Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-32).

The face inversion effect (FIE; Yin, 1969) raises the question of whether upright face identification is mediated by a special mechanism that is disrupted by inversion. The present study investigates the effect of face inversion on the perceptual encoding of spatial frequency (SF) information using a novel variant of the Bubbles technique (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001). In Experiment 1, the SF Bubbles technique was validated using a simple plaid detection task. In Experiment 2, SF tuning of upright and inverted face identification was measured. While the data showed a clear FIE (28% higher accuracy and 455 ms shorter reaction times for upright faces), SF tunings were remarkably similar in both conditions (r = .96; a single SF band of ~2 octaves peaking at ~9 cycles per face width). Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that SF Bubbles is sensitive to bottom-up and top-down induced changes in SF tuning, respectively. Overall, the results show that the same SFs are utilized in upright and inverted face identification, albeit not with equal efficiency.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar os efeitos que as bandas de freqüência espacial alta e baixa têm no reconhecimento de faces em campo visual lateralizado. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 40 participantes em dois grupos. Os voluntários observaram 14 fotos de faces sem filtragem até memorizá-las. A seguir foram apresentadas 56 fotos de faces com filtragens de freqüências espaciais, intercaladas aleatoriamente com apresentações de faces não mostradas anteriormente. Cada uma delas foi exibida na tela durante 300 ms mediante a metodologia de apresentação dicótica. O participante devia responder se a face mostrada pertencia ao grupo de fotos inicialmente observado. As freqüências de respostas permitiram calcular as curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) e os parâmetros Az e da preconizado pela Teoria de Detecção de Sinal (MACMILLAN; CREELMAN, 2005) para as faces naturais, faces compostas de freqüências espaciais baixas e faces compostas de freqüências espaciais altas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as faces Originais foram melhor reconhecidas do que as faces com Freqüências Espaciais Altas (FEA) ou Freqüências Espaciais Baixas (FEB). Ao contrário do achado na literatura, o Hemisfério Esquerdo (HE) teve uma tendência a reconhecer mais eficazmente as faces do que o Hemisfério Direito (HD), independente da condição de filtragem. O HD é igualmente competente do que o HE para processar FEB, mas pior do que o HE para processar FEA. Quanto à performance por gênero, tanto homens quanto mulheres tiveram um desempenho similar quando as faces foram processadas com o HD. O desempenho das mulheres ficou de acordo com a hipótese da FE, pois o reconhecimento que fizeram para as faces com FEA foi melhor do que para as que tinham predomínio de FEB. Os homens, mesmo com o HE, fizeram um reconhecimento melhor das faces com predomínio de FEB do que das faces com FEA. / This study was made with the objective of investigate the effects of high and low spatial frequency bands in face recognition in lateralized visual field. 40 participants were randomly distributed in two groups. The volunteers viewed fourteen non-filtered pictures of faces until they managed to memorize them. After that, fifty six spatial frequency filtered pictures of faces were presented randomly interspersed with pictures of faces previously showed. Each one of them was exhibited in the screen for three hundred milliseconds using the dichotic presentation procedure. The participant should answer whether the face presented belonged to the group of pictures initially viewed. The frequency of responses allowed to calculate the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curves and the Az and da parameters praised by the Signal Detection Theory (Macmillan; Creelman, 2005) for natural faces, low spatial frequency composed faces and high spatial frequency composed faces. Results showed that original faces were better recognized than faces with high spatial frequencies (HSF) and low spatial frequencies (LSF). Differently from literature, the left hemisphere was more accurate than the right to recognize faces, regardless of the filter condition. The RH was equivalent to the LH to process LSF, but worse than the LH to process HSF. Concerning the performance of the genders, men and women judged faces in a very similar way when they used the RH. The performance of women agreed with the FE hypothesis, being faces with HSF recognized better than faces with LSF. Men, even using the LH, were more accurate to recognize faces with LSF than HSF.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate how visual information is organised in perceptual short term memory, with special interest in colour, spatial frequency and velocity. Previous studies of VSTM have indicated the existence of specific memory mechanisms for visual attributes such as orientation, spatial frequency, velocity, contrast and colour. The retention of information in visual short term memory for these basic visual attributes can be disrupted by the presentation of masking stimuli during inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs), which are outside the range of traditional sensory masking. We exploited this memory masking effect in order to examine the organisation of visual information in VSTM. Four groups of experiments were conducted in which participants carried out a delayed discrimination paradigm that employed a two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) procedure in conjunction with a method of constant stimuli. The fidelity of VSTM was measured by performance markers such as discrimination thresholds and point of subjective equalities. We have found selective memory masking effects, which serve as further evidence in favour of the modular organisation in VSTM, namely, that human visual perceptual memory is based upon multiple, tuned channels in case of colour, spatial frequency and speed, similar to those found in the earliest stages of visual processing for spatial frequency. Moreover, each of these storage mechanisms are tuned to a relatively narrow range of stimulus parameters that are closely linked to visual discrimination mechanisms. These findings add further support to the view that low-level sensory processing mechanisms form the basis for the retention of colour, spatial frequency and velocity information in perceptual memory. We also found evidence for the broad range of transfer of memory masking effects across spatial location, which indicates more long range, long duration interactions between channels that are likely to rely upon contributions from neural processes located in higher visual areas. In conclusion, the experiments presented in this thesis provide significant insight into the organization of visual information in perceptual short term memory. / Federation of Ophthalmic and Dispensing Opticians

The experiments described in this thesis use psychophysical techniques and human observers to investigate temporal processing in the millisecond range. The thesis contains five main sections. Introductory chapters provide a brief overview of the visual and auditory systems, before detailing our current understanding of duration processing. During the course of this review, several important questions are highlighted. The experiments detailed in Chapters 8-11 seek to address these questions using the psychophysical techniques outlined in Chapter 7. The results of these experiments increase our understanding of duration perception in several areas. Firstly, Experiments 1 and 2 (Chapter 8) highlight the role of low level stimulus features: even when equated for visibility stimuli of differing spatial frequency have different perceived durations. Secondly, a psychophysical hypothesis arising from the ¿duration channels¿ or ¿labelled lines¿ model of duration perception is given strong support by the adaptation experiments detailed in Chapter 9 and 10. Specifically, adaptation to durations of a fixed temporal extent induces repulsive duration aftereffects that are sensory specific and bandwidth limited around the adapted duration. Finally Chapter 11 describes the results of experiments designed to probe the processing hierarchy within duration perception by measuring the interdependency of illusions generated via duration adaptation and via multisensory cue combination. The results of these experiments demonstrate that duration adaptation is a relatively early component of temporal processing and is likely to be sub served by duration selective neurons situated in early sections of the visual and auditory systems.

The structural and functional differences observed in the brains of adults with synaesthesia is thought to arise, at least in part, from less-than-normal neural pruning of the exuberant connections present within and among sensory cortical areas in infancy (reviewed in Maurer, Gibson, & Spector, 2013). This hypothesis is supported by previous work that has demonstrated that synaesthetes are superior at processing foreign speech sounds and inverted faces (Maurer et al., in prep). The present study investigated a link between spatial frequency and face processing in adults with synaesthesia by testing synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes on their ability to discriminate upright and inverted faces filtered at high and low spatial frequencies. As predicted, synaesthetes (n=20) were significantly more accurate than non-synaesthetes (n=20) at discriminating among inverted full spectrum faces (p=0.0235), with no differences in upright faces, replicating previous findings that support the hypothesis that synaesthetes undergo less perceptual attunement (Ghloum et al., 2013). Unexpectedly, synaesthetes were faster at responding across all face conditions. Faster reaction times with no sacrifice to accuracy suggest that synaesthetes may be processing faces more efficiently. In addition, no significant differences in accuracy were observed for high and low filtered faces at any orientation between synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Future studies could further explore the basis of synaesthete’s face processing advantages by using eye movements and a narrow-band noise-masking paradigm. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Τα τελευταία χρόνια γίνονται αρκετές μελέτες πάνω σε συναισθηματικές εκφράσεις προσώπου. Σκοπός τους είναι η μελέτη της αντίδρασης του εγκεφάλου πάνω σε σχετικά ερεθίσματα, κάτι που βρίσκει εφαρμογή σε πολλούς τομείς, όπως οι Νευροεπιστήμες, η Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη και η Ψυχολογία. Διενεργούνται αρκετά πειράματα, τα οποία βασίζονται σε απεικονίσεις εκφράσεων προσώπου, οι οποίες συνήθως ομαδοποιούνται σε βάσεις δεδομένων με φωτογραφίες εκφράσεων προσώπου. Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική εργασία, γίνεται προσπάθεια αναβάθμισης υπάρχουσας βάσης δεδομένων με φωτογραφίες συναισθηματικών εκφράσεων Ελλήνων. Αρχικά μελετάται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των συναισθημάτων και των συγκινήσεων, καθώς και ο ρόλος τους στην ανθρώπινη συμπεριφορά. Στη συνέχεια δίνεται έμφαση στις βάσεις δεδομένων διαφόρων μελετών πάνω σε φωτογραφίες συναισθηματικών εκφράσεων του προσώπου, όπου και παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος ανάπτυξης τέτοιων βάσεων. Η συνέχεια περιλαμβάνει την ψηφιακή ανάλυση των φωτογραφιών με τη χρήση λογισμικών πακέτων, δηλαδή τη μορφοποίηση και την ανάλυση χωρικών συχνοτήτων. Στην πρώτη περίπτωση επιλέγονται δύο συγκεκριμένα συναισθήματα και κατασκευάζονται καινούριες ενδιάμεσες (μορφοποιημένες) φωτογραφίες. Στη δεύτερη, εφαρμόζονται φίλτρα ως προς τη χωρική συχνότητα και προκύπτουν φωτογραφίες με χαμηλές και υψηλές χωρικές συχνότητες. Το σύνολο των φωτογραφιών που προκύπτει, αποτελεί τη βάση δεδομένων για το σύστημα διαχείρισης που κατασκευάζουμε. Πρόκειται για ένα πρόγραμμα που διαχειρίζεται ποικιλοτρόπως τη βάση δεδομένων και παρέχει αρκετές ευκολίες στον πειραματιστή στην έρευνά του. Στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος, αξιολογητές προσπαθούν να βρουν τι είδους συναίσθημα απεικονίζεται στις φωτογραφίες που βλέπουν. Η κάθε απάντηση των χρηστών αποθηκεύεται και μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για στατιστική επεξεργασία. Απώτερος στόχος είναι να γνωρίζουμε ποιες φωτογραφίες αποτελούν ορθότερη αναπαράσταση για τα συναισθήματα που εν γένει απεικονίζουν, για να αποτελέσουν μια αρκετά αξιόπιστη βάση δεδομένων, η οποία θα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε πληθώρα πειραμάτων. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, το προτεινόμενο πρόγραμμα της εργασίας συνεισφέρει στη μελέτη του εγκεφάλου. / -