Colonial discourse has typically defined and limited understandings of Aboriginal history. By analyzing the educational, housing and employment issues found in the fieldnotes compiled during the research of Harry Hawthorn’s 1958 report, The Indians of British Columbia: A Study of Contemporary Social Adjustment, this work attempts to sidestep some of the binaries inherent in colonial discourse and uncover perspectives that have commonly been overlooked. It does this by adopting Émile Durkheim’s analytical lens of anomie. But whereas standard anthropological and sociological models of anomie used to understand social dysfunction within Aboriginal communities have been limited by a superficial understanding of the factors that lead to social disintegration as societies transition from mechanical or organic organization, this study uses an alternate definition of anomie (informed by Robert Merton’s conception of goals and means) to challenge common historical understandings of Aboriginal people’s relations to education, housing, and steady employment. Contrary to lingering stereotypes and common portrayals in historical scholarship, the analytical lens of anomie allows us to appreciate that Aboriginal people placed a great deal of importance on education, desired and invested considerable resources to improve their housing conditions, and wished for steady employment and the security and predictability it offered. The fact that these goals were often not realized is attributed in part to the limited means Aboriginal people had available to them. Higher levels of education were difficult to attain because schools were insufficiently resourced and difficult to access, and attempts to improve homes were often stymied by lack of materials and an income to pay for them. Finding steady employment in the 1950s was especially difficult for people restricted to fishing, logging, ranching or trapping, as primary industries, already undependable by their very nature, underwent technological changes and consolidation that made them even less accessible to Aboriginal people. The more critical factor in limiting the achievement of goals, however, may have been the government’s role, as explained by Durkheim in The Division of Labor In Society. Durkheim argued that solidarity could be compromised as societies transitioned from mechanical to organic organization if certain criteria were not met. Such a scenario would most likely be brought about by inappropriate state regulation, which Durkheim characterized as the over-extension of regulation, constraint and inconsistency. Each of these factors was clearly visible on Aboriginal reserves in the 1950s as the Department of Indian Affairs and its Indian Agents attempted to control minute aspects of people’s lives, prevented them from taking an appropriate role in governing their own communities, and failed to create and carry out consistent policies. In the end, Durkheim’s understanding of state regulation opens an avenue of enquiry that enables us to challenge the notion that Aboriginal people were unable to transition from traditional to modern life, and allows us to appreciate the fuller significance of the state’s failure to enable effective governance for Aboriginal people.

This thesis employed secondary analysis of data compiled by the National Opinion Research Center. The sample consisted of 1,530 respondents which were selected by full probability sampling techniques from the universe of the total non-institutionalized English speaking population of the continental United States, eighteen years of age or older.In order to research sex-role attitudes two dependent variables were chosen, FEFAM and FEPRESCH. On the FEFAM questions respondents were asked to agree or disagree with the statement "It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family." On the FEPRESCH item respondents were asked to agree or disagree with the statement "A preschool child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works." Two models were created one with selected characteristics for the total sample, the other with selected characteristics for the total sample, the other with selected characteristics for women only. The log-linear technique was employed to estimate these models. Through the use of this statistical procedure the magnitude and the nature of the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables was calculated.

A model of education known as the Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) (Lohmeier 2005) proposes that, for blind students, the inability to learn visually severely curtails learning opportunities. A program of instruction must teach skills and knowledge traditionally learned by visual observation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the ECC and social capital (Lareau and Weininger 2003) and to discover whether visually impaired individuals who have received an education based on the majority of the elements from the ECC demonstrate greater ability to acquire social capital than visually impaired individuals who have received a more traditional education based on the core curriculum. The data collected established the subjects’ level of social capital; the nature of their education (Core vs. ECC); the link if any between social capital and their educational experience; and the degree of social integration including upward career mobility. Findings included: • Those subjects who reported involvement in non-work related activities perceived a positive employment relationship, indicating high social capital. • Education based on the ECC was limited, as demonstrated by subjects’ limited career development. • Subjects made good use of tacit knowledge, even though the education received was not based on the ECC. • All subjects described their social relationships at work in functional rather than sociological terms. Subjects who described limited social activities with co-workers away from the workplace appeared to have limited social lives generally. The study’s conclusions are that formal instruction in soft skills and knowledge of the organization’s culture, as well as orientation to workplace culture, are critical to the development of a high-quality employment relationship. Initiatives to compensate for the inability of visually impaired persons to acquire this information coincidentally would help others who experience challenges in their efforts to acquire social capital

Little research has focused on the diversity of experiences and outcomes faced by young rural single mothers in achieving their work and educational aspirations. The focus of this study was the stories of these young mothers as understood and voiced by the women themselves. Six participants residing in a rural community on the west coast of Vancouver Island were interviewed using a narrative interview in conjunction with Possible Selves Mapping. Individual interview themes were identified for each participant. Common categories that were identified included work, education, supports, money, becoming a mother, living in a small town, and concerns about violence. The findings indicated that despite the challenges they face, young rural mothers are motivated to better their lives for themselves and their children. Implications for future research and counselling practice are provided.

No description available.

This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the small firm sector’s role in bringing about employment growth at the community level. The study begins by focusing on the new prominence of the small firm and the reasons for this. Part of this new prominence relates to the apparent ability of the small firm sector to generate a disproportionately large number of jobs when compared to the large firm sector. This ability has in turn led to speculation that small firms could play an important role in regional development. However, the literature reporting on small firms and the literature reporting on changes in the economy send mixed signals with respect to the potential of the small firm sector as an instrument of regional development. As a result, it is relevant to ask whether small firms can lead recovery in communities recently depleted by above average employment losses. In seeking an answer to this question the research focuses on Great Britain. There are several reasons for this choice. First, since the 1980s many researchers in Great Britain have studied the small firm sector; as a result, there is a substantial knowledge base including a sound understanding of the environmental factors that influence rates of new firm formation. Second, Great Britain has simultaneously experienced both growth and decline as its regional economies exhibit substantial variation; consequently, issues of regional development are important there. Third, during the 1980s the new prominence of the small firm received a considerable boost from promotion of the enterprise culture by successive Thatcher governments. Fourth, Great Britain’s small firm sector exhibited exceptional growth over the 1980s when the population of VAT registered firms increased substantially. Therefore the British experience should be an important indicator , of the potential of the small firm sector to lead recovery. Using the NOMIS data base and other sources, each community in Great Britain was classified as occupying an environment that was either most conducive, least conducive or indeterminate with respect to its influence on the rate of new firm formation. It was then shown that the majority of depleted communities in Great Britain occupied environments that were among the least conducive to new firm formation. Consequently, for the majority of Britain’s depleted communities, small firm led recovery would require a robust small firm sector that was capable of overcoming the limitations imposed by unfavorable environmental conditions. The research also showed that in recovering communities there was virtually no association between rates of firm formation and rates of net FTE employment change. This result strongly suggests that many recovering communities relied on other sources of employment change for their recoveries. An analysis of employment changes in recovering and non- recovering depleted communities revealed the very important role played by the manufacturing sector. In recovering communities the manufacturing sector acted as a "stabilizer" which made it possible for the contributions of new small firms to be observed. Together these findings suggest that in communities experiencing substantial losses m manufacturing employment, government policies which are intended to stimulate recovery by emphasizing entrepreneurship would be more effective if at least some resources were directed toward stabilizing employment in the manufacturing sector. In other words, even though new small firms created many new jobs, differences between depleted communities that recovered and depleted communities that did not recover are not well explained by variations in the number of jobs created by new small firms. Rather, the differences appear to be better accounted for by the abatement of manufacturing job losses in some communities (those that recovered) and the continuation of manufacturing job losses in others (those that did not recover)

No description available.

Rural Development Forestry (RDF) is being widely promoted in Scotland by both policy makers and pressure groups alike. The idea behind RDF is to recognise and respond to the needs and demands of local communities for forests and forest products. Despite publications and discussion regarding the relative merits of the adoption of an RDF-style of forest management, there is a lack of empirical studies on the subject. This study develops an appraisal technique to investigate forest benefits currently provided by forestry to local communities in Scotland. It examines the future benefits which these same local communities would like to see delivered by the forest and the level of participation in forest management and decision making which they would like, in order for this to be achieved. The appraisal was achieved through surveys, conducted at four different study sites throughout Scotland. The questionnaires utilised during the surveys explored the current benefits which individual respondents derive from their local forests and those delivered to the whole community. In most cases, these were benefits associated with recreational use or amenity values of the forests. For the majority of respondents the most important benefit for the forests to provide in the future is locally based employment. However, the recreational and amenity benefits are also afforded high priority for provision in the future. A contingent valuation survey was utilised to establish the level of demand for participation in forest management and decision-making by rural residents. The results demonstrate that although a number of respondents value the idea of being consulted and having some input into this process, the majority are not in favour of the community taking on responsibility for the forests. However, there is marked variation between the localities. The study highlights a number of implications for future forest policy, if RDF is to be carried forward. One of the most significant findings of the study is the heterogeneity within and between communities and thus the flexible approach which is required for the promotion of RDF.

No description available.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1984. / Bibliography: leaves [193]-197. / Microfiche. / x, 197 leaves, bound 29 cm