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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avalia??o das emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa em diferentes cen?rios de intensifica??o de uso das pastagens no Brasil Central / Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from different scenarios of pasture intensification for central Brazil

CARDOSO, Abmael da Silva 27 January 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-18T18:54:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Abmael da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1600160 bytes, checksum: 714351549deda5ed89c5e1ae3f665e30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T18:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Abmael da Silva Cardoso.pdf: 1600160 bytes, checksum: 714351549deda5ed89c5e1ae3f665e30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-27 / CAPES / The production of beef cattle in Brazil is responsible for much of the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, especially methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide from animal excretion. Changes in pasture management cattle diets may reflect a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per unit of product produced. The objectives of this study were to simulate the effect of emission of greenhouse gases at different levels of intensification of beef production in Brazil, applying appropriate emission factors, and to assess the effect of changes in soil carbon stocks on the carbon balance. Four scenarios were established: number 1 - animals spent the entire cycle in areas of degraded pastures and extensive system; 2 - the animals spent the entire cycle on improved pastures but under an extensive system; 3 - the animals were raised on extensive improved pastures and supplemented in growing and fattening systems; and 4 - the animals were raised on pastures with intensive finishing in feedlots. The estimates of the GHG emissions were based on Brazilian studies of the zootecnic characteristics for each scenario. Using the methodology of the IPCC Tier 2 in the Scenario 2, the annual amount of CO2 emitted per carcass produced was 35.47 % lower than scenario 1; less than 18.85% in scenario 3 compared to scenario 2; and 19.6% lower in scenario 4 compared to scenario 3. Thus the intensification of production systems reduced the carbon emission per unit of product. Among the different factors used to compute the GHG balance, the application of Brazilian originated factors showed lower emissions per kg of product, and the methodology that uses the level of detail 2 of IPCC the highest. When the carbon sequestered by the soil was included in the balance, the mitigation values increase to 83.92% when comparing scenario 1 with 4, pointing to an even greatest mitigation potential per unit of product. The association between intensification and pasture recovery with carbon sequestration by soil presented a mitigation potential from 14.91 to 83.92% of emissions per unit of product. / A produ??o de bovinos de corte ? respons?vel no Brasil por grande parte da emiss?o de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), especialmente metano pela fermenta??o ent?rica dos animais e ?xido nitroso pela excre??o. Mudan?as no manejo e alimenta??o de animais bovinos podem repercutir numa redu??o das emiss?es destes gases por unidade de produto produzida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da emiss?o de gases de efeito estufa em diferentes n?veis de intensifica??o da pecu?ria de corte no Brasil aplicando diferentes fatores de emiss?o, bem como avaliar o efeito do sequestro de carbono sobre o balan?o de carbono. Quatro cen?rios foram estabelecidos: no primeiro os animais passavam todo o ciclo em ?reas com pastagens degradadas e sistema extensivo; no segundo os animais tinham o ciclo completo em pastagens resolutivas e sistema extensivo; no terceiro os animais eram criados em sistema extensivo em pastagens melhoras e com suplementa??o na recria e engorda; e no quarto sistema os animais eram criados em pastagens manejadas intensivamente com engorda em confinamento. A emiss?o de GEE para cada cen?rio foi calculada em fun??o das caracter?sticas zoot?cnicas e com base em estudos nacionais. Foi utilizada a metodologia do IPCC Tier 2 para o Cen?rio 2, a quantidade anual de CO2 emitido por carca?a produzida foi 35,47% menos em rela??o ao cen?rio 1, menos 18,85% no cen?rio 3 em rela??o ao cen?rio 2, e 19,6% menos no cen?rio 4 em rela??o ao cen?rio 3. Portanto a intensifica??o da bovinocultura de corte reduz a pegada de carbono da carne bovina. Entre os diferentes fatores usados para o balan?o de GEE o com fatores nacionais apresentou menor emiss?o por quilo de produto, e o m?todo com o n?vel de detalhamento 2 do IPCC a maior emiss?o. Quando inclusos os valores de carbono sequestrado pelo solo no balan?o, os valores de mitiga??o aumentaram para 83,92% entre o cen?rio 1 e 4, apontando para um potencial de mitiga??o ainda maior por unidade de produto. A associa??o entre intensifica??o e recupera??o das pastagens com sequestro de carbono pelo solo apresentou potencial de mitiga??o entre 14,91 e 83,92% das emiss?es por unidade de produto.
2

Emiss?es de NH3 e N2O de composto org?nico e outras fontes de nitrog?nio aplicadas em sistema de produ??o de beterraba e alface / Emissions of NH3 and N2O from organic compost and other sources of nitrogen applied in production system beet and lettuce

SANTOS, Silvio da Silva 30 April 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-05T18:01:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Silvio da Silva Santos.pdf: 1585710 bytes, checksum: 55512544fcf22f1d09c9080258d4c607 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T18:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Silvio da Silva Santos.pdf: 1585710 bytes, checksum: 55512544fcf22f1d09c9080258d4c607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / CAPES / There is a growing demand for organic fertilizers in Brazil, mainly for growing vegetables. Composting is a technique that can be used as an alternative to increase the availability and quality of organic fertilizers. During the composting process, there is emission gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), which contribute to the greenhouse effect in the planet, also of ammonia (NH3), which reduces the efficiency of the composting process. Emissions of N2O and NH3 to the atmosphere has been attributed in part to the decomposition of organic matter from crop residues that are used in soil management systems. Thus, Chapter I aimed to characterize mixtures of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with different materials in order to produce an organic fertilizer rich in nutrients and can be used in the cultivation of sugar beets. The treatments were: (i) elephant grass + cattle manure;(ii) elephant grass + gliricidia; and (iii) elephant grass + castor cake. The evaluations were performed for 120 days. In this study, the compound formulated with a mixture of elephant grass and gliricidia resulted in higher concentrations of N, which shows the high potential of the material to be used as organic fertilizer for crops with high nutritional requirements. The N losses by volatilization were not relevant in the composting process. In the Chapter II it was evaluated the emissions of N2O and NH3 in the compost and other organic N sources used in the production of beet and lettuce. The treatments consisted of: (i) organic compound, prepared from the mixture of elephant grass with gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) + fertilization coverage with castor bean; (ii) green manure dwarf mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana) + fertilization coverage with castor bean; (iii) cattle manure + fertilizer topdressing with chicken manure tanned; (iv) urea in planting and coverage; and (v) the control treatment (without nitrogen). Considering these results, the N2O emissions from the soil ranged from 7.37 and 2699.62 ?g N2O-N-1. The volatilization losses of ammonia ranged from 9.5 to 30% of the N applied. The application of cattle manure + chicken manure management proved to be environmentally more suitable for growing vegetables, since it resulted in lowest flow of nitrous oxide from the soil and ammonia volatilization. Moreover, urea is the N source that causes most losses by volatilization of ammonia, with zero residual effect for the next crop, in this case for the production of lettuce. The highest emissions were observed after rainfall, regardless of treatment, highlighting the importance of presence of water in the environment for the emissions of N2O to occur. / ? crescente a demanda por adubos org?nicos no Brasil, principalmente para o cultivo de hortali?as. A compostagem ? uma t?cnica que pode ser utilizada como alternativa para aumentar a disponibilidade e a qualidade dos fertilizantes org?nicos. Durante o processo de compostagem, h? emiss?o de gases, como g?s carb?nico (CO2), ?xido nitroso (N2O) e metano (CH4), que contribuem para o efeito estufa no planeta, al?m de am?nia (NH3), que reduz a efici?ncia do processo de compostagem. As emiss?es de N2O e NH3 para atmosfera tem sido atribu?das, em parte, ? decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica proveniente dos res?duos vegetais que s?o empregados nos sistemas de manejo do solo. Dessa maneira, o Cap?tulo I teve como objetivo caracterizar misturas de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) com diferentes mat?rias-primas, visando produzir um adubo org?nico rico em nutrientes e capaz de ser usado no cultivo de hortali?as. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: (i) capim-elefante + esterco bovino curtido; (ii) capim-elefante + gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium); e (iii) capim-elefante + torta de mamona. As avalia??es foram realizadas durante 120 dias. Neste estudo, o composto formulado com a mistura de capim-elefante e gliricidia resultou em maior teor de N, o que mostra o elevado potencial do material para ser usado como adubo org?nico em culturas com elevada exig?ncia nutricional. As perdas de N por volatiliza??o de am?nia n?o foram relevantes at? 34 dias de compostagem. O Cap?tulo II teve como objetivo avaliar as emiss?es de N2O e NH3 em composto org?nico e outras fontes de N usadas na produ??o de hortali?as. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplica??o de: (i) composto org?nico, preparado da mistura de capim elefante com gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) + fertiliza??o em cobertura com torta de mamona; (ii) aduba??o verde com mucuna an? (Mucuna deeringiana) + fertiliza??o em cobertura com torta de mamona; (iii) esterco bovino curtido + fertiliza??o em cobertura com esterco de ave curtido; (iv) ureia em plantio e cobertura; e (v) tratamento controle (sem aplica??o de N). Considerando os resultados obtidos neste estudo, as emiss?es de N2O do solo variaram de 7,37 e 2699,62 ?g N-N2O m2h-1. As perdas por volatiliza??o de am?nia variaram de 9,5 e 30% do N aplicado. A aplica??o de esterco bovino curtido + esterco de ave curtido mostra ser um manejo ambientalmente mais adequado para o cultivo de hortali?as, por resultar em menores fluxos de ?xido nitroso do solo e volatiliza??o de am?nia. Por outro lado, a ureia ? a fonte de N que provoca as maiores perdas de N por volatiliza??o de am?nia com efeito residual nulo para a cultura seguinte, neste caso para produ??o de alface. As maiores emiss?es foram observadas ap?s precipita??es, independente do tratamento, destacando a necessidade da presen?a de ?gua no ambiente para que ocorram as emiss?es de N2O.

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