Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) and their layer-stacked 2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are classes of structurally defined crystalline polymeric materials with exotic physical and chemical properties. Yet, synthesizing 2DP and 2D COF single crystals via irreversible reactions remains challenging. Here we report the synthesis of charged 2DP (C2DP) single crystals through an irreversible Katritzky reaction, under pH control, on a water surface. The periodically ordered 2DPs comprise aromatic pyridinium cations and counter BF4− anions. The C2DP crystals, which are composed of linked porphyrin and pyrylium monomers (C2DP-Por), have a tunable thickness of 2–30 nm and a lateral domain size up to 120 μm2. Single crystals with a square lattice (a = b = 30.5 Å) are resolved by imaging and diffraction methods with near-atomic precision. Furthermore, the integration of C2DP-Por crystals in an osmotic power generator device shows an excellent chloride ion selectivity with a coefficient value reaching ~0.9 and an output power density of 4 W m−2, superior to those of graphene and boron nitride.

A gestão de recursos hídricos tornou-se cada vez mais complexa devido ao rápido crescimento sócio-econômico e as mudanças ambientais nas bacias hidrográficas nas últimas décadas. Modelos computacionais são importantes ferramentas de suporte na gestão de recursos hídricos e tomada de decisões devido a sua funcionalidade, provendo informações importantes sobre os principais processos físicos, químicos e biológicos, e permitindo melhorar o entendimento desses processos, os quais ocorrem em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. Na presente tese, o objetivo foi compreender o funcionamento hidrológico do sistema integrado bacia hidrográfica - lagoa, e os efeitos na hidrodinâmica do lago, utilizando como suporte o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica - hidrodinâmica, e o uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para o monitoramento de parâmetros de qualidade da água (e.g., clorofilaa, temperatura da superfície d’água e níveis da água). A área de estudo é a bacia hidrográfica da Lagoa Mirim, localizada no sul do Brasil, possuindo uma área total de 58.000 km2 (56% no Uruguai e o restante no Brasil). Foram propostos e testados modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a emumlago raso subtropical, baseados em imagens do sensor MODIS e técnicas estatísticas. Além disso, foi desenvolvido e avaliado o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala e o sensoriamento remoto. O modelo hidrológico distribuído de grande escala MGBIPH acoplado com o modelo hidrodinâmico IPH-ECO foi utilizado para simular a bacia hidrográfica e os principais componentes hidrodinâmicos da Lagoa Mirim. O modelo mostrou bom desempenho quando comparado com observações de vazões, além de dados provenientes de sensoriamento remoto, através de altimetria espacial. As simulações mostraram importantes aspectos sobre a estrutura de fluxo, campos de velocidade e níveis d’água na lagoa, assim como a influência de grandes rios, forçantes externas como o vento (intensidade e direção) e o impacto do estressor antrópico (retiradas para irrigação) no sistema. As simulações permitiram avaliar aspectos relacionados com as variações espaciais e temporais (diurna, mensal, sazonal e inter-anual) da temperatura da superfície da água, a dinâmica dos fluxos de calor (sensível e latente) e os efeitos de eventos meteorológicos de pequena escala como frentes frias, os quais têm um impacto significativo sobre a temperatura superficial da água e os fluxos de calor na lagoa. Quanto aos modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a a partir do MODIS, os resultados mostram que um simples e eficiente modelo desenvolvido a partir de análise de regressão múltipla, apresentou ligeiras vantagens sobre os modelos de redes neurais artificiais, modelos multiplicativos não paramétricos e modelos empíricos (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI e O14a) usualmente utilizados na estimativa de Chl-a em ambientes aquáticos. Resultados também indicam que é inapropriado generalizar um único modelo desenvolvido a partir do conjunto total de dados, para estimar concentrações de Chl-a na lagoa, o que corrobora a heterogeneidade espacial na distribuição de Chl-a e as diferenças entre regiões (litoral e pelágica). A modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala apoiada por informação de sensoriamento remoto, mostrou ser uma abordagem promissora para o entendimento da estrutura e funcionamento de lagoas rasas de grande porte e longo prazo, úteis para a gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos. / The last decade, the water resource management is being complex due to the rapid socioeconomic development and environmental changes in river basins. Computations models are important support tools in water resource management and make decision providing important information and allowing a better comprehension of the physical, chemical and biologic processes, which occur in di erent temporal/spatial scales. In this thesis, the objective was to understand the hydrological functioning of the integrated basin- lake system and its e ects on hydrodynamics, using hydrodynamic - hydrodynamic modeling and water quality monitoring (e.g., chlorophyll-a, water surface temperature and water levels) from remote sensing techniques. The study area is the Lake Mirim basin, located between Brazil and Uruguay (basin total area 58.000 km2). Empirical models were proposed and tested to chlorophyll-a estimation in a shallow subtropical lake, based on MODIS imagery and statistics techniques. In addition, we developed and assessed the coupling of large scale hydrological/hydrodynamic modeling and remote sensing techniques. The large-scale distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH coupled with the hydrodynamic model IPHECO were used to simulate the river basin and the hydrodynamic components of the Lake Mirim. The coupled model showed good performance when compared to in-situ measurements and satellite altimetry data. The simulations showed important aspects relate to flow structure, velocity fields and lake water levels, as well as the influence of large rivers, external forcing as such the wind (intensity and direction), and the impact of anthropogenic stressors (irrigation withdrawals) in the system. The simulations allowed assessing the spatial and temporal variations (diurnal, monthly, seasonal and inter-annual) in the water surface temperature, heat fluxes dynamics (sensible and latent) and the e ects of short time-scale events, as such cold fronts passages over the lake, which cause strong impacts on the water surface temperature and heat fluxes in the lake. Regarding the empirical models developed to chlorophyll-a estimation from MODIS imagery, the results showed that a simple and e cient model developed from multiple regression analysis, performed best in comparison with artificial neural network models, non-parametric multiplicative models, and empirical models (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI and O14a) common used in the Chl-a estimation in aquatics environments. Results also indicated that is inappropriate to generalize a single model developed from the total datasets to estimates Chl-a in the lake, which corroborates the spatial heterogeneity (Chl-a distribution) and the di erences among regions (littoral and pelagic). The synergy between large-scale hydrological-hydrodynamic modeling, in situ measurements and remote sensing techniques provided a promising approach to improve the comprehension of the structure and ecosystem functioning of large shallow lakes in long-term time scale, useful to water resources management.

This thesis analyzed the new parameter hydrodynamic demand representing the damage of tsunami waves on structures and coastlines,maximum positive amplitudes and current velocities occurred during tsunami inundation by using the numerical model TUNAMI-N2. Regular shaped basins were used with two different bottom slopes in analyses in order to understand the behaviour of tsunami wave and investigate the change of important tsunami parameters along different slopes during tsunami inundation. In application, different initial conditions were used for wave profiles such as solitary wave, leading elevation single sinusoidal wave and leading depression sinusoidal wave. Three different initial wave amplitudes were used in order to test the change of distribution of the hydrodynamic demand. The numerical results were compared and discussed with each other and with the results of existing analytical and experimental studies.

This study analyzes the parameter &ldquo / hydrodynamic demand&rdquo / that is also defined by the square of Froude Number representing the damage of tsunami waves on structures and coastlines, and other hydrodynamic parameters, i.e., the distribution of instantaneous flow depths, runup values and the direction of maximum currents, occurred during tsunami inundation by using advanced numerical modeling. The analyses are performed on regular-shaped basins with different bottom slopes and real-shaped topographies using different wave shapes, wave periods and types. Various orientation and amount of coastal and land structures are used in simulations to have results for many different cases. This study provides the opportunity to define the damage of level in residential areas and to test the performance of coastal protection structures. The behavior of tsunami hydrodynamic parameters in shallow and inundation zone is investigated and a correlation is obtained between the average maximum values of square of Froude Number with the wave characteristics and sea bottom slope. After determining hydrodynamic parameters in regular shaped basins, a case study is applied by modeling the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami with finer resolution in nested domains. The determination of hydrodynamic parameters in inundation zone during 2011 Japan event is performed in one of the most damaged coastal city Kamaishi.

Η μελέτη ενός πειράματος μικρής πιλοτικής κλίμακας, με δύο παράλληλα συστήματα ρηχών λεκανών (ύψους 0.35m), η μία λεκάνη με φύτευση του είδους Typha Latifolia και η άλλη χωρίς φύτευση, διεξάχθηκε για τον σχεδιασμό ελεύθερης επιφανειακής ροής (FWS) τεχνητού υγροτόπου. Οι δύο λεκάνες τροφοδοτήθηκαν με πραγματικά αστικά λύματα όπου οι χρόνοι παραμονής κυμάνθηκαν από 27,6 έως 38,0 ημέρες. Η μεταβολή του όγκου κάθε λεκάνης παρακολουθήθηκε για 2 συνεχή έτη και ταυτόχρονα υπολογίστηκαν οι ρυθμοί βροχόπτωσης και εξάτμισης. Η διαφορά του όγκου μεταξύ των δύο λεκανών οφειλόταν στην πρόσληψη νερού από τα φυτά, η οποία συγκρίθηκε με τις προβλέψεις της εξατμισοδιαπνοής παρόμοιων φυτών με την χρήση του υπολογιστικού προγράμματος REF-ET. Η συγκομιδή των φυτών πραγματοποιήθηκε τρείς φορές στην διάρκεια του 1ου έτους του πειράματος, ώστε να εκτιμηθεί ο ρυθμός πρόσληψης αζώτου από τα φυτά. Η σημαντικότερη διαφορά των δύο συστημάτων ήταν η αφαίρεση νερού μέσω της εξατμισοδιαπνοής των φυτών. Η πιλοτική μονάδα λειτούργησε έτσι ώστε να επιτευχθεί και απομάκρυνση της οργανικής ύλης (BOD5) και του ολικού αζώτου (TN) από τα λύματα. Ο σχεδιασμός της διευκόλυνε την ανάπτυξη ενός μαθηματικού μοντέλου, ακολουθώντας το πλαίσιο του μοντέλου της ενεργής ιλύος (ASM). Αρχικά το μαθηματικό μοντέλο αναπτύχθηκε για τις δύο λεκάνες με τις μικροβιακές διεργασίες που επικράτησαν στο εσωτερικό τους, ώστε να περιγραφεί πλήρως η συμπεριφορά τους. Η προσομοίωση και η εκτίμηση των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου επιτεύχθηκε με την χρήση του υπολογιστικού περιβάλλοντος του AQUASIM. Οι κύριες διεργασίες που ελήφθησαν υπόψη για την μοντελοποίηση ήταν η αμμωνιοποίηση, η αερόβια ετεροτροφική ανάπτυξη, η νιτροποίηση και η ανάπτυξη φυκών. Μια ισχυρή εποχική εξάρτηση παρατηρήθηκε για την συμπεριφορά κάθε λεκάνης όταν το μοντέλο εφαρμόστηκε για το 1ο έτος του πειράματος. Αυτό το μοντέλο επαληθεύτηκε ικανοποιητικά με τα πειραματικά δεδομένα του 2ου έτους. Η παρατηρούμενη μέση ετήσια απόδοση απομάκρυνσης του BOD5 και του TN ήταν 60% και 69%, αντίστοιχα για την λεκάνη χωρίς φυτά και 83% και 75%, αντίστοιχα για την λεκάνη με φυτά. Το μοντέλο προέβλεψε μέση ετήσια απόδοση απομάκρυνσης 82% για το BOD5 και 65% για το TN στην λεκάνη με φυτά, ικανοποιώντας τα κριτήρια για τον σχεδιασμό πλήρους κλίμακας τεχνητού υγροτόπου . Η ικανότητα του μοντέλου να προβλέπει όχι μόνο την απομάκρυνση της οργανικής ύλης αλλά και του ολικού αζώτου, θεωρήθηκε επαρκής όταν δοκιμάστηκε με έναν ελεύθερης επιφανειακής ροής τεχνητό υγρότοπο με 400 ισοδύναμο πληθυσμό, με μοναδική τροποποίηση τον συνυπολογισμό του περιορισμού του οξυγόνου στον ρυθμό της διεργασίας της νιτροποίησης. Επομένως, το δυναμικό μοντέλο διαμορφώθηκε με την ενσωμάτωση της πρόβλεψης του ρυθμού της εξατμισοδιαπνοής των φυτών και χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τον σχεδιασμό περίπτωσης μελέτης τεχνητού υγροτόπου πλήρους κλίμακας. Τα στοιχεία που απαιτούνται για αυτό τον σχεδιασμό περιλάμβαναν την παροχή εισόδου και κλιματολογικά στοιχεία (θερμοκρασίας και βροχόπτωσης) για την περιοχή του σχεδιασμού, καθώς και οι απαιτήσεις της ποιότητας εκροής. Η περίπτωση μελέτης για 4000 ισοδύναμο πληθυσμό όπου η ποιότητα εκροής ήταν σε μέσες ετήσιες τιμές BOD5=25mg/L και TN=15mg/L, χρειάστηκε μία συνολική επιφάνεια υγροτόπου 11 εκταρίων. Εάν χρησιμοποιηθούν δύο λεκάνες σε σειρά, η 1η με φυτά και η 2η χωρίς, τότε η συνολική επιφάνεια μειώνεται κατά περίπου 27%, ελέγχοντας μόνο την αρχική μέγιστη φύτευση της πρώτης λεκάνης του υγροτόπου. / The study at pilot-scale of two parallel systems with shallow basins (height h=0.35m), one planted with Typha Latiofolia and the other without vegetation, was conducted for the modeling of free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems. The basins were fed with real sewage at retention times ranging from 27.6 to 38.0 days. The variation of the volume in each basin was monitored for two consecutive years and simultaneously, rainfall and evaporation rates were calculated. The difference of the volume between the basins was due to the water absorption by the plants and was compared with the predictions of evapotranspiration rates of similar plants using the REF-ET calculation software. The harvesting of the plants was performed three times during the first year, in order to estimate the nitrogen uptake by the plants. The main difference in the two systems was the water removal through plant evapotranspiration. The pilot unit was operated so as to achieve the removal of both organic matter (BOD5) and total nitrogen (TN) from the sewage. Its design enabled the development of a mathematical model, following the framework of the activated sludge model (ASM). The simulation and the parameter estimation were achieved using the AQUASIM framework. The mathematical model describes the microbial processes, which dominated within the basins describing satisfactorily their behavior. The key processes accounted for in the modeling were ammonification, aerobic heterotrophic growth, nitrification and algal growth. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for each basin. The model was satisfactorily validated with the data of the second year. An observed average annual removal efficiency of BOD5 and TN were 60% and 69%, respectively for the basin without plants and 83% and 75%, respectively for the basin with plants. The model predicted average annual removal efficiency 82% for BOD5 and 65% for TN in the basin with plants, satisfying the design criteria of a full-scale constructed wetland. The ability of the model to predict not only the removal of organic matter but also total nitrogen removal, was considered sufficient as tested with a real free water surface constructed wetland of 400 population equivalent, with the sole modification being the inclusion of oxygen limitation in the nitrification rate. The dynamic model was amended with the direct incorporation of the plant evapotranspiration rate and it was used to design a full-scale constructed wetland. The required elements for this design included the inflow rate and climatic data (temperature and rainfall) for the design region, as well as the effluent quality requirements. In the case study of 4000 population equivalent, the effluent quality requirement was: average annual values for BOD5=25mg/L and for TN=15mg/L. The model was used to determine a total wetland surface requirement of 11ha. If two sequential basins are used, the first with plants and the second without, then the total wetland surface could be reduced by approximately 27%, controlling only the maximum initial vegetation in the first wetland basin.

This diploma thesis deals with finding the minimal countercurrent distance of the water surface sensors used in practice for use with a V-notch weir. The thesis complements the previously obtained results of measurements in the longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry of the inlet channel with measurements on the whole countercurrently located plane of the inlet channel. The measurements are obtained experimentally in the water management research laboratory at the Department of the Water Structures Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno. Measurements on each individual weir with top angle cutouts of 90°, 53°8´ and 28°4´ are taken at five possible positions of the sensor towards the plane of the measuring weir. All measurements are also repeated for three different vertical distances between the lowest level of the spillway edge and the bottom of the inlet channel. The obtained data are evaluated and subsequently the minimal distances for the location of the water surface sensor in front of a counter weir is determined. The thesis also includes recommendations for practical application presented in the form of text, tables and also graphically.

A gestão de recursos hídricos tornou-se cada vez mais complexa devido ao rápido crescimento sócio-econômico e as mudanças ambientais nas bacias hidrográficas nas últimas décadas. Modelos computacionais são importantes ferramentas de suporte na gestão de recursos hídricos e tomada de decisões devido a sua funcionalidade, provendo informações importantes sobre os principais processos físicos, químicos e biológicos, e permitindo melhorar o entendimento desses processos, os quais ocorrem em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. Na presente tese, o objetivo foi compreender o funcionamento hidrológico do sistema integrado bacia hidrográfica - lagoa, e os efeitos na hidrodinâmica do lago, utilizando como suporte o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica - hidrodinâmica, e o uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para o monitoramento de parâmetros de qualidade da água (e.g., clorofilaa, temperatura da superfície d’água e níveis da água). A área de estudo é a bacia hidrográfica da Lagoa Mirim, localizada no sul do Brasil, possuindo uma área total de 58.000 km2 (56% no Uruguai e o restante no Brasil). Foram propostos e testados modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a emumlago raso subtropical, baseados em imagens do sensor MODIS e técnicas estatísticas. Além disso, foi desenvolvido e avaliado o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala e o sensoriamento remoto. O modelo hidrológico distribuído de grande escala MGBIPH acoplado com o modelo hidrodinâmico IPH-ECO foi utilizado para simular a bacia hidrográfica e os principais componentes hidrodinâmicos da Lagoa Mirim. O modelo mostrou bom desempenho quando comparado com observações de vazões, além de dados provenientes de sensoriamento remoto, através de altimetria espacial. As simulações mostraram importantes aspectos sobre a estrutura de fluxo, campos de velocidade e níveis d’água na lagoa, assim como a influência de grandes rios, forçantes externas como o vento (intensidade e direção) e o impacto do estressor antrópico (retiradas para irrigação) no sistema. As simulações permitiram avaliar aspectos relacionados com as variações espaciais e temporais (diurna, mensal, sazonal e inter-anual) da temperatura da superfície da água, a dinâmica dos fluxos de calor (sensível e latente) e os efeitos de eventos meteorológicos de pequena escala como frentes frias, os quais têm um impacto significativo sobre a temperatura superficial da água e os fluxos de calor na lagoa. Quanto aos modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a a partir do MODIS, os resultados mostram que um simples e eficiente modelo desenvolvido a partir de análise de regressão múltipla, apresentou ligeiras vantagens sobre os modelos de redes neurais artificiais, modelos multiplicativos não paramétricos e modelos empíricos (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI e O14a) usualmente utilizados na estimativa de Chl-a em ambientes aquáticos. Resultados também indicam que é inapropriado generalizar um único modelo desenvolvido a partir do conjunto total de dados, para estimar concentrações de Chl-a na lagoa, o que corrobora a heterogeneidade espacial na distribuição de Chl-a e as diferenças entre regiões (litoral e pelágica). A modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala apoiada por informação de sensoriamento remoto, mostrou ser uma abordagem promissora para o entendimento da estrutura e funcionamento de lagoas rasas de grande porte e longo prazo, úteis para a gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos. / The last decade, the water resource management is being complex due to the rapid socioeconomic development and environmental changes in river basins. Computations models are important support tools in water resource management and make decision providing important information and allowing a better comprehension of the physical, chemical and biologic processes, which occur in di erent temporal/spatial scales. In this thesis, the objective was to understand the hydrological functioning of the integrated basin- lake system and its e ects on hydrodynamics, using hydrodynamic - hydrodynamic modeling and water quality monitoring (e.g., chlorophyll-a, water surface temperature and water levels) from remote sensing techniques. The study area is the Lake Mirim basin, located between Brazil and Uruguay (basin total area 58.000 km2). Empirical models were proposed and tested to chlorophyll-a estimation in a shallow subtropical lake, based on MODIS imagery and statistics techniques. In addition, we developed and assessed the coupling of large scale hydrological/hydrodynamic modeling and remote sensing techniques. The large-scale distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH coupled with the hydrodynamic model IPHECO were used to simulate the river basin and the hydrodynamic components of the Lake Mirim. The coupled model showed good performance when compared to in-situ measurements and satellite altimetry data. The simulations showed important aspects relate to flow structure, velocity fields and lake water levels, as well as the influence of large rivers, external forcing as such the wind (intensity and direction), and the impact of anthropogenic stressors (irrigation withdrawals) in the system. The simulations allowed assessing the spatial and temporal variations (diurnal, monthly, seasonal and inter-annual) in the water surface temperature, heat fluxes dynamics (sensible and latent) and the e ects of short time-scale events, as such cold fronts passages over the lake, which cause strong impacts on the water surface temperature and heat fluxes in the lake. Regarding the empirical models developed to chlorophyll-a estimation from MODIS imagery, the results showed that a simple and e cient model developed from multiple regression analysis, performed best in comparison with artificial neural network models, non-parametric multiplicative models, and empirical models (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI and O14a) common used in the Chl-a estimation in aquatics environments. Results also indicated that is inappropriate to generalize a single model developed from the total datasets to estimates Chl-a in the lake, which corroborates the spatial heterogeneity (Chl-a distribution) and the di erences among regions (littoral and pelagic). The synergy between large-scale hydrological-hydrodynamic modeling, in situ measurements and remote sensing techniques provided a promising approach to improve the comprehension of the structure and ecosystem functioning of large shallow lakes in long-term time scale, useful to water resources management.

A gestão de recursos hídricos tornou-se cada vez mais complexa devido ao rápido crescimento sócio-econômico e as mudanças ambientais nas bacias hidrográficas nas últimas décadas. Modelos computacionais são importantes ferramentas de suporte na gestão de recursos hídricos e tomada de decisões devido a sua funcionalidade, provendo informações importantes sobre os principais processos físicos, químicos e biológicos, e permitindo melhorar o entendimento desses processos, os quais ocorrem em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. Na presente tese, o objetivo foi compreender o funcionamento hidrológico do sistema integrado bacia hidrográfica - lagoa, e os efeitos na hidrodinâmica do lago, utilizando como suporte o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica - hidrodinâmica, e o uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para o monitoramento de parâmetros de qualidade da água (e.g., clorofilaa, temperatura da superfície d’água e níveis da água). A área de estudo é a bacia hidrográfica da Lagoa Mirim, localizada no sul do Brasil, possuindo uma área total de 58.000 km2 (56% no Uruguai e o restante no Brasil). Foram propostos e testados modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a emumlago raso subtropical, baseados em imagens do sensor MODIS e técnicas estatísticas. Além disso, foi desenvolvido e avaliado o acoplamento da modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala e o sensoriamento remoto. O modelo hidrológico distribuído de grande escala MGBIPH acoplado com o modelo hidrodinâmico IPH-ECO foi utilizado para simular a bacia hidrográfica e os principais componentes hidrodinâmicos da Lagoa Mirim. O modelo mostrou bom desempenho quando comparado com observações de vazões, além de dados provenientes de sensoriamento remoto, através de altimetria espacial. As simulações mostraram importantes aspectos sobre a estrutura de fluxo, campos de velocidade e níveis d’água na lagoa, assim como a influência de grandes rios, forçantes externas como o vento (intensidade e direção) e o impacto do estressor antrópico (retiradas para irrigação) no sistema. As simulações permitiram avaliar aspectos relacionados com as variações espaciais e temporais (diurna, mensal, sazonal e inter-anual) da temperatura da superfície da água, a dinâmica dos fluxos de calor (sensível e latente) e os efeitos de eventos meteorológicos de pequena escala como frentes frias, os quais têm um impacto significativo sobre a temperatura superficial da água e os fluxos de calor na lagoa. Quanto aos modelos empíricos para estimativa de clorofila-a a partir do MODIS, os resultados mostram que um simples e eficiente modelo desenvolvido a partir de análise de regressão múltipla, apresentou ligeiras vantagens sobre os modelos de redes neurais artificiais, modelos multiplicativos não paramétricos e modelos empíricos (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI e O14a) usualmente utilizados na estimativa de Chl-a em ambientes aquáticos. Resultados também indicam que é inapropriado generalizar um único modelo desenvolvido a partir do conjunto total de dados, para estimar concentrações de Chl-a na lagoa, o que corrobora a heterogeneidade espacial na distribuição de Chl-a e as diferenças entre regiões (litoral e pelágica). A modelagem hidrológica-hidrodinâmica de grande escala apoiada por informação de sensoriamento remoto, mostrou ser uma abordagem promissora para o entendimento da estrutura e funcionamento de lagoas rasas de grande porte e longo prazo, úteis para a gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos. / The last decade, the water resource management is being complex due to the rapid socioeconomic development and environmental changes in river basins. Computations models are important support tools in water resource management and make decision providing important information and allowing a better comprehension of the physical, chemical and biologic processes, which occur in di erent temporal/spatial scales. In this thesis, the objective was to understand the hydrological functioning of the integrated basin- lake system and its e ects on hydrodynamics, using hydrodynamic - hydrodynamic modeling and water quality monitoring (e.g., chlorophyll-a, water surface temperature and water levels) from remote sensing techniques. The study area is the Lake Mirim basin, located between Brazil and Uruguay (basin total area 58.000 km2). Empirical models were proposed and tested to chlorophyll-a estimation in a shallow subtropical lake, based on MODIS imagery and statistics techniques. In addition, we developed and assessed the coupling of large scale hydrological/hydrodynamic modeling and remote sensing techniques. The large-scale distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH coupled with the hydrodynamic model IPHECO were used to simulate the river basin and the hydrodynamic components of the Lake Mirim. The coupled model showed good performance when compared to in-situ measurements and satellite altimetry data. The simulations showed important aspects relate to flow structure, velocity fields and lake water levels, as well as the influence of large rivers, external forcing as such the wind (intensity and direction), and the impact of anthropogenic stressors (irrigation withdrawals) in the system. The simulations allowed assessing the spatial and temporal variations (diurnal, monthly, seasonal and inter-annual) in the water surface temperature, heat fluxes dynamics (sensible and latent) and the e ects of short time-scale events, as such cold fronts passages over the lake, which cause strong impacts on the water surface temperature and heat fluxes in the lake. Regarding the empirical models developed to chlorophyll-a estimation from MODIS imagery, the results showed that a simple and e cient model developed from multiple regression analysis, performed best in comparison with artificial neural network models, non-parametric multiplicative models, and empirical models (e.g., Appel, Kahru, FAI and O14a) common used in the Chl-a estimation in aquatics environments. Results also indicated that is inappropriate to generalize a single model developed from the total datasets to estimates Chl-a in the lake, which corroborates the spatial heterogeneity (Chl-a distribution) and the di erences among regions (littoral and pelagic). The synergy between large-scale hydrological-hydrodynamic modeling, in situ measurements and remote sensing techniques provided a promising approach to improve the comprehension of the structure and ecosystem functioning of large shallow lakes in long-term time scale, useful to water resources management.

The thesis is focused on determining the energy flows and the creation of an internal microclimate swimming pool halls. It describes the problems of design, the potential risks associated with the use of pools and thermodynamic processes heat and mass transfer. For this purpose was developed simulation program, which examines the behavior of heat and humidity in the room depending on external factors. The room can be simulated for any time period and geographic location. The outputs of the simulation are heat and mass balance, which will be covered air condition units. Three variants were designed and optimized solutions comparing claims on their operations. The experimental part is focused on the evaporation of the water. Measurement examines dependence of the speed of evaporation of water at different boundary conditions. Was investigated temperature dependence of water, temperature and relative humidity and air velocity above the water surface.

The thesis is concerned with an appraisal of capacity of channel and design of suitable measures for environmental protection. Solved segment is located in the channel of Český potok in RK 0,000 – 6,366. The channel is flowing through villages of Čelechovice na Hané, Smržice a Držovice in solved segment. Within own solution the locality was divided into three partial sections, which is enabling clearer description of the proposed measures. Flood measures are proposed in several variants for each partial section. Calculations of flow capacity and water surface for the selected N-year flows were performed by using the program of HEC - RAS 4.1.0. Proposed solutions to flood measures are processed in the drawings documentation.