content of CO2 efflux from the ground surface over an impacted area.14C is used as a tracer to distinguish modern 14C CO2 from natural respiration processes and 14C depleted CO2 derived from petroleum degradation. Studies have shown that this analysis provides reliable, quantifiable data and an effective means of correcting for background CO2 which may present some natural depletion from older subsurface organics. The study area for this project is a remote community in Northern Yukon where organic rich sediments overlying continuous permafrost are contaminated by diesel oil. An objective of this study was to evaluate the use of 14C to quantify background CO2 in permafrost soils with abundant, older labile organics. A second objective was to test a new sampling technique to facilitate sample shipment from remote sites, which traps soil CO2 in small sealed exetainers as a solid barium carbonate. Data obtained from established radiocarbon sampling procedures and this new novel approach were shown to be comparable and reproducible. This technique facilitated both sample collection and shipment as well as analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), allowing for rapid, efficient sampling techniques to be deployed in remote areas. Results of this study show the carbonate method to be an economical and effective sampling method, and used at the Old Crow site, demonstrated that under current climate conditions, older organics in the subsurface do not confound the use of 14CO2 for source zone biodegradation assessment at this hydrocarbon impacted permafrost site.
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炭素・酸素同位体分析による実構造物中のコンクリートの中性化進行評価Yoshida, Hidekazu, Maruyama, Ippei, Minami, Masayo, Asahara, Yoshihiro, 吉田, 英一, 丸山, 一平, 南, 雅代, 淺原, 良浩 03 1900 (has links)
第23回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成22(2010)年度報告
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Varve and event layer chronology of Lake Suigetsu (Japan) back to 40 kyr BP and contribution to the international consensus atmospheric radiocarbon calibration curveSchlolaut, Gordon January 2013 (has links)
The main intention of the PhD project was to create a varve chronology for the Suigetsu Varves 2006' (SG06) composite profile from Lake Suigetsu (Japan) by thin section microscopy. The chronology was not only to provide an age-scale for the various palaeo-environmental proxies analysed within the SG06 project, but also and foremost to contribute, in combination with the SG06 14C chronology, to the international atmospheric radiocarbon calibration curve (IntCal). The SG06 14C data are based on terrestrial leaf fossils and therefore record atmospheric 14C values directly, avoiding the corrections necessary for the reservoir ages of the marine datasets, which are currently used beyond the tree-ring limit in the IntCal09 dataset (Reimer et al., 2009).
The SG06 project is a follow up of the SG93 project (Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000), which aimed to produce an atmospheric calibration dataset, too, but suffered from incomplete core recovery and varve count uncertainties. For the SG06 project the complete Lake Suigetsu sediment sequence was recovered continuously, leaving the task to produce an improved varve count.
Varve counting was carried out using a dual method approach utilizing thin section microscopy and micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µXRF). The latter was carried out by Dr. Michael Marshall in cooperation with the PhD candidate. The varve count covers 19 m of composite core, which corresponds to the time frame from ≈10 to ≈40 kyr BP.
The count result showed that seasonal layers did not form in every year. Hence, the varve counts from either method were incomplete. This rather common problem in varve counting is usually solved by manual varve interpolation. But manual interpolation often suffers from subjectivity. Furthermore, sedimentation rate estimates (which are the basis for interpolation) are generally derived from neighbouring, well varved intervals. This assumes that the sedimentation rates in neighbouring intervals are identical to those in the incompletely varved section, which is not necessarily true. To overcome these problems a novel interpolation method was devised. It is computer based and automated (i.e. avoids subjectivity and ensures reproducibility) and derives the sedimentation rate estimate directly from the incompletely varved interval by statistically analysing distances between successive seasonal layers. Therefore, the interpolation approach is also suitable for sediments which do not contain well varved intervals. Another benefit of the novel method is that it provides objective interpolation error estimates.
Interpolation results from the two counting methods were combined and the resulting chronology compared to the 14C chronology from Lake Suigetsu, calibrated with the tree-ring derived section of IntCal09 (which is considered accurate). The varve and 14C chronology showed a high degree of similarity, demonstrating that the novel interpolation method produces reliable results.
In order to constrain the uncertainties of the varve chronology, especially the cumulative error estimates, U-Th dated speleothem data were used by linking the low frequency 14C signal of Lake Suigetsu and the speleothems, increasing the accuracy and precision of the Suigetsu calibration dataset. The resulting chronology also represents the age-scale for the various palaeo-environmental proxies analysed in the SG06 project.
One proxy analysed within the PhD project was the distribution of event layers, which are often representatives of past floods or earthquakes. A detailed microfacies analysis revealed three different types of event layers, two of which are described here for the first time for the Suigetsu sediment. The types are: matrix supported layers produced as result of subaqueous slope failures, turbidites produced as result of landslides and turbidites produced as result of flood events. The former two are likely to have been triggered by earthquakes. The vast majority of event layers was related to floods (362 out of 369), which allowed the construction of a respective chronology for the last 40 kyr. Flood frequencies were highly variable, reaching their greatest values during the global sea level low-stand of the Glacial, their lowest values during Heinrich Event 1. Typhoons affecting the region represent the most likely control on the flood frequency, especially during the Glacial. However, also local, non-climatic controls are suggested by the data.
In summary, the work presented here expands and revises knowledge on the Lake Suigetsu sediment and enabls the construction of a far more precise varve chronology. The 14C calibration dataset is the first such derived from lacustrine sediments to be included into the (next) IntCal dataset.
References:
Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000, Radiocarbon, Vol 42(3), 370-381
Reimer et al., 2009, Radiocarbon, Vol 51(4), 1111-1150 / Die Hauptzielsetzung der Doktorarbeit war die Erstellung einer Warvenchronologie für das Kompositprofil der "Suigetsu Varves 2006" (SG06) Sedimentbohrung vom Suigetsu See durch Dünnschliffmikroskopie. Die Chronologie soll dabei nicht nur als Altersskala für die unterschiedlichen Proxies, die im Rahmen des SG06 Projekts bearbeitet werden, dienen, sondern in Kombination mit der SG06 14C Chronologie auch zur Verbesserung der internationalen Radiokarbon Kalibrationskurve (IntCal) beitragen. Da die SG06 14C Daten aus fossilen, in den See eingewehten Blättern gewonnen wurden, geben sie den 14C Gehalt der Atmosphäre direkt wieder. Das heißt, dass Korrekturen entfallen, wie sie bei den derzeit im IntCal09 Datensatz (Reimer et al., 2009) genutzten marinen 14C Daten notwendig sind.
Das SG06 Projekt ist ein Folgeprojekt des SG93 Projekts (Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000), welches ebenfalls die Erstellung eines Kalibrationsdatensatzes zur Zielsetzung hatte. Allerdings war das Sedimentprofil der SG93 Bohrung unvollständig und die Warvenchronologie unzureichend genau. Im Rahmen des SG06 Projekts wurde die komplette Sedimentabfolge des Sees erbohrt, so dass die Erstellung einer verbesserten Warvenchronologie als Aufgabe verblieb.
Für die Erstellung der Warvenchronologie kam neben Dünnschliffmikroskopie eine zweite, unabhängige Zähltechnik zum Einsatz, die Mikro-Röntgenfluoresenz (µXRF) Daten nutzt. Diese Zählung wurde von Dr. Michael Marshall in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Doktoranden erstellt. Insgesamt wurden in 19 m des SG06 Sedimentprofils Warven gezählt, was dem Zeitabschnitt zwischen ≈10 und ≈40 ka BP entspricht.
Die Warvenzählung zeigte, dass sich nicht jedes Jahr saisonale Lagen ausgebildet hatten und die Zählungen von beiden Techniken damit unvollständig waren. Dieses Problem tritt bei Warvenzählungen häufiger auf und wird in der Regel durch manuelle Interpolation der fehlenden Lagen gelöst. Allerdings hat der manuelle Ansatz Schwächen. Zum einen kann es zu subjektiven Ungenauigkeiten kommen, zum anderen wird die durchschnittliche Sedimentationsrate (welche die Grundlage der Interpolation ist) in der Regel aus benachbarten, gut warvierten Bereichen abgeleitet. Das setzt jedoch voraus, dass die Sedimentationsrate in den benachbarten Intervallen identisch mit der im zu interpolierenden Bereich ist, was nicht zwingend der Fall ist. Um diese Probleme zu umgehen wurde für die vorliegende Arbeit eine neuartige Interpolationsmethode entwickelt. Diese ist computergestützt und automatisiert und Ergebnisse daher objektiv und reproduzierbar. Weiterhin wird die Sedimentationsrate direkt aus dem zu interpolierenden Bereich bestimmt, indem die Abstände der auftretenden saisonalen Lagen statistisch ausgewertet werden. Daher kann die Methode auch für Profile ohne gut warvierte Bereiche eingesetzt werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil des neuen Interpolationsprogramms ist, dass ein objektiver Interpolationsfehlers berechnet wird.
Die interpolierten Ergebnisse der beiden Zähltechniken wurden kombiniert und um nachzuweisen, dass es sich bei der resultierenden Chronologie um ein zuverlässiges Ergebnis handelt, wurde diese mit der mit IntCal09 kalibrierten 14C Chronologie vom Suigetsu See verglichen. Dabei wurde nur der Abschnitt berücksichtigt, in dem IntCal09 auf dendrologischen Daten beruht (bis 12,55 ka cal BP). Der Vergleich zeigte, dass die finale Warvenchronologie innerhalb des 68,2% Fehlerbereichs der 14C Datierungen lag. Das heißt, dass die Interpolationsmethode hinreichend genaue und zuverlässige Ergebnisse erzielt.
Die Genauigkeit wurde weiter verbessert, indem die Chronologie mit U-Th Altern von Speläothemen modelliert wurde, wobei die tieffrequenten Signale der 14C Daten als Verbindung zwischen Suigetsu und den Speläothemen verwendet wurde, was die Konstruktion eines verbesserten Kalibrationdatensatzes erlaubte. Die modellierte Chronologie stellt dabei auch die Altersskale für die im SG06 Projekt analysierten Proxies dar.
Ein Proxy der im Rahmen der Doktorarbeit untersucht wurde war die Verteilung von Ereignislagen. Diese sind in der Regel Anzeiger für Flutereignisse oder Erdbeben. Die mikrofazielle Untersuchung der Ereignislagen zeigte drei verschiedene Lagentypen auf, wobei zwei davon hier erstmals für den Suigetsu See beschrieben sind. Die Lagentypen sind: Matrix dominierte Lagen als Ergebnis von Seegrundrutschungen, Turbidite als Ergebnis von Hangrutschungen und Turbidite als Ergebnis von Flutereignissen. Die ersten beiden Lagentypen wurden vermutlich durch Erdbeben ausgelöst. Die große Mehrheit der Ereignislagen ist jedoch auf Flutereignisse zurückzuführen (362 von 369). Dies erlaubte die Rekonstruktion der Hochwasserhäufigkeit für die letzten 40 ka. Dabei zeigten sich starke Schwankungen über den analysierten Zeitraum. Die höchsten Werte wurden während des glazialen Meeresspiegelminimums erreicht während die niedrigsten Werte im Zusammenhang mit Heinrich Ereignis 1 auftraten, was vermutlich in erster Linie mit der Taifunhäufigkeit in der Region zusammenhängt. Allerdings zeigten die Daten auch Einflüsse von lokalen, nicht Klima getriebenen Prozessen.
Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die hier vorliegende Arbeit die Kenntnisse über die Sedimente des Suigetsu Sees deutlich erweitert hat und die Revidierung einiger älterer Interpretationen nahe legt. Die verbesserte Warvenchronologie trug zu einem deutlich verbesserten Kalibrationsdatensatz bei. Dieser ist der erste aus lakustrinen Daten gewonnen Datensatz, der in den (kommenden) IntCal Datensatz eingearbeitet werden wird.
Quellennachweis:
Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000, Radiocarbon, Vol 42(3), 370-381
Reimer et al., 2009, Radiocarbon, Vol 51(4), 1111-1150
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Carbon-14 as a Tracer of Soil Movement in Earth Hummocks: A Case Study From Northwestern Arctic CanadaMain, Brittany January 2016 (has links)
Involuted soil horizons and buried organic matter in the active layer and near-surface permafrost provide evidence that soil movement or cryoturbation is occurring within the active layer in hummocky terrain. Cryoturbation in the active layer of permafrost-affected soils could have significant implications in sequestering carbon, including trace metals and contaminants that are absorbed onto organic matter. Though several hummock development theories exist, there has thus far been limited evidence to support them; similarly, few studies have been able to establish hummock age. This study aimed to contribute radiocarbon-dated ages of buried organics in both the active layer and permafrost, as well as provide evidence for the convective cell/equilibrium model and the collapse model. Trenches were dug along a transect at two well-developed hummock sites in the Mackenzie Delta near Inuvik, NWT. Active layer and permafrost samples were analyzed for distribution of gravimetric water content (GWC), organic matter, inorganic carbon, and carbon-14 (C14). Results determined material ranged in age from the modern period (1959-1987AD) to 2300 yr BP with a generally normal distribution. Buried organics within the active layer ranged from 557-670 yr BP and 1023-1240 yr BP, with average displacement rates of 0.43 mm/yr and 0.16 mm/yr, respectively. These results suggest the convective cell/equilibrium and hummock collapse models can function simultaneously.
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By Proxy: A Radiocarbon Perspective on Prehistoric Mobility Using Summed Probability Distributions and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions in Wyoming and MontanaLugo Mendez, Anastasia M. 01 May 2019 (has links)
Stone circles are among the most common and understudied archaeological features in the Rocky Mountains and High Plains. Their widespread availability coupled with increased archaeological research accompanying oil and natural gas exploration in the region has expanded the availability and size of the region’s radiocarbon database. The dates as data approach uses radiocarbon ages as variables from a larger sample. This thesis compiles radiocarbon ages associated with tipi ring sites in Wyoming and Montana and creates a summed probability distribution from these ages to serve as a proxy for prehistoric mobility. The distribution is corrected for taphonomic bias, or data loss, and compared to two paleoenvironmental proxies from northwestern Wyoming lakes to determine whether prehistoric mobility meets the expectations of the patch choice model. Running correlation windows provide statistical comparisons between datasets. Although a weak statistical relationship is apparent between mobility and the paleoenvironmental reconstructions over the 5000-year study period, no statistically significant correlations were identified at 150-or 200-year scales. Moderate strength correlations between the environmental data and mobility proxy when mobility is lagged suggest a delayed relationship between the datasets. Future research must include expanding the radiocarbon database and obtaining finer-scale paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
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A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the McKean Complex on the Northern Plains2015 April 1900 (has links)
Characterizing hunter-gatherer mobility has been problematic in archaeological research (Anthony 1990). For pre-contact cultures on the Northern Plains there is no documentation of the human decisions involved in movement processes. This thesis examines the known information available regarding the McKean Complex on the Northern Plains. Using radiocarbon ages and known site locations, Kriging analysis was used to create a predictive model to examine spread of this archaeological complex, directions of movement, and origins. This thesis re-examines existing theories regarding origin and migration with regards to this model. The geographic distribution of projectile point styles, floral remains and faunal remains are also examined. This research provides a comprehensive database of stratified sites with McKean components as well as a comprehensive database of McKean radiocarbon ages associated with McKean projectile points. This study offers new information regarding subsistence and expansion of the complex, providing a preliminary model towards re-examining the McKean Complex. The model will benefit from future research with regards to the McKean Complex as more radiocarbon ages taken from McKean sites can only help improve the current model and help provide a greater understanding of this Complex on the Northern Plains.
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The environmental history of Washing Lough, Kilrea, Co. Derry, Northern IrelandBrowne, B. J. January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
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Continuity and change in the formative period of the Cusichaca Valley, Department of Cuzco, PeruHey, Gillian Margaret January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Deposition, mixing and storage timescales at the benthic boundary layerBrown, Dorothy Louise January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Settlement and society in the Welsh Marches during the first millennium BCJackson, Duncan January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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