This thesis calculates the value of statistical life (VSL) in the Czech Republic based on estimation of fatal risk computed across occupation within industries. Using the regression analysis, I estimate the impact of the fatal risk on wage. From this I calculate the VSL using the hedonic wage model. I use randomized wage data sample with 150 000 observations from the year 2013 combined with injury data from the years 2013-2015. Based on this data I estimated the VSL to be in a range between 6 965 277CZK (260 092EURO) and 37 355 674CZK (1. 394mil.EURO) based on statistically significant estimates of fatal risk. Furthermore, I estimate my model of fatal risk calculated across industries to compare the impact of the level of risk in the computation. This regression indicates that estimates based on risk in industries are overestimated. My results show that the method of risk computation is a key factor affecting the VSL.

The goal of this research was to determine, in a South African context, whether there is any correlation between chief executive officer compensation and the performance of the company. For the purposes of the research , the compensation of chief executive officers was broken down into three components: salary, bonus and "other" remuneration, while company performance was measured on return on equity, return on assets and earnings per share figures. Studies on this topic have been carried out in other countries, most notably in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It appears that no research of a similar nature has been carried out in South Africa. Data in respect of the forty largest listed companies in South Africa were collected over a period of five years. The econometric models used for the research were based on models identified in the literature study. The data were then analysed for evidence of a correlation between chief executive officer compensation and the performance of the company. The results of this study indicate that there is no linear relationship between chief executive officer compensation and company performance variables. The econometric models did, however, show correlations between certain variables, taking into account the other predictor variables in the model. Evidence of correlations between age and experience and compensation was also found , which may present potential avenues of research to scholars in the future.

AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie is onderneem om te bepaal wat die persepsies van boere in die Letaba Distrik is oor die invloed van die instelling van die minimum loon vir landbou op hulle boerderybesighede. Die navorser wou bepaal of die boere hulle werknemers se werkskontrakte aangepas het of die loonpakket geherstruktureer het om vir die invloed op hulle boerderybesigheid te kompenseer. Die navorser wou ook bepaal of die indiensneming van plaaswerkers beïnvloed is. Laastens wou die navorser bepaal wat die invloed van die instelling van die minimum loon op die organisasiegedrag van plaaswerkers was. Om antwoorde op bogenoemde vraagstukke te verkry, het die navorser ‘n vraelys spesifiek vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie ontwerp. Die vraelys is deur al die sitrus boere in die Letaba distrik voltooi. Na bestudering van die inligting wat uit die data van die vraelyste verkry is, het die navorser tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat boere permanente werknemers met tydelike werknemers vervang het en die loonpakket aangepas het deur die kontantloon te verhoog, maar ook die aftrekkings vir dienste en goedere wat voorheen kosteloos verskaf is. Indiensneming van plaaswerkers is baie negatief beïnvloed, met ongeveer 1270 permanente poste wat afgeskaf is na die instelling van die minimum loon. Wat die invloed op organisasiegedrag betref, het die minimum loon geen invloed na ‘n klein negatiewe invloed op afwesigheid en personeelomset getoon. Ten opsigte van produktiwiteit was werkgewers van mening dat, waar produktiwiteit verhoog het, dit as gevolg van beter bestuurspraktyke was. Werkgewers glo eerder dat die instelling van die minimum loon hulle werknemers se produktiwiteit laat daal het. Die implikasies van die resultate van hierdie studie is verreikend wanneer in ag geneem word dat bykans 1270 permanente poste op slegs 38 plase afgeskaf is. Dit impliseer dat die aantal poste wat in die landbou as geheel afgeskaf is, baie groot kan wees. Die persepsies van die boere oor die instelling van die minimum loon was dat dit ‘n bedreiging vir die volhoubaarheid van hulle boerderybesighede inhou en dat dit hulle verplig om stappe te neem om daarvoor te kompenseer, stappe wat nie noodwendig tot voordeel van werknemers strek nie. ENGLISH : This study was undertaken to ascertain what the perceptions of farmers in the Letaba district aren about the impact of the introduction of the minimum wage for agriculture on their farming businesses. The researcher wanted to ascertain whether the farmers adapted their workers’ contracts or restructured their wage package to compensate for the impact on the farming businesses. The researcher also wanted to ascertain whether the employment of farm workers were influenced. Lastly, the researcher wanted to ascertain what the influence of the introduction of the minimum wage was on the organisational behaviour of farm workers. To get answers on the above mentioned issues, the researcher designed a questionnaire specifically for this study. The questionnaire was completed by all the citrus farmers in the Letaba district. After studying the information derived from the data of the questionnaires, the researcher came to the conclusion that farmers substituted permanent workers with temporary workers and adapted the wage package by raising the cash wage but also the deductions of goods and services that were previously provided free of charge. Employment of farm workers were influenced very negatively with about 1270 permanent jobs that were scrapped after the introduction of the minimum wage. Regarding the impact on organisational behaviour, the minimum wage showed a small negative to no influence on absenteeism and worker turnover. Regarding productivity, employers were of the opinion the, where productivity was raised, it was due to improved management practises. Employers believe that the introduction of the minimum wage caused their workers’ productivity to decrease. The implications of the results of this study are far reaching when it is taken into account that roundabout 1270 permanent jobs were lost on only 38 farms. This implies that the amount of jobs lost in agriculture as a whole, could be great. The perceptions of farmers about the introduction of the minimum wage are that it is a threat to the sustainability of their farming businesses and that it obliges them to take steps to compensate for the impact, steps that aren’t always advantageous for the workers. Copyright 2008, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Minnaar, ME 2008, Persepsies oor die uitwerking van minimum lone op die sitrusbedryf (Afrikaans), MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02132012-100400 / > C12/4/72/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Super-gross wage is a gross wage increased by social insurance contributions paid by the employer. Since its introduction in the Czech Republic its non-standard has been discussed. The theoretical part alerts that the logic of super-gross wage is indisputable because it reveals the total wage costs of the employer per employee, leads to higher transparency between the employee and the state and finally social insurance contribution is a benefit paid by the employer to employee which increase his welfare so it should enter the tax base. A gross wage widespread with any benefit or allowance paid by the employer is for the purposes of this thesis entitled as a "super-gross wage". Analysis of the personal income tax shows that super-gross wage is non-standard worldwide but not unique. "Super-gross wage" is on the other hand a standard method of taxation of personal income used in 45 % of analysed countries.

Cette thèse traite deux questions relatives aux inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes. Le premier et le deuxième chapitres analysent l'impact du commerce international sur les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes, tandis que le troisième chapitre se pose la question de l'influence du secteur informel sur ces écarts. Le premier chapitre montre que le commerce international peut avoir des effets opposés sur l'écart de salaire entre hommes et femmes via le canal de la concurrence. Les prédictions du modèle théorique sont testées par une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire en Uruguay sur une période incluant la création du Mercosur. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la façon dont l'intégration commerciale peut modifier les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes différemment en fonction des qualifications. Le modèle théorique montre que le commerce international creuse les écarts salariaux entre hommes et femmes qualifiés et réduit cet écart entre hommes et femmes non qualifiées. Le troisième chapitre conduit une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes dans les emplois formels et informels au Brésil. Alors que l'écart brut de salaire est plus élevé dans le secteur informel que dans le secteur formel, les résultats indiquent que cette différence est un artefact de la composition de l'emploi dans les deux secteurs. Dans le secteur informel, la correction du biais de sélection réduit le différentiel de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives, qui n'est plus significatif. Dans le secteur formel, en revanche, l'écart de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives et corrigé de la sélection, demeure élevé et fortement significatif. / This dissertation consists of three essays on gender wage inequality. The two first chapters explore the impact of international trade on the gender wage gap, while the third chapter deals with the role of the informal sector in shaping the gender wage gap. By integrating the taste-based theory of discrimination and the oligopolistic trade literature, the first chapter shows that international trade can have two opposite effects on the gender wage gap through the channel of competition. The predictions of the models are confirmed by an empirical analysis of gender wage gaps in Uruguay following the Mercosur trade agreement. The second chapter investigates how international trade impacts the gender wage gap at different points of the skill distribution, by incorporating statistical discrimination into a model of trade with heterogeneous firms and workers. The model shows trade integration reduces the gender wage gap among high-skilled workers but reduces the gender wage gap among unskilled workers. The third chapter investigates whether the gender wage gap differs in the formal and the informal segments of the labour market in Brazil. It shows that the higher raw wage gap in the informal sector is an artificial effect of the different sorting of men and women into formal and informal jobs. First, the female advantage in observable productive characteristics is stronger among formal employees. Second, selection into work status differs between men and women. In the informal sector, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is reduced and not significant anymore. In the formal sector, however, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is large and highly significant.

This essay studies wage differentials between foreign born and native players in Swedish soccer. For this essay, panel data for the years 2001-2015 on all clubs and players in top Swedish soccer leagues Allvenskan and Superettan have been collected. The data is examined by applying a market-test approach to test for any significant wage differentials. The results show that foreign born players earn a significant salary premium compared to native players of similar productivity. There is no evidence of salary or fan discrimination against foreign born players. Results can be explained by market imperfections and/or risk-seeking behavior from team managers although this could be further investigated in future studies.

Expenditures on the salaries of public sector employees constitute a very important component of public expenditures, currently around CZK 200 billion annually in the Czech Republic. Adjusting the remuneration of employees in public administration (sector) is therefore an important option for increasing the efficiency of use of public funds. The assessment of the current system of public sector employee remuneration and a proposal for some specific changes to be made to it is the focus of this dissertation. The primary aim of my dissertation is to analyze the system of remuneration of employees of public and private sectors, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Within the primary target there is also a decomposition analysis, which indicates whether the employees are discriminated against in any of the sectors. The secondary objective is to make recommendations for the system of remunerating public sector employees of the in order to increase its efficiency in terms of public spending while maintaining its incentive function. The work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, entitled "Theoretical Foundations," provides an overview of the relevant literature, the fundamental basis in economic theory, and issues of the Mincer wage equation, which is then later used as the basis for regression and decomposition analyses, and mainly describes in detail the decomposition method that is used to explain the difference in the salary level in the private and the public sector. These decomposition methods represent, together with quantile regression, the main tool used to meet the objectives of this work. The second chapter, entitled "The Remuneration of Public Sector Employees," describes the structure of the remuneration of employees of the public sector. The data shows that the current system produces results in the form of salaries that do not correspond to the market. The third chapter, called "Regression Model," builds on the analysis performed on data from QSAE, which was discussed in the second part of the previous chapter, and its purpose is to prepare the documents for verification and deepen their conclusions. The fourth chapter, called "Regression and Decomposition Analysis," is based on the regression model assembled in the previous chapter, and describes the results of the regression decomposition analysis performed on the described sample data. This chapter verifies the hypotheses set out in the introduction and answers research questions. The fifth and final chapter, entitled "Interpretation of the Results and Recommendations," focuses on the interpretation of the results, the proposed regulation of remuneration, and recommendations for further research. The main finding of this work is that the system of remuneration of public sector workers is set so that, while the overall average brings quite comparable results in terms of the salary as the entire labor market, it is not throughout the distribution. The performed regression analysis showed that both the public and private sectors evaluate the same things differently (different values of the regression coefficients of variables), and both at the average and along the entire distribution. We can say that the mechanism of the remuneration of employees of the public sector is different from that of the market. This fact is confirmed by the significantly higher coefficient of determination of the regression model of the public sector. Regarding possible discrimination in wages, the analysis showed that employees in the public sector may in contrary to the preposition of positive discrimination be positively discriminated against only up to approximately fifteenth percentile. From fifteenth percentile they are discriminated against negatively. This was confirmed by the decomposition analysis performed on the average salaries, which indicates that public sector employees are, at this level, negatively discriminated against (if the public sector employees have the same regression coefficients as private sector employees, their earnings increase). Finally, this conclusion is confirmed by the dummy variable, which represents belonging to the private sector when the value of its corresponding regression coefficients, in quantile regression analysis along the distribution, evolves from negative to positive and is significantly increasing. The thesis also shows how the system of remunerating public sector employees can be adjusted to reward employees in a way that is comparable with the market.

The aim of this thesis and its main contribution is to propose a model of optimal minimum wage that takes into account the income structure of the Czech population and the impact of adjustments to the minimum wage on unemployment and the structure of social transfers. Model brings the optimization of household income and savings in social policy redistribution, while optimizing employment and social benefits . The main hypothesis of this work is the assumption that the minimum wage can serve as a supplement social transfers. Given the ever- increasing expenditure on social security system and an open , lively debate about the consequences of the introduction of a minimum wage, this is a very current topic that needs attention. Contribution of research of this issue is to design possibilities for savings in expenditure on social policy. In the theoretical part the emphasis is aimed on the characteristics of household income, income inequality, the theoretical foundations of the social security system , tax theory and especially the concept of the minimum wage from the perspective of different economic schools. This part states the grounds for further statistical analysis and research in selected models of optimal minimum wage. The practical part is an analysis of three selected models of optimal minimum wage as well as an analysis of legislative developments and statistical values of key indicators to which the foundations were laid in the theoretical part. The research emphasizes the correlation between variables in national economy, identifying key social benefits appropriate to optimize and the implementation and effects of a possible increase in the minimum wage . The main focus of the practical part is a combination of previously gained knowledge to design model of optimal minimum wage.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the German Act on the Regulation of a Minimum Wage, which affects Czech hauliers operating in Germany. First of all, macroeconomic and microeconomic issues in the field of road transport and of course the specifics of German Act (MILOG) are described. Secondly, the main effects of the law on business are analysed in case of the Czech haulier ¨Dítě Spedition s.r.o.¨ In the following, an increase in operating costs of the company according to the MILOG is calculated. Moreover, there is a prediction of potential scenarios in case of confirmation of legality of MILOG applying to the international road freight transport. In conclusion, the main arguments why the act is contrary to the basic principles of the single European market are explained.

This thesis deals with determination of the labor market structure for professional athletes, specifically the market for players of National Hockey League (NHL). The theoretical part focuses on the development of labor market for athletes and changes in rules that affected this development. In the empirical part I present a model for determining the marginal revenue product (MRP) of players. Further I determine the impact of other factors that have an influence on wage differences between players. Taking all the results I specify the type of market structure, which I determined on the basis of the relationship between MRP of players and their wages. I find out that the market for defenders and forwards of NHL is rather competitive, unlike the market for goalkeepers, which is best describable by the "winner-take-all" theory. At the end of the thesis, the possible errors in the model and data that could affect the outcome are summed up.