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In a model with a unionised immobile labour force we analyse how labour taxes and transfers towards unemployed workers are optimally cho- sen when a welfare maximising government faces oligopolistic and partly mobile firms. We consider two polar types of government: one whose objective consists of maximising the sum of domestic producer's and con- sumers' surplus and one that aims at maximising employed and unem- ployed workers' payoffs. We show that depending on the combination of foreign labour costs, the degree of domestic union bargaining power, and the sunk costs of relocation, the former type of government may choose to set taxes so as to induce an outward relocation of production. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

South Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force, employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail, before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government. / Magister Economicae - MEcon

Existing research in labor economics has rarely accounted for non-profit status in examining wage dispersion. Contrariwise, in non-profit sector research, little has been said so far about (intra-organizational) wage dispersion. Scattered findings from previous work indicate that wage dispersion is smaller in non-profit organizations (NPOs) as compared to for-profits (FPOs). Fairness perceptions and high moral ideals of workers within this sector are often cited as reasons for this assumption. Empirically, however, the reasons for inter-sectoral differences remain obscure. In our analysis, we concentrate on specific characteristics of NPOs as compared to FPOs. More specifically, this paper is to address the question if volunteer workers, donations and public subsidies influence the within-firm wage dispersion in NPOs. In order to answer this research question we use Austrian matched employer-employee data collected in 2006. We estimate an instrument variable regression and find that NPOs that employ volunteer workers and NPOs with a more even mix between paid and unpaid staff display smaller wage dispersion. Donations and public subsidies augment the wage dispersion. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

In a model with a unionised immobile labour force we analyse how labour taxes and transfers towards unemployed workers are optimally chosen when a welfare maximising government faces oligopolistic and partly mobile firms. We consider two polar types of government: one whose objective consists of aximising the sum of domestic producer's and consumers' surplus and one that aims at maximising employed and unemployed workers' payoffs. We show that depending on the combination of foreign labour costs, the degree of domestic union bargaining power, and the sunk costs of relocation, the former type of government may choose to set taxes so as to induce an outward relocation of production. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

While Asians are overrepresented in science and engineering, they receive limited scholarly attention in sociology of science. To fill the knowledge gap about this understudied group, this study examines the effects of race, nativity, degree origin, gender, field, employment sector, and nationality on the earnings of Asian computer scientists and engineers working in the U.S. Data are derived from the National Survey of College Graduates, 1993 and 2003. Using quantile regression, this study has the following findings. First, race and nativity had some effects on the earnings of Asian computer scientists and engineers in 1993 at both 90th and 50th quantiles, but they disappeared in 2003 with one exception. Degree origin had an effect in 1993 in some cases at the 90th quantile but across gender, field, and two sectors at the 50th quantile. However, it disappeared in 2003 with two exceptions. Second, all the four women's groups--white, Asian American, U.S.-, and Asian-educated immigrant women--earned less than their male counterparts in 1993 or 2003 at either quantile. Furthermore, U.S.-educated immigrant women suffered from the double bind effect, or being disadvantaged due to both their gender and race, at the 50th quantile. Third, computer scientists earned slightly more than their engineer counterparts in both years at both quantiles. Fourth, educational institutions and state/local government paid less than industry in 1993 and 2003 at both quantiles. Federal government eliminated the gap in 2003 at the 50th quantile. Finally, this study finds that a few but not all nationality groups suffered from earning disadvantages in 1993 or 2003 at either quantile. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the earnings of workers in the upper tail (90th quantile) are less influenced by factors that this study examines than those at the median (50th quantile). Overall, the findings partly reaffirm the structural barriers that some groups, notably women, racial/ethnic minorities, and immigrants, face in the U.S. workplace. The degree origin effect in 1993 could be due to the lower quality of degrees from Asia. The disappearance of such an effect in 2003 could be due to the interactions between structural forces and human capital.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1995. / Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Thomas Bailey. Dissertation Committee: Francisco Rivera-Batiz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-212).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIMA_Tania_2013.pdf: 544878 bytes, checksum: 3ab61a445786d45aa5a0f88a548b8b74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / This research sought to understand the Brazilian youth unemployment in the period 2003 - 2011. The aim of this study is to verify if the business cycles and changes in the minimum wage have been affecting youth unemployment, considering the control of socioeconomic variables. In order to develop such analyses, this study has considered linear panel data as one estimation method and dynamic panel as the other method. In addition, the current research has been considered the four initial interviews contained in PME database. The results of the study show that the youth unemployment rate has been affected by economic cycles, wages and socioeconomic variables, like proportion of labor force non-white , formal sector and metropolitan region that the individual belongs to. Concerning the dynamic character, the previous level of youth unemployment and economic cycles are the main factors affecting the variability of youth unemployment rate. It is worth mentioning that the present study splits the youth group into two subcategories, "teens" and "young-adults", aiming at verifying whetherthe cycles and wages have been impacting in a similar fashion. Thus, the results show that the two distinct subcategories demonstrate different sensitiveness, making room for the creationof different public policies. / A presente pesquisa buscou compreender o desemprego juvenil brasileiro no período 2003 - 2011. O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em verificar se os ciclos econômicos e as mudanças no salário-mínimo afetam o desemprego juvenil, controlado por variáveis socioeconômicas. Para dada análise utilizou-se os métodos de estimação painel linear e painel dinâmico, sendo consideradas as quatro entrevistas iniciais da base de dados da PME (Pesquisa Mensal de Empregos). Os resultados do estudo apontaram que a taxa de desemprego juvenil é afetada em nível pelos ciclos econômicos, salário e variáveis socioeconômicas, tais como proporção da força de trabalho não branca, carteira assinada e a região metropolitana que o indivíduo pertencia. No tocante ao caráter dinâmico, nota-se que o nível do desemprego juvenil passado e a variável de ciclo econômico são os principais fatores a afetarem a taxa de desemprego dos jovens. Vale ressaltar que a presente pesquisa dividiu o grupo juvenil em duas subcategorias, adolescentes e jovem-adulto , no intuito de verificar se ciclos e salários impactavam da mesma forma. Sendo assim, observou-se que as duas subcategorias apresentam sensibilidades distintas, dando espaço para escopos de políticas públicas diferenciados.

This thesis investigates to what extent coal prices differed globally during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and whether those differences mattered for economic development. The backbone of my empirical investigation is a new dataset of annual coal prices spanning the years 1840 to 1960 for, on average, over 30 globally distributed ports. This dataset is complemented by pithead prices for all major coal-producing countries. My analysis includes all major steam coals and I eliminate quality differences by accounting for differences in their carbon content. I construct my argument by examining two major drivers of differences in coal prices. First, I examine trade costs for Welsh steam coals, which were shipped to most regions of the world. Secondly, I estimate the effect of the spread of coal mining, for example to India, on local coal prices by initating competition between coals from different origins. While trade costs declined most during the late nineteenth century, the spread of coal mining led to continued price convergence in the interwar period. And yet, global coal price differences remained significant, especially between producing and importing countries. Arguably, my most interesting finding is on the effect of those coal price differences. More specifically, I calculate the ratio of coal prices to wages, and explore whether countries where this ratio was closer to the British ratio were in the best position to use the most advanced steam technology. My econometric results indeed show that countries with a low coal price/wage ratio experienced higher manufacturing output growth during the period 1870 to 1940. This finding of my thesis highlights one potential way in which different levels of coal prices may have contributed to varying degrees of technology adoption between countries and ultimately economic growth.

The thesis is entitled "The Reward System in the Selected Organization." This work is focused on managing human resources, the use and promotion of motivational methods and tools in the compensation and evaluation systems in the Czech Savings Bank Corp., U Cerne Veze 1, Ceske Budejovice. The objective of this work lies in the analysis of the reward system and incentive factors and their practical applications within the Czech Savings Bank Corporation and the development of ideas for change (modification) in individual components of the reward system. Based on the survey related to the compensation system and motivation of staff in the Czech Savings Bank, proposals were made for the change of compensation, recognition and evaluation systems, which are part of this work.