In this research, the short-period relationship between employment and real wages (i.e. average hourly wages divided by industrial product prices) has been analysed, using monthly data for total manufacturing and selected industries in Montreal, 1963 to 1982. In each case, trends for employment and for real wages are specified using econometric methods. For each variable the difference between its trend and actual values are calculated. Then, the two sets of residuals are graphically compared. If there is a quantitatively important negative short-period relationship between real wages and employment, the graphics should show it. / The findings are complex. A clear negative relationship is found only between 1973 and 1982, and not for all industries. Thus, the results do not strongly support the idea that there is a simple negative short-period relationship.

Recent literature finds that in OECD countries the cross- country correlation between the total fertility rate and the female labor force participation rate has changed from negative till the mid-1980s to positive afterwards. In sharp contrast, other studies show that this negative relationship continues to exist, however the magnitude of the effect is lower. In this paper I look at a panel of 23 OECD aggregate fertility and labor market data from 1965 – 2013 and account for country as well as year fixed effects. My findings document that there exists a negative relationship between fertility and female employment for the years 1965 – 1985, as there existed a high level of incompatibility between mother and worker roles at that time. After this time period no relationship between fertility and employment exists. The presence of a number of other country and year specific factors affects the level of labor force participation and fertility decisions of a woman. When accounted for, the cross-country time-series association between fertility and female employment seems to fade away and does not exist any longer after the mid-1980s.

This thesis explores the experiences of a group of women in Aotearoa/New Zealand who have been diagnosed with a psychiatric illness, with the aim of gaining some understanding about how they negotiate issues around diagnosis, recovery and resilience-development and employment. A qualitative methodology was used to encourage the women to relate their vocational and life experiences. Fifteen women, whose ages ranged from 17 to their late 60s, with a range of psychiatric diagnoses, were interviewed across ten months. One woman identified as having Māori ancestry and several identified as lesbian. Each interview, which was semi-structured, was transcribed and then verified by the women, and all data were analysed using thematic content analysis and symbolic interactionist and discourse/narrative analyses. Salient issues provided a focus for later interviews and generated theory. The thesis is organised according to major themes that were generated from the data: ‘Getting unwell and getting help,’ ‘Getting well’ and ‘Getting back to work.’ Within these broad themes, key ideas emerged around the women’s views on the difference between ‘madness’ and ‘mental illness’, the biological basis for mental distress, the impact of labelling, the importance of having a ‘literacy’ around psychiatric illness that helps foster agency, the importance of workplace accommodations and mentors in vocational settings, and the process of renegotiating vocational identity when one has a psychiatric illness. Data analysis revealed how participants make ‘sense’ of their psychiatric ill health and recovery/resilience-development experiences, create a vocational self-concept and view themselves as social beings in the current socio-political and cultural context of being New Zealanders. The women’s narratives exhibited negligible explicit gender role identification and the present research uncovered very little explicit data relevant to lesbian and bisexual women’s lives, apart from data on sexual identity disclosure. Rather the women spoke as members of a group that accepted Western diagnoses and used various strategies to reclaim what had been lost and grow new social and vocational roles. The thesis, therefore, provides a platform for understanding the experiences of women living with psychiatric illness in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It provides new information on service-users’ views of medical models of psychiatric illness and the efficacy of their alliances with mental health professionals. It also provides evidence of the needs women have for gaining and maintaining employment after diagnosis with psychiatric illness.

Background: Arthritis affects 53 million U.S. adults, more than two-thirds of whom are younger than age 65. Approximately 1/3 of working-age (18-64 years) U.S adults with arthritis report arthritis-attributable work limitation. Objectives: First, to take a population-based perspective to evaluate the association of arthritis with employment participation among U.S. adults. Next, to examine whether this association differs by sex, age, or other characteristics. Finally, to investigate effects of the Great Recession (December 2007 to June 2009) on employment and to determine if arthritis status moderated its effects. Methods: All three studies were conducted using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The third study also used longitudinal data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) linked to NHIS. Results: These manuscripts are under peer-review for publication; limited results are presented: Study 1- Employment participation was always statistically significantly and substantially lower (e.g., >10 percentage points) among adults with arthritis compared with those without arthritis. Study 2- Overall, 20.1 million adults (10.4% [95% CI=10.1-10.8] of the working-age population) reported work disability. Study 3- During the period of the Great Recession, people with arthritis stopped work at higher rates and started work at lower rates than those without arthritis, suggesting at least some differential effect among those with arthritis. Conclusion: This work contributes new knowledge by establishing long-term patterns and benchmark information for employment participation, work disability, transitions, and macro economic effects among adults with and without arthritis in the U.S. A population-based, non-condition-specific approach of this type has not been previously reported.

It is commonplace in wage determination models and, in general, in economic models as a whole, to treat the workers' outside option as given. The main purpose of the present work is to remove, in various ways, this assumption. The work is organized as follows. The first chapter is devoted to introducing the thesis topic and the related literature. The second chapter describes an economy in which the workers hired by a firm acquire without cost a firm-specific skill that enables them to potentially become independent producers. Thus, by modelling explicitly the workers' decision to stay or to leave the firm, a stable earning profile for the economy is characterized. Such a stable earning profile can allow for a workers' compensation higher than the basic neoclassical wage and for pay differentials across industries even for initially homogenous workers. The third chapter shows that the existence of a concrete outside option for firms' managers can induce, under specific circumstances, oligopolistic firms to adopt restrictive output practises. In particular, the conditions under which, in a Cournot oligopoly, existing firms behave more collusively than in a standard Cournot model, are carefully defined. The fourth chapter considers the problem of producer co-operatives' (PCs) stability. It shows that PCs' instability argued in the literature can fail to hold in very competitive and low barrier-to-entry markets in which, potentially, dismissed members have a chance to set up new firms. In the fifth and conclusive chapter a new concept of core-stability for n-cooperative games is introduced and applied both to the problem of cartel formation under oligopoly and to an economy with a public good. Such a solution concept, denoted o-core, assumes that when a coalition deviates from an agreement, it possesses a first-mover advantage with respect to all other players.

Japan is a country strongly associated with strong, long-term relationships, whether they be located within kin- groups, local communities or large industrial enterprises. Yet Japan also has a long tradition of people who have been excluded from these relationships, whether voluntarily (hermits, mendicant monks, etc.) or compulsorily (outcasts etc.). This thesis deals with a contemporary category of people who operate largely outside the certainties of long-term relationships: day labourers. Whereas Japanese industry has become famous for 'life-time employment', my subjects often work under contracts for just one day. Most of them are also excluded from family and mainstream community life, living singly in doya-gai -- small urban districts with cheap hotels which resemble the American skid-row. These districts center on a casual labour market (yoseba), divided between a formal sector (public casual labour exchanges) and an informal sector (jobs negotiated on the street with recruiters often affiliated with yakuza gangs). Fieldwork (1993-5) was conducted mainly in Kotobuki, the Yokohama doya-gai, with brief field-trips to similar districts in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kitakyushu and Fukuoka. Most of my informants were Japanese nationals, though Koreans and Filipinos are also briefly discussed. The thesis describes the lives and attitudes of day labourers, and the social organization of the very distinctive districts which they inhabit. Based on participant observation, backed up by historical analysis and cross-cultural comparison, the thesis considers the role of these 'men of uncertainty' in a society which craves certainty. In economic terms, that role is to enable the construction and longshoring industries to adjust to fluctuating demand and changing weather conditions while maintaining a stable core workforce. But day labourers, like other stigmatized minorities, have a parallel cultural role, as an "internal other" in the formation of mainstream Japanese people's identity.

The African country of Mozambique has been undertaking a remarkable development process within the past. However, this has not been translated into a significantly decreasing poverty–or unemployment rate. Especially amongst young, the unemployment rate is quite high. Due to a high annual population growth and large amount of jobseekers every year, the economy is not able to create a corresponding number of jobs. The focus of this study is therefore to achieve a broader understanding of employment possibilities young people have. To foster a vast image of this situation, sectors such as education, agriculture and politics will be examined. This thesis is based on a qualitative field study carried out in Ribáuè, a district located in Nampula province, in the northern part of Mozambique. During the fieldwork, an ethnographic approach with semi–structured interviews mainly on a local level has been used to gather information. The (dis)empowerment model by Friedmann along with Sen’scapability approach and Lewis’ dual-sector model were used to analyse the data and clarify the problems described above.The study shows that young people in Ribáuè district are aware that they cannot depend on the government and should rather start to generate income through entrepreneurship. As young people are less interested in agriculture, the most common business that they are doing is to buy and sell consumer goods. However, one of the main obstacles when it comes to starting-up a business is the financial means. Moreover, there seems to be a crucial mismatch between the demand of the labour market and the knowledge provided by the education sector. Taking this into consideration, this study also highlights the importance of governmental efforts to empower the young people in general, not only in entrepreneurship, but in order to prepare them in every aspect of their lives.

The attitudes of all Hoosier women (304) employed full-time in editorial (writing/managing) capacities on Indiana's seventy-eight dailies were determined through a mail questionnaire that queried demographics and five subject areas: job conditions, self-concept, upward mobility, male versus female situations, and effects of the women's movement.The researcher expected Hoosier women to feel discrimination against their chances for upward mobility and in their assignments and job conditions, as was found in prior studies. It was also expected that the women's movement would have little impact on women in a corn-belt midwestern state.The results indicated that nearly half of the respondents had experienced discriminatory practices, with 40 percent of them claiming to have person-ally attempted to better the situation. While the women overwhelmingly liked their jobs and felt females to be as good or better than males in reportorial duties, the key finding of the research was that overall, Hoosier women were undecided (in their mean responses) to nearly 40 percent of the instrument's statements.Further, the women perceived not the original five dimensions of questions, but three: "us versus them" that related to the newspapers' treatment of employees, in particular women; personal attitude questions; and women's movement questions.It was also found that the women, by virtue of their responses to the instrument, tended to group themselves into two "types" that were not related to job conditions, pay, education, or the bulk of the demographics. The only significant factor that differed in the two groups was number of years in journalism, as Type 1 women were younger than Type 2. Overall, the Type 1 women were found to be more conscious of discrimination toward women and leaned heavily toward the male versus female dimension of statements. Type 2, the older women, were aware of problems in the field, but were more satisfied with their jobs and positions in life, with more concern focusing on self-concept and job conditions.Mean responses of the demographic questions provided a profile of the average Hoosier newspaperwoman in this first study to be undertaken in Indiana. The research became only the fifth such study done in an individual state. Most of the demographic findings were similar to those found in other states or in national surveys with the exception of pay, where Indiana women experienced a decidedly lower mean wage.

Teacher selection is an important component in the way schools and school corporations hope to attain their overall goals and objectives. This study was designed to partially replicate a study completed by H. Bradford Allison in 1981 at the University of Wisconsin - Madison which looked at the effect of candidate age, candidate experience, and administrator position in the teacher selection process.Randomly selected administrators (300 principals and 300 superintendents) were sent a packet of information which included a candidate summary containing hypothetical information about a teacher candidate and a position description which outlined the teaching position to be filled. The candidate summary varied age two ways (29 years and 49 years) and experience level three ways (no experience, three years experience, and eight years experience). After reviewing the information, respondents were asked to rate the hypothetical candidate on the following six criteria:1. Candidate's knowledge of the curricular area.2. Candidate's ability to transmit knowledge.3. Candidate's likelihood to contribute to overall school operations.4. Candidate's ability to maintain a disciplined teaching environment.5. Candidate's ability to create a friendly classroom environment.6. Candidate's potential to grow in the profession.The dependent variable was the composite score or overall candidate rating computed from the six criteria on the candidate evaluation form. A 3X2X2 factorial design was used for this experiment and analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the variables on the composite rating.An alpha level of .05 was established as the critical value. The analysis yielded a significant F ratio (.033) for the three way interaction of administrator position, candidate age, and candidate experience. There was no significant F value for any of the two way interactions (administrator position X candidate experience, administrator position X candidate age, and candidate experience X candidate age). Nor was there a significant F value for any single main effect.Further analysis of the statistically significant three way interaction found that superintendents rated 49-year-old candidates with eight years experience significantly lower than they rated 29-year-old candidates with eight years experience. These findings suggest that under the conditions utilized in this study, age discrimination was not universally evident but occurred in the way superintendents rated 49-year-old candidates with eight years experience. / Department of Educational Leadership

Based on Super's (1990) developmental model of career development and Spence and Helmreich's (1978) gender identity theory, this study examined the relationship between the gender-related traits of instrumentality and expressiveness and women's preferences for multiple life-career roles. Super (1990) suggested that a career, as represented by the major life roles of student, worker, citizen, homemaker, and leisurite, is influenced by sex role stereotyping and individual differences. It was hypothesized in this project that gender role orientation (levels of instrumentality and expressiveness) would have an effect on women's role preferences.Adult women (N = 100) from three medium-sized midwestern communities were recruited from churches and community sororities. The women ranged in age from 20 to 82, with a mean age of 44.8 years. A response rate of 53%% was obtained. Role preferences, as expressed by women's participation, commitment, and value expectations, were measured by Nevill and Super's (1986) Salience Inventory (SI). Gender role orientation was assessed by Spence and Helmreich's (1974) Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Scores on the PAQ were grouped into the categories ofandrogynous, instrumental, expressiveness, and undifferentiated by the median split technique. A demographic questionnaire was also administered.The demographic variables were grouped conceptually into five categories: personal, occupational, role satisfaction, parental influence, and spousal support for the purpose of preliminary analyses. Results of these analyses (Pearson Productmoment correlations, canonical correlations, and discriminant function analyses) revealed that personal and role satisfaction variables may moderate women's gender role orientation and role preferences. The main analyses were then conducted with three separate between-subjects MANOVAs. Although the results of the MANOVAs involving women's participation and commitment to multiple life-career roles were nonsignificant, another MANOVA involving women's value expectations was significant. Post-hoc procedures indicated that androgynous women had greater expectations of achieving their values in their work role than did instrumental women. It was also found that androgynous women had higher value expectations in the community and home roles than did undifferentiated women.A number of theoretical, empirical, and counseling implications were discussed. Limitations of the study were discussed in terms of the sample characteristics and the statistics employed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services