The aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of plant – flow interactions and to develop new remote sensing techniques that would allow a marsh scale assessment of flow modification due to the presence of salt marsh vegetation. The limitations of current approaches which improve our understanding and prediction of tidal flows centre around poor assessments of canopy structure and mechanical properties. The validity of such simplified and reductionist assessments of canopy structure were tested and found to contribute considerable error in estimations of canopy frontal area and canopy drag. New metrics to assess canopy structure were tested as part of a flume study using two salt marsh species with varying form and architecture. Results from this experiment found that biomass located immediately below the water surface are important for determining fluid momentum losses in salt marsh canopies. These results led to the development of a new empirical based model using vertical measures of biomass and approach (incident) velocity which can accurately (R2 0.71) predict flow momentum losses. This suggests that the characteristic vegetation parameter and the drag coefficient may be substituted with vertical canopy biomass and an empirical coefficient. This may lead to more accurate assessments of canopy structure and thus comparable results across the literature as well as potentially apriori assignment of parameters in the force drag model. Vertical canopy biomass (3D biomass) was then estimated at the marsh scale using a combined remote sensing approach and an empirical model. Accurate assessments of the marsh surface are critical for hydrodynamic models and important if we are to determine vertical changes in canopy structure. The approach first identified marsh surface returns by operating a moving average smoothing filter on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. The automated procedure detected vegetated and non–vegetated surfaces using aerial NDVI which calibrated the filter and ensured ALS returns were representative of marsh surface elevation. Using the marsh surface DEM, vegetation was reconstructed at 0.2 m grid cells. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) was found to accurately quantify maximum canopy height (RMSE 0.14m) whilst a regression model using aerial NDVI and spatial coordinates gave reasonable predictions (RMSE 0.08kg/m2) of total plot canopy biomass within each 0.2 m cell across a ~20,000 m2 area of marsh. Ground measurements found the vertical distribution of canopy biomass followed a power law increase with elevation from the marsh bed. Combining all the approaches allowed the creation of a 3D assessment of canopy biomass with an average error of 30% of the mean amongst plots exhibiting larger canopy biomass ( > 0.4 kg/m2). This vertical measure of biomass can be combined with the flow momentum loss model generated in the flume experiment to assess hydrodynamic canopy drag potential at the marsh scale. Roughness coefficients can also be calculated using this approach which can be easily fed into commercially available numerical flow models.

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

No description available.

The task of obtaining and selecting plants which may not only survive under salty conditions, but grow and produce satisfactory yields is varied and complex. It is becoming necessary to select and breed crops for salt tolerance. Plants can be grown in artificially constructed salt basins to test their individual salt tolerance, but this takes time, at least one year. It would be desirable to develop a rapid test to determine the salt tolerance of a given plant. The use of a dye in conjunction with a series of salt solutions has been suggested for determining the salt tolerance of plants.

As the railroad and mining industries brought non- Mormon settlers into the territory of Utah, a conflict developed which led to the creation of a separate system of education by the Protestant newcomers. Their purposes were to provide a quality education for their own children free from Harmon influence and to convert children of Mormon families. The Presbyterian Church led in the creation of graded schools from elementary, through secondary, and culminating in the Sheldon Jackson College in Salt Lake City. As public schools were established. the mission schools were closed, except for Wasatch Academy in Mt. Pleasant and Sheldon Jackson College. renamed Westminster in 1902. The First World War forced Westminster to limit its offerings to t he first two years of college. In 1945. a four-year senior college program was introduced and the campus was enlarged. Affiliated with three Protestant denominations, Westminster continues to serve the needs or a changing society, a positive asset to Salt Lake City and its hinterland .

An experimental study of solid-gas interactions was made for sodium chloride particles, using a specially fabricated environmental chamber in a transmission electron microscope. It was found that under suitable conditions the hydration and dehydration of these particles could be directly observed and quantitatively measured. Measurements of growth were obtained with a time resolution of one-thirtieth of a second for particles having diameters ranging from 0.02 μm to 1.0 μm.

Road salt and other products used for winter maintenance in the Northeastern United States and Canada can impact ecosystems, pose risks to aquatic life, and create human health concerns. In response to these impacts and rising cost of materials, many municipalities have adopted preventative best management practices (BMPs) that reduce the amount of application materials used, save money, and/or provide a similar level of service and safety. Private companies that maintain parking lots and private roadways also contribute to the increasing chloride concentrations seen in the northeastern United States and Canada, but the practices of these companies have largely not been previously assessed. This mixed-methods study focused on private contractors in the Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont and New York who maintain parking lots, driveways, and roadways. A census and interviews were used to characterize practices used by private contractors and to identify key factors that drive their decision-making processes. A literature review was conducted to understand winter maintenance practices including recommended BMPs, potential environmental impacts and ways that contractors may be incentivized to adopt reduced-salt practices. The literature review informed the development of a census of winter maintenance companies in the Lake Champlain Basin. Contractors most often reported maintaining parking lots and roadways, and most commonly applying sand and salt. Physical snow removal techniques and adjustable material application rates were commonly adopted BMPs. Other BMPs including proactive applications, calibrating equipment, and using brine were infrequently adopted. In addition, the study examined the motivations and barriers contractors have to adopt recommended BMPs through qualitative and quantitative methods. Commonly reported motivations included perceived liability or safety concerns, customer request or expectations, and cost. Commonly reported barriers included cost, time, and customer requests or expectations. Across census and interview results, companies that focus on commercial lots and individuals who learn management practices through in-person trainings or online resources were found to use more recommended BMPs than other groups. Results of the study informed the development of outreach recommendations to increase private contractors’ adoption of BMPs and to lessen road salt use. These included: developing online resources, annual conferences, and reoccurring in-person trainings.

This historical study dealt with a specific segment of the Salt Lake City population which foresaw the need of a community center to meet their long range goal s and leisure time needs. The purpose of the study was to accumulate existing details and information related to this subject and present an orderly time line of events which lead to the establishment and dedication of the existing Salt Lake Jewish Community Center. The pages contained names and events that will forever have a valued meaning to those '"ho became familiar with the Salt Lake Jewish Community Center.

In arid end semiarid areas in the Western United States, soluble salts tend to accumulate in the soil in amounts harmful to crop production. A considerable portion of this land cannot be reclaimed due to the poor quality of permeability of the soil o Therefore, the wise selection of crops that will produce satisfactory yields on these soils in necessary.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress in plant agriculture which reduces seed germination, vegetative growth, and flowering, and limits crop productivity world-wide. Salinity causes water deficit, ion toxicity, and nutrient deficiency in plants, which can result in cellular damage, growth reduction, and even death. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is the most widely used cool-season species in cool-arid climates; however it has relatively poor salt-tolerance. Thus the development of Kentucky bluegrass genotypes with increased salt tolerance is of interest to turf breeders. One impediment to selection towards this goal is finding an efficient and accurate method to evaluate the salt tolerance. The objective of this study was to examine physiological responses to salt stress and to evaluate the genetic diversity among the accessions used in the research. Salt-tolerant accessions PI371768 (768) and PI440603 (603) and salt-sensitive varieties Midnight and Baron were exposed to four levels of salinity imposed by irrigating with salt solutions of 0 dS m-1 (control), 6 dS m-1, 12 dS m-1, and 18 dS m-1 or 24 dS m-1. Soil salinity was measured using Acclima Digital TDT sensors and grass response to the stress was measured using turf quality ratings, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and electrolyte leakage. In general, turfgrass quality, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential decreased while electrolyte leakage increased under salinity stress. Midnight and Baron exhibited greater changes in these measurements, indicating more sensitivity compared to 768 and 603. The 6 dS m-1 treatment had little effect on the salt-tolerant accessions. Salt tolerance of 603 and 768 was confirmed and likewise, salt sensitivity of Baron and Midnight was confirmed. The genetic similarity of all cultivars used in this study was very high. All of the evaluation measurements were highly correlated, with water potential and electrolyte leakage being the most reliable and accurate methods due to the low standard deviations. Due to more repeatable methods and less user error, electrolyte leakage and turfgrass quality are recommended methods for screening salt tolerance of turfgrasses.