Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08362.pdf: 5622549 bytes, checksum: c11d9a363216f179504d0322e85cde29 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08362.pdf: 5622549 bytes, checksum: c11d9a363216f179504d0322e85cde29 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma alternativa para utilização de vidros laminados provenientes de rejeitos industriais ou pós-consumo. Reciclando o vidro laminado, por meio de uma série de moagens, pode-se obter dois tipos de rejeitos: vidros de partículas pequenas (200 e 325 mesh), que não conseguem ser reaproveitados pela indústria vidreira, e filme de poli(vinil butiral) - PVB - impregnado com uma pequena quantidade de carga, que tem como destino os aterros. No presente estudo, esses dois resíduos foram aproveitados na fabricação de vernizes curados por radiação ultravioleta empregados para proteção de pisos de madeira. O filme de PVB foi utilizado na formulação de um isolante, em razão de sua alta flexibilidade e boa aderência à madeira, e o vidro de baixa granulometria foi empregado como carga nos vernizes chamados de alto tráfego para o aumento da resistência à abrasão dos mesmos (propriedade fundamental de vernizes para pisos de madeira). Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o isolante preparado com o filme de PVB em solução alcoólica e misturado a um monômero acrílico trifuncional, como o trimetilolpropano triacrilato (TMPTA), quando aplicado sobre pisos de madeira, obteve-se bons resultados de aderência, arrancamento e flexibilidade, podendo assim substituir os isolantes utilizados atualmente, produtos com cura por radiação ultravioleta, em base aquosa, e que apresentam alto custo por serem preparados com resinas importadas. Foi observado que quanto maior a quantidade de solução de PVB, melhor a flexibilidade do filme e, conseqüentemente, melhor a resistência ao arrancamento do revestimento. Os vidros de baixa granulometria apresentaram resultados muito satisfatórios quando utilizados como carga nos vernizes de alto tráfego, especialmente ao se combinarem com o óxido de alumínio (carga atualmente utilizada nesses sistemas), aumentando ainda mais a resistência à abrasão dos vernizes e também a estabilidade dos vernizes (quanto à sedimentação e à geleificação). Para todas as combinações de cargas preparadas neste trabalho foram bons os resultados obtidos, podendo-se optar pela utilização daquelas com maior quantidade de vidro, uma vez que este, por tratar-se de um resíduo, torna tais combinações mais econômicas. / The present work features an alternative for the utilization of the windshield after its use. The recycling of the laminated glass, through a series of grindings, make possible to obtain two kinds of materials: glasses of small particles (200 and 325 mesh), that cannot be recovered in the glass industry, and a poly(vinyl butiral) - PVB - sheet impregnated with a small amount of filler, that has as final disposal the sanitary landfill. In this study these two materials were introduced in the formulation of ultraviolet curing varnishes used to the protection of wood flooring. The film of PVB was used in the formulation of a primer, due to its high flexibility and good adherence to the wood, and the glass of low granulometry was used as a filler in the so-called high traffic varnish, to increase the abrasion resistance (main property of these varnishes). The results obtained showed that the primer prepared with the PVB sheet in alcoholic solution, mixed with a trifunctional acrylic monomer, like TMPTA, when applied on wood flooring, obtained good results of adherence, scrape adhesion, flexibility and stability and could substitute the primers used nowadays that are UV curing products, however water based ones, and that has a high cost because of the imported resins that are used in their formulations. It was observed that larger the amount of solution of PVB, better the flexibility of the film and, consequently, better its scrape adhesion. The glasses of low granulometry also presented very satisfactory results when used as fillers in the high traffic varnishes, mainly when in combination with aluminium oxide (filler used in these systems), increasing more the abrasion resistance of the varnishes and also their stability (the sedimentation and geleification have showed better results). To all filler combinations studied in this work the results were good and the best one can be the ones that presented the largest amount of glass, since as a residue, make these combinations more economical.

In this research water dispersed epoxy varnishes were produced by reacting solid epoxy resin with ethylene diamine (EDA) and maleinized fatty acids of linseed oil. Maleinized fatty acid (MFA) was produced by the maleinization process, in which, fatty acid and maleic anhydride were reacted under nitrogen atmosphere. Maleinization was performed in order to insert hydrophilic groups to the fatty acid chains, which were then inserted to the backbone of the epoxy resin. This was done to give water dispersibility to the hydrophobic epoxy resin. Solid epoxy resin was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane. Ethylene diamine was then added to the solution at 50&deg / C, and stirred for 4 hours. Then the temperature was increased to 80oC and kept for 2 hours. Maleinized fatty acids were then introduced, and the reaction was carried out at 90oC for 10 hours. 1,4-dioxane was used for the removal of the water, which forms as the byproduct. Then the driers were added. The carboxylic groups of the maleinized fatty acid were neutralized by morpholine and the product was dispersed in water. The varnish was applied on test panels and left for air-drying for 24 hours and then baked at 140&deg / C for 5 hours. The free epoxy content was determined by pyridinium-chloride titration and it was seen that all the epoxy groups reacted. Also, produced fatty acid was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and maleinized fatty acid was characterized by H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Hardness, bending, impact resistance, gloss, and abrasion resistance tests were carried out on hardened varnish specimens. The samples generally showed good mechanical and physical properties. While the baking time was increased the hardness of product increased. Samples showed superior impact resistance, gloss, and flexibility.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma alternativa para utilização de vidros laminados provenientes de rejeitos industriais ou pós-consumo. Reciclando o vidro laminado, por meio de uma série de moagens, pode-se obter dois tipos de rejeitos: vidros de partículas pequenas (200 e 325 mesh), que não conseguem ser reaproveitados pela indústria vidreira, e filme de poli(vinil butiral) - PVB - impregnado com uma pequena quantidade de carga, que tem como destino os aterros. No presente estudo, esses dois resíduos foram aproveitados na fabricação de vernizes curados por radiação ultravioleta empregados para proteção de pisos de madeira. O filme de PVB foi utilizado na formulação de um isolante, em razão de sua alta flexibilidade e boa aderência à madeira, e o vidro de baixa granulometria foi empregado como carga nos vernizes chamados de alto tráfego para o aumento da resistência à abrasão dos mesmos (propriedade fundamental de vernizes para pisos de madeira). Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o isolante preparado com o filme de PVB em solução alcoólica e misturado a um monômero acrílico trifuncional, como o trimetilolpropano triacrilato (TMPTA), quando aplicado sobre pisos de madeira, obteve-se bons resultados de aderência, arrancamento e flexibilidade, podendo assim substituir os isolantes utilizados atualmente, produtos com cura por radiação ultravioleta, em base aquosa, e que apresentam alto custo por serem preparados com resinas importadas. Foi observado que quanto maior a quantidade de solução de PVB, melhor a flexibilidade do filme e, conseqüentemente, melhor a resistência ao arrancamento do revestimento. Os vidros de baixa granulometria apresentaram resultados muito satisfatórios quando utilizados como carga nos vernizes de alto tráfego, especialmente ao se combinarem com o óxido de alumínio (carga atualmente utilizada nesses sistemas), aumentando ainda mais a resistência à abrasão dos vernizes e também a estabilidade dos vernizes (quanto à sedimentação e à geleificação). Para todas as combinações de cargas preparadas neste trabalho foram bons os resultados obtidos, podendo-se optar pela utilização daquelas com maior quantidade de vidro, uma vez que este, por tratar-se de um resíduo, torna tais combinações mais econômicas. / The present work features an alternative for the utilization of the windshield after its use. The recycling of the laminated glass, through a series of grindings, make possible to obtain two kinds of materials: glasses of small particles (200 and 325 mesh), that cannot be recovered in the glass industry, and a poly(vinyl butiral) - PVB - sheet impregnated with a small amount of filler, that has as final disposal the sanitary landfill. In this study these two materials were introduced in the formulation of ultraviolet curing varnishes used to the protection of wood flooring. The film of PVB was used in the formulation of a primer, due to its high flexibility and good adherence to the wood, and the glass of low granulometry was used as a filler in the so-called high traffic varnish, to increase the abrasion resistance (main property of these varnishes). The results obtained showed that the primer prepared with the PVB sheet in alcoholic solution, mixed with a trifunctional acrylic monomer, like TMPTA, when applied on wood flooring, obtained good results of adherence, scrape adhesion, flexibility and stability and could substitute the primers used nowadays that are UV curing products, however water based ones, and that has a high cost because of the imported resins that are used in their formulations. It was observed that larger the amount of solution of PVB, better the flexibility of the film and, consequently, better its scrape adhesion. The glasses of low granulometry also presented very satisfactory results when used as fillers in the high traffic varnishes, mainly when in combination with aluminium oxide (filler used in these systems), increasing more the abrasion resistance of the varnishes and also their stability (the sedimentation and geleification have showed better results). To all filler combinations studied in this work the results were good and the best one can be the ones that presented the largest amount of glass, since as a residue, make these combinations more economical.

The focus of this study was analytical investigations of Egyptian paintings, mainly Coptic icons and Islamic wooden ceilings, dating from 1300-1900 using multi-instrumental techniques. Twenty three Coptic icons and three wooden ceilings dated from different periods and painted by different painters in case of icons were examined. The materials used including pigments, media, varnishes, ground layers and gold layers. The surface stratigraphy of paint samples, their layered structured and the composition of materials used in each layer were analysed. Variations in painting techniques, pigments palettes, paint media and varnishes applied in Egyptian paintings according to painters, time and type of paintings were revealed. A total of twenty-eight organic and inorganic pigments were identified in this study, of which nine have never been previously included as a part of the Egyptian pigment palettes, namely; smalt, lapis lazuli, indigo, pararealgar, Prussian blue, chrome yellow, barium yellow, barium white and hydromagnesite. The identification of hydromagnesite, which has never been to date considered as a pigment either in Egypt or elsewhere and the identification of smalt from the mid-14th century, whose reported earliest large scale use was in the 16th century. Two types of resins were identified as a constituent of the oil/resin varnish applied on Coptic icons of which Venice turpentine has been identified for the first time as an ingredient of Egyptian varnishes. The identification of mosaic gold in an 18th C. icon, a novel usage of dammar resin and the multilayered structure of the white ground layers were revealed.

No description available.

This thesis was written up as a proposal for business activities in field of retail sale of paints, lacquers and varnishes. The business activity will be realised according to this activity as self-employed trade and non-profit organization will be used as auspices. At the time of writing this thesis market analysis has been performed by self-employed trader via trial opening of the shop. This shop opening provided useful information for business plan proposal.

Cette thèse porte sur la dégradation photochimique des résines naturelles utilisées dans la fabrication de vernis à tableaux. Différentes résines ont été choisies pour notre étude : la sandaraque, le copal de Manille, la colophane, le mastic et la dammar. Des vernis à tableaux ont été fabriqués à partir de ces résines dissoutes dans de l’alcool, de l’huile ou de l’essence de térébenthine selon d’anciennes recettes. Ils ont par la suite été vieillis artificiellement en enceinte d’irradiation. L’étude en spectrométrie infrarouge a permis de montrer qu’une identification du type de résine était possible par cette technique. De nombreuses bandes d’absorption spécifiques ont été mises en évidence mais tendent à disparaître tout au long du photovieillissement. Néanmoins, la bande des CH (2850-3050 cm-1) permet de séparer les résines diterpéniques et triterpéniques, et l’analyse en composante principale des données permet d’affiner les identifications. Les analyses en CPG-SM nous ont permis d’identifier la plupart des molécules présentes au sein de nos vernis grâce à l’étude des fragmentations en spectrométrie de masse. Dans ce cadre, une étude poussée du comportement des molécules a été effectuée, notamment par des expériences en SM/SM. Quatre phénomènes de photodégradation ont été observés : l’isomérisation, la scission, l’hydroxylation et l’oxydation de type Norrish I des terpènes présents. Le choix du solvant utilisé dans la fabrication du vernis influence fortement la composition du vernis et sa cinétique de dégradation, en particulier dans le cas d’un vernis à l’huile. La présence d’une vitre devant le vernis a également une influence, plus ou moins importante, sur les mécanismes photochimiques. Des vernis anciens récupérés auprès de conservateurs-restaurateurs ont été identifiés grâce à la base de données effectuée à partir de nos expérimentations, validant notre méthodologie. Les premiers essais de polymères à empreinte moléculaire ont également été effectués donnant des résultats encourageants pour l’étude de mélanges de terpènes / This thesis presents a study on the photochemical degradation of natural resins used in the manufacture of painting varnishes. Following the literature, five resins were chosen for our experiments: sandarac, Manila copal, colophony, mastic and dammar. Varnishes were made from those resins dissolved in alcohol, oil or turpentine spirit, as found in old recipes. They were then photo-aged by irradiation under artificial light. The study by infrared spectrometry enabled the identification of the type of resin. Although various specific absorption bands were highlighted, they tend to disappear all along the photoageing process. Nevertheless, the C-H band situated between 2850 and 3050 cm-1 allows to separate diterpenic and triterpenic resins and the analysis by principal components can help the identification. Thanks to the study by GC-MS we could identify most of the molecules present in our varnishes by developing the fragmentation study in mass spectrometry. An advanced study of the molecules behaviour was done, especially by MS/MS experiments. Four photo-degradation reactions were observed: isomerisation, cleavage, hydroxylation and Norrish I oxidation of the terpenoids. The choice of the solvent used in the varnish can affect its composition and degradation kinetic, mostly for oil varnishes. Besides, a window pane placed before the varnish will influence the photochemical mechanisms. Ancient varnishes collected by conservator-restorers were analysed and identified thanks to the database elaborated from our results, validating our methodology. The first experiments of molecularly imprinted polymers were carried out with some encouraging results for the analysis of mixed terpenoids

The focus of this study was analytical investigations of Egyptian paintings, mainly Coptic icons and Islamic wooden ceilings, dating from 1300-1900 using multiinstrumental techniques. Twenty three Coptic icons and three wooden ceilings dated from different periods and painted by different painters in case of icons were examined. The materials used including pigments, media, varnishes, ground layers and gold layers. The surface stratigraphy of paint samples, their layered structured and the composition of materials used in each layer were analysed. Variations in painting techniques, pigments palettes, paint media and varnishes applied in Egyptian paintings according to painters, time and type of paintings were revealed. A total of twenty-eight organic and inorganic pigments were identified in this study, of which nine have never been previously included as a part of the Egyptian pigment palettes, namely; smalt, lapis lazuli, indigo, pararealgar, Prussian blue, chrome yellow, barium yellow, barium white and hydromagnesite. The identification of hydromagnesite, which has never been to date considered as a pigment either in Egypt or elsewhere and the identification of smalt from the mid-14th century, whose reported earliest large scale use was in the 16th century. Two types of resins were identified as a constituent of the oil/resin varnish applied on Coptic icons of which Venice turpentine has been identified for the first time as an ingredient of Egyptian varnishes. The identification of mosaic gold in an 18th C. icon, a novel usage of dammar resin and the multilayered structure of the white ground layers were revealed. / Egyptian Ministry of Higher Educations