Introduction: The present study describes a 3 year model for physical training of young female football players. The aim was to investigate and describe how systematical training based upon The Spinal Engine Theory and periodisation of training over time could increase the players’ physical statues, hence prepare them for increased loading over time associated with elite football. Method: 12 out of 28 players completed 3 years of periodised training including annual plans of preparatory, competitive and transition phases. A testbattery including flexibility, stability, maximum strength and power tests was performed annually. Results: A significant increase in both maximum strength and power over time was visible using ANOVA within subjects tests. Post Hoc tests indicated that the change was visible after only one year and the trend continued. Discussion: The results and the model can aid future discussion regarding coaching education and loading of young players. Along with further research regarding psychological aspects as well the material can serve as a basis for how clubs can create a better support structure around our young players. / Den aktuella studien beskriver en 3 årig modell för fysisk träning av unga kvinnliga fotbollsspelare. Syftet var att undersöka och beskriva hur systematisk träning baserad på The Spinal Motor Theory och periodisering av träning över tid skulle kunna öka spelarnas fysiska status, därmed bättre förbereda dem för ökad belastning över tid och förbereda dem för kommande elitfotboll. 12 av 28 spelare genomgick hela 3 åriga modellen som inkluderade årlig periodiserad träning innehållande förberedande, tävling och övergångsfaser. Ett testbatteri som inkluderade flexibilitet, stabilitet, maxstyrka och power tester utfördes årligen. En betydande ökning av både maximal styrka och power över tiden var synlig vid analys av ANOVA (within-subject) tester. Post hoc tester visade att förändringen var synlig efter bara ett år och trenden fortsatte under kommande 2 år. Resultaten kan bidra till framtida diskussioner kring tränarutbildning och riktlinjer kring belastning av unga spelare. Tillsammans med vidare forksning kring psykologiska aspekter kan materialet ses som ett underlag för hur klubbar kan arbeta för att skapa en bättre stödstruktur kring våra unga spelare.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an eight-week weight training program upon leg strength and running speed of middle-school-age boys.

A study was made to investigate the relative effectiveness of two methods of training on the development of arm strength. The purposes of the study included the following: 1. To determine functional arm strength of male students enrolled in physical education classes selected for the study. 2. To conduct specific exercise programs in each of the selected classes. 3. To determine the relative effectiveness of the selected programs in developing arm strength.

Title: Effect of short-term programme in slackline on skills acquisition and ankle strength. Objectives: The aim of the work is to assess the short-term programme of specific skills and muscular strength of the ankle joint during mastering the slackline. Methods: Research sample consists of 20 probands without any experience with walking on a slackline. Probands were divided into three groups. The first training group consisted of 4 women and 2 men with mean age/body weight and heigh (24,5 ± 1,3 years / 63,7 ± 9 kg and 167,4 ± 8,3 cm). This group have trained on the slackline 2 times per week (1 training lesson lasted 60 minutes). The second training group consisted of 5 women and 3 men with mean age/body weight and height (24,6 ± 0,69 years / 70,05 ± 9,1 kg and 176,6 ± 7,7 cm). This group have trained on the slackline 1 time per a week. The third control group consisted of 5 women and 1 man with mean age/body weight and height (25,7 ± 3 years, 63,2 ± 7,4 kg and 168,7 ± 5 cm). Training programme lasted 8 weeks. Skill level was measured at the beginning, in the middle and in the end of the training programme. Measurement was carried out in a place on the slackline called "sweet spot". Further, we measured the strenght of dorsal and plantar flexion of the ankle joint. This strength was measured by...

M.Ing. / The instability of partially stiffened stainless steel compression members due to local buckling of the flange element or flange and lip interaction has not been studied before. In this investigation the critical local buckling and post-buckling behavior of cold-formed partially stiffened stainless steel compression elements are studied in order to determine the applicability of the current design specification ...

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / Hamstrings muscle injury is the most frequent soccer-related injury in amateur and professional soccer players. Despite various interventions, the risk of hamstrings re-injury remains high. Several scientific studies examined the potential risk factors and their contribution to the occurrence of hamstrings injuries in male soccer players. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between selected physical characteristics, such as time-to-peak torque, hip abduction peak torque, hamstrings-to-quadriceps strength ratio, and hamstrings flexibility and the occurrence of hamstrings injuries in amateur male soccer players. A prospective, quantitative cross-sectional study design was utilized in this study. A total of 89 amateur male soccer players aged 18-35 years were recruited from the Cape Town Football District to perform functional assessments before injury occurred, which included anthropometric measurements, an evaluation of lower extremity isokinetic muscle strength (both knee and hip) and hamstrings flexibility tests. Instruments used to measure the anthropometric data were a calibrated Seca balance beam scale and stadiometer, a skinfold caliper, a sliding caliper, an anthropometer (All Harpenden, UK) and a metal tape measure. The Biodex Pro System 4 isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure lower extremity isokinetic muscle strength and a goniometer to measure hamstrings flexibility. Descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations, and inferential statistics included Pearson product-moment correlation to determine the relationship between selected physical characteristics and the occurrence of hamstrings injuries. Multivariate logistic regression via the forward stepwise method was utilised to predict potential physical characteristics (risk factors) for hamstrings injury in amateur male soccer players. Statistical significance was a p value of below 0.05. The prevalence of hamstrings injury was 4.3 %, with the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicating that time-to-peak torque was a significant predictor of the occurrence of hamstrings injury (OR = 1; p = 0.027). In conclusion, time-to-peak torque was a significant predictor of the occurrence of hamstrings injury. The players with hamstrings injuries produced a significantly slower time-to-peak torque, which has relevance for soccer players and coaches in addressing this common injury at all levels of competition.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar in vitro, a ação dos lasers de alta potência (Nd:YAG e diodo 980nm), associados ao carvão mineral como fotopotencializador, sobre a adesividade do cimento endodôntico, por meio do teste de pushout, e na interface dentina/material obturador, por meio de microscopia confocal a laser. 50 caninos foram instrumentados com sistema Mtwo até #50.04 e irrigados com hipoclorito a 1% a cada troca dos instrumentos. Os espécimes foram distribuídos em 5 grupos (n=10): GI - controle EDTAC, GII - EDTAC e laser Nd:YAG, GIII - EDTAC e laser diodo 980 nm, GIV - EDTAC, laser Nd:YAG e carvão mineral 5 g/100mL, e GV - EDTAC, laser diodo 980 nm e carvão mineral 5 g/100 mL. As aplicações de laser foram na potência de 1.5 W, frequência de 100 Hz pulsátil e fibra de 200&mu;m, por 16 segundos em movimentos elípticos (8 s no sentido coroa-ápice e 8 s no sentido ápice-coroa). Após, os espécimes foram obturados com cimento AH Plus, pela técnica de condensação lateral ativa. As raízes foram seccionadas no sentido transversal, em slices de 1mm de espessura, e submetidas ao teste de pushout em máquina universal de ensaios e o tipo de falha foi analisado em microscópio confocal a laser, e se determinou a profundidade e a uniformidade dos tags de cimento na interface dentina/material obturador. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA a nível de significância de 5%, seguidos dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn e Tukey (para a comparação dos grupos). O GI apresentou a maior a resistência de união do cimento à dentina que o tratamento somente com EDTAC 17% (17,21 ± 21,75 MPa), sendo semelhante ao GII (12,21 ± 18,20 MPa) e ao GIV (14,92 ± 28,06 MPa), ambos tratados com laser Nd:YAG, com exceção do GIV, que foi adicionado de carvão mineral. O GV (8,75 ± 13,42 MPa) apresentou resultados similares aos dos grupos GII e GIV, mas a mesma similaridade foi observada quando comparado ao GIII (7,11 + 11,28 MPa), que apresentou os piores resultados. O terço apical (23,27 ± 29,21 MPa) apresentou valor de resistência de união maior que o cervical (5,92 ± 5,33 MPa) e médio (6,93 ± 7,11MPa), que foram semelhantes entre si (p>0,05). Houve predominância de falhas mistas, seguidas das coesivas. O GII (86,27&micro;m) apresentou os maiores valores de penetração de tags, com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos GIII (51,57&micro;m), IV (36,77&micro;m) e V (32,37&micro;m) (p<0,05). O GI (71,63&micro;m) não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao II e III (p>0,05). O GIV apresentou os menores valores, sem diferenças do III e V, (p>0,05). O terço cervical (58,44&micro;m) apresentou os melhores valores, seguidos dos terços médio (45,02&micro;m) e apical (42,24&micro;m) (p>0,05). Concluiu-se que o tratamento com laser Nd:YAG associado ou não ao carvão mineral, apresentou melhores resultados de força adesiva que o tratamento com laser diodo 980nm, exceto quando esse foi adicionado do carvão mineral. O grupo controle e o laser diodo 980nm apresentaram menores quantidades de falhas adesivas e maiores quantidades de falhas mistas comparados aos demais grupos. Ambos os lasers não interferiram de maneira negativa na penetração de cimento se comparados ao grupo controle, no que se relaciona à resistência adesiva do cimento obturador. / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of high-power lasers (Nd:YAG and diode 980nm) associated with mineral coal as fotopotencializer on Bond strenght of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin, using the push-out test, and on the dentin/filling material interface, using confocal laser microscopy. For this purposes, 50 canines were instrumented with Mtwo Rotary system up to #50.04 instrument, irrigating with sodium hypoclorite 1% at each instrument exchange. The specimens were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=10), according the treatment of root canal dentin: group I - control EDTAC, group II - EDTAC and Nd:YAG laser, group III - EDTAC and diode laser 980 nm, group IV - EDTAC, Nd:YAG laser and mineral coal 5 g/100 mL, and group V - EDTAC, diode laser 980 nm and mineral coal 5 g/100 mL. All the lasers application was assigned according to the parameters: 1.5 W of power, 100 Hz pulsatile frequency and 200 &micro;m fiber, for 16 seconds in eliptical movements (8 s crown-down direction and 8 s apex-crown direction). Following irradiation, the canals were filled with active lateral condensation of AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha cones. After, the roots were sectioned transversally to obtain 1mm-thick slices. One of two slices from each third were subjected to a push-out test in a universal testing machine and the failure mode was analyzed with confocal laser microscopy and classified as: adhesive to the filling material, adhesive to dentin, cohesive in the filling material and mixed. The remaining slice was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy to evaluate the penetration and homogeneity of the perimeter of the root canal cross-section with sealer tags, at the dentin/filling material interface. All data were analyzed by ANOVA (at 5% significance level) following the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Tukey tests (for groups comparation). Any of the proposing treatments increased more Bond strength of the sealer to root dentin that treatment with only EDTAC 17% (17.21 ± 21.75 MPa), similar to the group II (12.21 ± 18.20 MPa) and group IV (14.92 ± 28.06 MPa), both treated with Nd: YAG laser, with the exception of group IV, which was added to mineral coal. The group V (8.75 ± 13.42 MPa) had similar results to the groups II and IV, but the same similiarity were found when compared with group III (7.11 + 11.28 MPa), with lower results. Regarding the root thirds, the apical third (23.27 ± 29.21 MPa) presented a statistically higher value on Bond strenght than the cervical third (5.92 ± 5.33 MPa) and middle third (6.93 ± 7, 11 MPa) (p> 0.05). It was observed in general that there was a predominance of mixed failures, followed by cohesive failures. The lowest amount were the adhesive failures. Group II (86.27&micro;m) showed the highest tags penetration values, with a statistically difference to the group III (51.57 &micro;m), IV (36.77 &micro;m) and V (32.37 &micro;m) (p < 0.05). Group I (71.63 &micro;m) was statistically similar to groups II and III (p> 0.05). Group IV had the lowest values and was statistically similarity to groups III and V (p> 0.05). The cervical third (58.44 &micro;m) showed best values, followed by the middle third (45.02mm) and apical third (42.24 &micro;m) (p> 0.05). It was concluded that the treatment with Nd:YAG laser provides better results than the diode 980 nm laser, except when was added mineral coal. The control and diode 980 nm laser groups presented less adhesive failures and more mists failures than the other groups. Both lasers did not interfere negatively compared to the control group

Running is achieved by cyclic execution of movements that ultimately allows a person to move. Each cycle is divided into two phases. The first phase is where power is absorbed as the body\'s center of mass is lowered and decelerated. The second being where power is generated and the center of mass is propelled upwards and forwards. Power absorption is primarily done by quadriceps muscles while plantar flexors generate most of the power during push-off phase. Variations in speed and slope are met by adjustments in the same direction of force produced by lower limb muscles and, due to changes in energy expenditure, of heart rate. In this context, analysis of variability offer a non-invasive way to measure how well-adjusted muscles are to cope with variations in demand. Thus, our aim was to investigate the relationship between the variability of contractions of muscles from the quadriceps and plantar flexors with changes in speed and slope and in heart rate. Secondarily, we sought to verify if the patterns observed in a restricted group of subjects could also be noted in a wider population. To answer these questions, we used electromyography to collect data of intervals between successive contractions of vasti and gastrocnemius muscles of seventeen runners across several target runs. These runs were chosen with several different speeds and slopes. Runners were divided into two experimental groups: Experiment 1 contained no restrictions regarding age and fitness level while Experiment 2 did control for these variables. Linear regressions and gradients showed that even though variability estimators correlated negatively to speed and/or slope, they could be better explained by changes in heart rate. Thus our main conclusion was that variability between contractions is inversely proportional to muscle activation, in relation to its maximum capacity. As a consequence, different combinations of speed and slope could result in the same variability despite differences in metabolic profile, as long as the power output remains constant. Due to methodological issues, we could not reach a decisive conclusion regarding the comparison between the more restricted and more heterogeneous groups of volunteers, although results suggest that the runners respond to changes of speed and slope in a similar way regardless of differences in age and fitness level / Durante a corrida, uma série de movimentos é realizada de forma cíclica que, em última análise, fazem com que o corpo se desloque. Cada ciclo é dividido em uma fase em que ocorre absorção de trabalho conforme o centro de massa é rebaixado e desacelerado e uma fase em que ocorre produção de trabalho, conforme o centro de massa é impulsionado para cima e para frente. Os músculos do quadríceps e flexores plantares são os principais responsáveis pela absorção e geração de trabalho, respectivamente. Variações na velocidade da corrida e na inclinação do terreno requerem ajustes da força muscular e, como consequência, da freqüência cardíaca. Neste contexto, análises de variabilidade oferecem uma maneira de medir a adequação do sistema muscular às variações na demanda. Assim, buscamos investigar a relação entre a variabilidade das contrações de músculos do quadríceps e flexores plantares com alterações na velocidade, inclinação e potência; bem como verificar se os padrões observados em um grupo restrito de indivíduos se aplicavam a uma amostra mais variada. Para isso, coletamos dados de intervalos entre contrações do vasto e gastrocnêmio de dezessete voluntários durante corridas realizadas em diferentes combinações de velocidade e inclinação da esteira. Os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: no Experimento 1, não houve restrições quanto à idade e condicionamento, enquanto que no Experimento 2 essas variáveis foram controladas. Regressões lineares e gradientes mostraram que, embora os estimadores de variabilidade correlacionem negativamente com velocidade e inclinação, eles são melhor explicados por mudanças no consumo energético (i.e.,frequência cardíaca). Assim, concluímos que a variabilidade é inversamente proporcional à força muscular, em relação à sua capacidade máxima. Como conseqüência, diferentes combinações de velocidade e inclinação podem resultar na mesma variabilidade, apesar das diferenças no perfil metabólico. Devido a complicações metodológicas, não pudemos chegar a uma conclusão definitiva em relação a comparação entre voluntários dos Experimentos 1 e 2, embora os resultados sugiram que corredores respondam a mudanças de velocidade e inclinação de maneira semelhante, independentemente de diferenças de idade e nível de condicionamento

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering. 1992 / The absence of reliable design data for Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) road tankers has been considered an obstacle for the local design and manufacture of such vehicles. This has prompted the analysis, using Finite Element Methods (FEM) of a filament wound cylindrical shell for a monocoque road tanker. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / GR 2016

The first recorded use of hydraulic lime in construction can be traced back to at least two thousand years ago. Hydraulic lime, produced through either adding pozzolanic materials or calcining clay containing limestone, unlike air lime, can set and harden under water, developing strength through initial hydration reaction and subsequent carbonation. After WWII Portland cement mortars had almost completely replaced lime based mortars in modern construction. However, through conservation and specialist construction the benefits of hydraulic lime are becoming increasingly recognised. To support wider usage of these mortars there is a need for systematic study on the mortar properties and structural performance of lime mortared masonry. This thesis presents findings from a research programme conducted to develop understanding of the mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortared brickwork. The work focussed on the flexural strength of NHL mortared brickwork. A variety of material and environmental factors, including lime grade and supplier, mix proportion, sand type and age, have been investigated. In addition the research has completed an in-depth study on the influence of brick absorption characteristics on bond development. The two methods of flexural wall panel and bond wrench testing to establish flexural strength have been compared. In addition to flexural strength, initial shear strength and compressive strength of brickwork has also been investigated. A greater understanding of NHL mortared brickwork performance has been developed through this work. Performance of the brickwork has been related to properties of constituent materials and environmental factors. Recommendations for design performance of materials have been provided.