In order to understand and predict the geochemical conditions in Antarctic meltwater ponds during winter, the geochemical extremes in Bratina Island meltwater ponds over a seasonal cycle were determined and compositional variation related to key physical, chemical and biological processes. A high resolution record of vertical temperature gradients in Skua Pond during freezing, winter and thaw, highlighted a significant seasonal temperature variation (10.3˚C to -41.8˚C) driven by air temperatures and the release of latent heat of fusion. A conceptual model of freeze-thaw involved heterogeneous melting, and explained how the presence of an ice plug near the base of the pond supports the strong chemical stratification observed, which can persist throughout summer. The geochemistry of Bratina Island meltwater ponds was shown to be catchment specific with correlation between geochemical parameters within ponds, but not between ponds. Basal brines that develop during freezing were nearer in composition to the brines preserved during summer, than to those present immediately post-melting. This is due to mineral precipitation during winter removing selected dissolved ions. Therefore winter brine predictions should be based on mid-late summer conditions, and allow for existing geochemical stratification. Nutrient concentrations were vertically stratified, by the same physical processes controlling major ion concentrations. However, the relatively low nutrient concentrations meant that biological processes exerted little influence over winter brine geochemistry. FREZCHEM62 modeled winter brine compositions were consistent with those of brines present during progressive freezing. Predicted mineral precipitation was also consistent with the presence of halite (NaCl), mirabilite (Na₂SO₄.10H₂O), thenardite (Na₂SO₄), magnesite (MgCO₃), gypsum (CaSO₄), sodium carbonate (NaCO₃) and calcite (CaCO₃) in pond sediments. FREZCHEM62 can therefore be used with confidence to predict winter conditions, as long as a reliable initial bulk pond water composition is calculated, and limitations, such as the over-prediction of carbonate mineral formation, are borne in mind.

To date, the scholarship covering the Black Codes has centered on these laws' role as the predecessor of Jim Crow. Little study has been given to the laws as a whole--the one encompassing work being Theodore Wilson's Black Codes of the South. Other studies have examined the Black Codes' effect on specific states; however, no specific study has been done on the Black Codes of Kentucky and Tennessee nor has any study been made of these laws' relation to the antebellum Slave Code. This project therefore will represent an attempt to show that the Black Codes of Tennessee and Kentucky bear a direct relation to those states' antebellum Slave Code. The Black Codes of Tennessee and Kentucky were in many instances revised Slave Codes. Often this revision entailed only the removal of the word slave. In other instances, laws applying to free blacks remained on the law books following Reconstruction since they did not apply specifically to slaves and the federal government did not demand their repeal. Both states attempted to pass additional laws which applied to solely freedmen following the Civil War; however, due to Tennessee's position as a former Confederate state, its efforts were thwarted. These aspirations show Kentucky and Tennessee's desire to maintain the antebellum status quo and do not represent the beginning of Jim Crow law. This project will rest mainly on sources from the 1865-1866 period, primarily codes Tennessee and Kentucky's General Assemblies passed during these years. It will also include Slave Codes passed between 1800 and 1860 which were either revised or still in effect during the Black Code era, 1865 to 1866. Whenever secondary sources are used it will be the intent of the author to utilize the primary quotations from within those texts. Finally, it will be seen that the Black Codes of Kentucky and Tennessee owe their form as well as their function to the Slave Code. Likewise it will be clearly seen that the Black Codes were an attempt by Southern legislatures to hold on to the social and racial hierarchy of the antebellum South.

The accurate modelling of the wind speed profile at altitudes relevant to wind energy (i.e. up to 200m) is important for preliminary wind resource assessments, forecasting of the wind resource, and estimating shear loads on turbine blades. Modelling of the wind profile at these altitudes is particularly challenging in stable stratification due to weak turbulence and the influence of a broad range of additional processes. Models used to simulate the wind profile range from equilibrium-based 1D analytic extrapolation models to time-evolving 3D atmospheric models. Extrapolation models are advantageous due to their low computational requirements but provide a very limited account of atmospheric physics. Conversely, 3D models are more physically comprehensive but have considerably higher computational cost and data requirements. The middle ground between these two approaches has been largely unexplored. The intent of this research is to compare the ability of a range of models of varying complexity to model the wind speed profile up to 200m under stable stratification. I focus in particular on models that are more physically robust than conventional extrapolation models but less computationally expensive than a 3D model. Observational data taken from the 213-m Cabauw meteorological tower in the Netherlands provide a basis for much of this analysis. I begin with a detailed demonstration of the limitations and breakdown in stable stratification of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), the theoretical basis for the logarithmic wind speed profile model. I show that MOST (and its various modifications) are reasonably accurate up to 200m for stratification no stronger than weakly stable. At higher stratifications, the underlying assumptions of MOST break down and large errors in the modelled wind profiles are found. I then consider the performance of a two-layer MOST-Ekman layer model, which provides a more physically-comprehensive description of turbulence compared to MOST-based models and accounts for the Coriolis force and large-scale wind forcing (i.e. geostrophic wind). I demonstrate considerable improvements in wind profile accuracy up to 200m compared to MOST-based approaches. Next, I contrast the performance of a two-layer model with a more physically-comprehensive equilibrium-based single-column model (SCM) approach. I demonstrate several limitations of the equilibrium SCM approach - including frequent model breakdown - that limit its usefulness. I also demonstrate no clear association between the accuracy of the wind profile and the order of turbulence closure used in the SCM. Furthermore, baroclinic influences due to the land-sea temperature gradient are shown to have only modest influence on the SCM wind speed profile in stable conditions. Overall, the equilibrium SCM (when it does not break down) is found to generally outperform the two-layer model. Finally, I contrast the performance of the equilibrium SCM with a time-evolving SCM and a time-evolving 3D mesoscale model using a composite set of low-level jet (LLJ) case studies as well as a 10-year dataset at Cabauw. For the LLJ case studies, the time-evolving SCM and 3D model are found to accurately simulate the evolving stratification, the inertial oscillation, and the LLJ. The equilibrium SCM is shown to have comparatively less skill. Over the full 10-year data set, the sensitivity of the time-evolving SCM to horizontally-driven temperature changes in the ABL is found to be a considerable limitation. Despite its various limitations and simplified physics, the time-evolving SCM is generally found to be equally as accurate as the mesoscale model while using a fraction of the computational cost and requiring only a minimal amount of easily attainable local observations. Overall, the time-evolving SCM model is found to perform the best (considering both accuracy and robustness) compared to a range of equilibrium approaches as well as a time-evolving 3D model, while offering the best balance of observational data requirements, physical applicability, and computational requirements. This thesis presents a compelling case for the use of SCMs in the field of wind energy meteorology. / Graduate

Episodic weak stratification is a persistent and important feature of the epilimnion of Lake Opeongo. Field studies were conducted in Lake Opeongo in 2009 and 2010 to assess the effect of the epilimnetic weak thermal stratification on turbulent mixing and ecological processes. Near surface thermoclines (as defined by dT/dz > 0.2 ̊C m-1 between 1 m and 2 m) occur approximately 20 % of the time and correspond to periods of high values of gradient Richardson number (Rig). Extended periods of near surface stratification (> 1 hr), account for more than 80% of the stratified period. We compare these findings with previous observations from the Experimental Lakes Area and discuss the biological implications of near surface thermoclines. The persistent weak temperature stratification that characterizes the entire epilimnion of Lake Opeongo, acts to reduce the magnitude of turbulent mixing. During these stratified periods, the values of Rig, increase, with a corresponding decrease in the rates of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, (ε ), the turbulence activity parameter, I = ε/νN2, and vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz). Mixing during cold fronts occur over time scales of minutes to hours, which work to erode diurnal thermoclines. The direct implications of weak stratification on aquatic organisms are also assessed. The presence of weak stratification also allows for the existence of internal waves within the epilimnion. A key observation in this thesis is the relationship between enhanced small-scale spatial variability in zooplankton distribution and the presence of internal waves in the weakly stratified epilimnion. To quantify this physical-biological coupling, we compare variance of isotherm displacement and gradient Richardson number (Rig) with small-scale spatial distributions of zooplankton. For smaller size ranges of zooplankton (284-450 μm), we find that spatial variability is statistically greatest for the highest values of variability of isotherm displacement. As vertical velocities estimated from wave characteristics are faster than swimming speeds of small zooplankton, these organisms become passively advected by the internal waves leading to increased spatial variability.

This thesis deals with the welfare state and the realization of this idea in the EU. The EU enlargement to the Central and Eastern Europe has impact on the concept of welfare state. However, the EU support for the new member states will help them to achieve the average of the EU countries living standards in a shorter time and it will contribute to the general welfare of the EU countries.

Under första halvan av 1990-talet pågick den dödligaste konflikten i Europa sedan Andra världskriget. Som en direkt följd av Jugoslaviens upplösning tog Sverige under kort tid emot över 70000 flyktingar från konfliktområdet. I skenet av dagens flyktingströmmar från konfliktdrabbade områden i Mellanöstern rapporterade Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet 2013 om ett lyckat inträde på arbetsmarknaden för denna grupp jugoslaver. I bakgrund till detta är syftet med denna uppsats att genom statistisk analys undersöka sambanden mellan ett högt deltagande på arbetsmarknaden och en minskad grad boendesegregation. Området för studien är begränsat till Gävle kommun. Genom att studera segregationsnivåer i en mellanstor svensk stad ämnas studien samtidigt att bidra till ett fält som saknar bredd inom forskningen. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av två teorier med bred förankring inom segregationsforskningen – spatial assimilation och place stratification. Teorierna betonar humanekologiska respektive strukturella faktorer bakom bildandet och upprätthållandet av boendesegregation. Spatial assimilationär främst applicerbar på den studerade gruppen jugoslaver genom att de uppvisar en relativt konsekvent trend mot både ökat deltagande på arbetsmarknaden och sjunkande segregationsnivåer på bostadsmarknaden. När resultatet kompletteras med jämförelser med andra befolkningsgrupper framstår istället place stratification som en högst relevant förklaringsmodell till de strukturella mönster som föregående teori misslyckas att förklara.

The central goal of human genetics is to understand genetic differences both within and between populations and how these differences contribute to phenotypic variation. Recent advances in genotyping technologies and statistical methodology mean that we can now examine population differences at high genetic resolution, and attempt to find common variants that underlie variation in complex traits in the population. In this thesis, differences in maternal genetic ancestry in Australia were examined and a number of genetic association studies were undertaken in an attempt to map genetic variants that underlie complex traits. Abstract Before presenting the results from the five main genetic analyses, an overview is given of the history of gene-mapping in humans, the challenges this has presented, and the major discoveries from both empirical and theoretical studies that have advanced the field of human genetics to the point where hypothesis-free association testing of common variants with complex traits is now possible. The reasons why mitochondrial DNA has proved so useful in examining the history of populations, and the major findings from the field of mitochondrial population genetics are summarised. In addition, some of the major evidence of a role for mitochondrial variants in complex trait variation is presented. For the first main paper, data from 69 mitochondrial variants that tag the majority of common mitochondrial SNPs in European populations was used to test whether there is evidence for population stratification (i.e. the presence of more than one randomly mating population) in the maternal genetic line of modern Australians. By combining the genetic data with self-reported maternal ancestry data, it was shown that there are significant differences in the patterns of mitochondrial variation between groups of individuals whose maternal ancestors came from different areas of the world. Specifically, it was shown that there are significant differences between groups from different regions of Europe, with those from Eastern Europe showing large differences in SNP and haplogroup frequencies compared to the other groups. A test for assortative mating was performed by comparing whether mates in our sample shared more mitochondrial variants in common when compared to randomly drawn pairs from the population. No evidence of increased sharing was found. The second study involved testing whether common mitochondrial variants are associated with a number of physiological and biochemical traits, the majority of which are risk factors for the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Phenotypic and genotypic data was available for just over 2,000 adolescent twins measured at three different timepoints. This is the first known mitochondrial association study to use family data, and a methodology based on a linear model was presented for performing such an association. In spite of having power to detect variants of modest effect, only viii one significant association was found between mt14365 and triacyglycerol levels in twins measured at age 12. This association was not replicated across the other age groups. The third study used the methodology developed for family-based mitochondrial association studies to test for association between mitochondrial variants and a battery of cognitive tests in twins aged 16. A previous study with a small sample size had shown an association between mitochondria and IQ, but this had never been replicated or followed-up. A total of 1,385 individuals from 665 families were included, but no statistically significant associations were found. The most strongly associated SNP was found in a gene in which variants have been shown to influence cognition in mice with a homogeneous nuclear genetic background. For the fourth study, a genome-wide association analysis was carried out of 6 self-reported traits related to the menstrual cycle. Sample sizes ranged from 468 for age at menopause to 5,743 for age at menarche. No SNPs were found to be associated at a genome-wide significant level, however, the results from previous association analyses of age at menarche and age at menopause were replicated. A number of regions for each trait that show modest evidence of association have been identified, and these should be targeted for replication in another sample. In addition, a number of genes that show strong evidence for association with each trait were identified and using a multivariate approach, a SNP in the RNA polymerase III subunit B gene was shown to potentially have a pleiotropic effect on age at menarche and duration of menses. In the final study, a genome-wide association study data for self-reported caffeine consumption and caffeine-related sleep disturbance was performed. A number of loci that potentially influence each trait were identified. The association data was combined with gene expression data from three cell types that had been treated with caffeine. A gene-based test was performed to test whether genes that were found to be consistently up- or down-regulated by caffeine treatment show increased evidence of association. There was no evidence of increased association signals in these genes. A number of the caffeine-regulated genes show strong evidence for overall association and represent good candidate genes for targeted replication in a larger sample. Finally, a synthesis of the main results of each study is presented including potential limitations of this research. This discussion includes a critical assessment of the current findings in both mitochondrial genetics and genome-wide association studies, and potential future directions in the field of gene-mapping in humans.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-71). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR19815

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Notre Dame, 2009. / Thesis directed by Christian Smith for the Department of Sociology. "January 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-56).

Thèse--Lettres--Paris V, 1975. / Bibliogr. p. 656-676.