Parmi les molécules entrelacées, les « muscles moléculaires » et les lassos occupent une place de choix due à leur structure singulière qui leur permet d’adopter différentes co-conformations en fonction d’un stimulus externe. En effet, la structure doublement entrelacée dimère de [2]rotaxane permet des états plus ou moins contractés en fonction du « glissement » d’un monomère par rapport à un autre, d’où son appellation muscle moléculaire, par analogie avec les muscles de notre organisme. D’autre part, l’architecture [1]rotaxane peut être comparée à un lasso qui peut se resserrer ou se desserrer en fonction d’un stimulus externe. L’accessibilité à ces synthons entrelacés paraît importante à étudier pour une application plus large de ces structures dans des domaines variés. En particulier, l’intégration de ces synthons dans des structures polymères paraît séduisante à envisager. Aussi, nous proposons dans ce manuscrit différentes voies d’accès efficaces à des synthons dimères de [2]rotaxanes et lassos fonctionnalisés ou activés, dépourvus ou non de sites d’interactions entre les éléments à assembler, et qui peuvent être isolés, soit pour des condensations ultérieures avec des polymères convenablement fonctionnalisés pour la formation de polymères à réseau tridimensionnel, soit utilisés comme monomères pour la synthèse de polymères à propriétés physico-chimiques modulables. Enfin, une application méthodologique de la synthèse de synthon dimère de [2]rotaxane à la formation d’une espèce tetraentrelacée est proposée. Celle-ci combine un agencement dimère de [2]rotaxane avec une architecture [2]rotaxane, dont deux mouvements distincts peuvent être actionnés par machinerie moléculaire. Après une introduction générale bibliographique, mon manuscrit de thèse s’articule autour de trois chapitres. Un premier chapitre concerne la synthèse et l’étude de dimères de rotaxanes symétriques à extrémités fonctionnalisées (i.e. dialcynes et diazotures). Quelques essais préliminaires d’utilisation de ces synthons dans des réactions de réticulation d’un polymère sont présentés. De manière méthodologique, nous avons envisagé la synthèse non-statistique de dimères de [2]rotaxanes dissymétriques (i.e. azoture / alcyne) en jouant sur des interactions supplémentaires entre macrocycles. Le deuxième chapitre concerne une application méthodologique de l’utilisation d’un synthon dimère de [2]rotaxane, décrit dans le premier chapitre, pour la conception et l’étude d’un muscle moléculaire pH-sensible d’architecture tetraentrelacée à trois stations moléculaires différentes (anilinium, ammonium et triazolium). La stratégie de synthèse efficace est basée sur un tri-automatique d’espèces supramoléculaires. La molécule cible, un hétéro[4]rotaxane original, contient deux agencements supramoléculaires distincts au sein d’une même molécule : un dimère de [2]rotaxane comme échafaud, lié à deux extrémités [2]rotaxanes. Enfin, un troisième et dernier chapitre traite de la synthèse d’une brique élémentaire d’architecture lasso pouvant être incorporée dans un polymère polyaminé. À titre d’exemple préliminaire, un [1]rotaxane et un tris-[1]rotaxane ont été synthétisés et étudiés. Une méthode propre au laboratoire et basée sur une stratégie originale utilisant un « transporteur » de macrocycle, permet la synthèse de lassos dénués de sites d’interactions efficaces, qui restent encore actuellement des cibles synthétiques difficiles voire impossibles d’accès. Ainsi, cette nouvelle stratégie de synthèse ouvre de réelles perspectives puisqu’elle permet l’accès généralisé à n’importe quelles structures entrelacées. / Among the interlocked molecules, "molecular muscles" and lassos hold a prominent place result of their singular structure which allows them to adopt stretched and tightened co-conformations in response to an external stimulus. Indeed, the doubly interwoven architecture [2]rotaxane dimer allows more or less contracted states based on the "sliding" of a monomer relative to the other, hence the name molecular muscle, by analogy to the movement observed in the muscles of the human body. On the other hand, the [1]rotaxane architecture may be compared to a lasso, which can tighten or loosen in response to an external stimulus. The accessibility of these interlocked building-blocks seems important to study for a broader application of these structures in various fields. In particular, the integration of these building-blocks in polymer structures is attractive to consider. Also, we propose in this PhD different chemical routes to effective functionalized or activated [2]rotaxanes dimers and lassos building-blocks, devoid or not of interaction site between components to be assembled and which may be isolated, either for subsequent condensation with suitably functionalized polymers with the aim of forming three-dimensional network, or used as monomers for the synthesis of adjustable polymers with tunable physicochemical properties. Finally, a methodological application of the synthesis of a [2]rotaxane dimer building-block in the formation of a tetra-interlocked species is proposed. The chemical architecture combines a [2]rotaxane dimer arrangement with two [2]rotaxane moieties, whose distinct movements may be actuated by molecular machinery. The manuscript begins by a bibliographical general introduction and is followed by three different chapters. One chapter relates on the synthesis and study of symmetrical rotaxane dimers which are functionalized at the extremities of the threads (i.e. dialkyne and diazide). Some preliminary tests using these building-blocks in polymer crosslinking reactions are reported. In a methodological aim, we considered non-statistical synthesis of asymmetrical [2]rotaxanes dimers (i.e. azide / alkyne) by adjusting additional interactions between macrocycles. The second chapter relates to a methodological application of the use of [2]rotaxane dimer building-block for the design and study of a tetra-interlocked pH-sensitive molecular muscle including three molecular stations (anilinium, ammonium and triazolium). The efficient synthetic strategy is based on a self-sorting of supramolecular species. The targeted molecule, an original hetero[4]rotaxane, contains two distinct supramolecular arrangements in the same molecule: a [2]rotaxane dimer as the scaffold linked to two [2]rotaxane ends. Finally, a third and last chapter deals with the synthesis of a lasso building-block molecular architecture that can be incorporated into a polyamine compound. As a preliminary example, triazolium-based mono- and tris-branched [1]rotaxanes were synthesized and studied. A peculiar method of the laboratory and based on a strategy using a “transporter” of macrocycle, allows the synthesis of lassos devoid of any efficient template, which are still currently difficult or impossible synthetic targets. Thus, the new synthetic strategy open avenues to the wide access of any interlocked structures.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents the synthesis of five new planned [2]rotaxanes whith thread derivates succinamide [R1R2NC(O)CH2CH2C(O)NR1R2, where R1 = R2 = Pr, i-Pr, Bu, i-Bu e R1 = CH2Cy e R2 = CH2Ph]. The compounds were obtained by a five-component clipping reaction. Several studies have been conducted with these compounds such as: deslipping reactions, structural analysis, molecular dynamics by using solution 1H NMR spectroscopy and intra and intermolecular interactions using Hirshfeld surface. From these results, it was observed that the deslipping reaction was highly effective when microwave irradiation was employed and the reaction has shown to be an efficient model for the synthesis of macrocycles. Moreover, it was possible to calculate the rotational energy barrier of the macrocycle around the thread of [2]rotaxanes. In addition, when the Hirshfeld surface was used, it was possible to demonstrate all of the non-covalent interactions between the submolecular components as well as the intermolecular interactions of [2]rotaxane. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese planejada de cinco novos [2]rotaxanos com filamentos lineares derivados da succinamida [R1R2NC(O)CH2CH2C(O)NR1R2, onde R1 = R2 = Pr, i-Pr, Bu, i-Bu e R1 = CH2Cy e R2 = CH2Ph]. A síntese dos compostos foi realizada através de uma reação cinco componentes utilizando o método clipping. Diversos estudos foram realizados com esses compostos, como: dissociação dos subcomponentes moleculares (deslipping), estruturais, de dinâmica molecular utilizando RMN de 1H em solução e das interações inter/intramolecular utilizando superfície de Hirshfeld. Através dos resultados foi possível verificar que a reação de deslipping foi altamente eficiente quando utilizado irradiação de micro-ondas, sendo um ótimo modelo para a síntese de macrociclos. Além disso, foi possível calcular a energia da barreira rotacional do macrociclo ao redor do filamento linear para os [2]rotaxanos em questão. Com a utilização da superfície de Hirshfeld foi possível demonstrar todas as interações intra e intermoleculares para os [2]rotaxanos.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents the synthesis of three series of trifluoromethylated heterocycles by using ultrasound irradiation, nomely pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, 2,4- difluorophenylpyrazoles and pentafluorophenylpyrazoles. The reactions were performed between trifluoromethylated enones ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OMe], where R = Me, Bu, i-Bu, Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-IC6H4, thien-2-yl, naphthyl and biphenyl) with three different nucleophiles, nomely (3)(5)-amine-(5)(3)- methylpyrazole, 2,4-difluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride and pentafluorophenylhydrazine. The trifluoromethylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were obtained within 5 minutes, giving yields of 61-98 %. The series of 2,4- difluorophenylpyrazoles was obtained in good yields (54-85 %) within 15 minutes by acidifying the reaction medium with PTSA. In the case of the pentafluorophenylpyrazoles, two steps were needed: Firtly the respective 4,5- dihydropentafluorophenylpyrazoles were synthesised and then subsequently submitted to dehydration reactions using PTSA for 15 minutes, giving yields of 54-81 %. The synthesized compounds were identified by 1H and 13C, and by 19F NMR spectroscopy in the some case, mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. In some cases homo/heteronuclear spatial interactions involving fluorine atoms have been useful for confirming the identity of the obtained isomer. Another part of this tesis was the synthesis of four mechanically interlocked molecules. Two [2]rotaxanes carrying an ester group in the macrocycle unity were synthesized by using two threads (fumaramide and succinamide derivatives). Once synthesized these [2]rotaxanes were submmited to hydrolysis reactions to give [2]rotaxanes with acid carboxilic group. These macromolecules were synthesized aiming at the formation of MOFs (metal organic frameworks). The synthesis of this compound was carried out by using copper (II) and [2]rotaxane derivative fumaramide. This product was identified by X-ray diffractometry. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de três séries de heterociclos trifluorometilados, utilizando irradiação de ultrassom (pirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas, 2,4-difluorofenilpirazóis e pentafluorofenilpirazóis). As reações foram realizadas entre enonas trifluorometiladas ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OMe], onde R = Me, Bu, i-Bu, Ph, 4-Me-C6H4, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-I-C6H4, tien-2-il, bifen-2-il e naftil) e três dinucleófilos diferentes 3-amino-5-metilpirazol, cloridrato de 2,4-difluorofenilhidrazina e pentafluorofenilhidrazina. As pirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas trifluorometiladas foram obtidas em 5 minutos de reação com rendimentos de 61-98 %. A série de 2,4- difluorofenilpirazóis foi obtida, acidificando-se o meio de reação com APTS em 15 minutos de reação, e obtendo-se bons rendimentos (54-85 %) no processo. No caso dos pentafluorofenilpirazóis, foram necessárias duas etapas de reação: a primeira a síntese de 4,5-di-idropentafluorofenilpirazóis, e seguida de posterior reação de desidratação utilizando APTS em 15 minutos de reação, obtendo-se produtos com rendimentos de 54-81 %. Após a síntese desses compostos, os mesmos foram identificados por técnicas de RMN de 1H e 13C e de 19F, em alguns casos, espectrometria de massas e difratometria de raios-X. Em alguns casos, através de RMN, foi possível observar interações espaciais do tipo homo/heteronuclear envolvendo átomos de flúor, úteis na confirmação do isômero obtido. Em outra etapa deste trabalho foi desenvolvida a síntese de quatro moléculas mecanicamente entrelaçadas. Foram sintetizados dois [2]rotaxanos com grupamento éster no macrociclo, utilizando dois filamentos lineares (derivados da fumaramida de succinamida). Após a síntese desses [2]rotaxanos, foi realizada a reação de hidrólise dos grupamentos ésteres do macrociclo em grupamento ácidos. Essas macromoléculas foram sintetizadas visando à formação dos MOFs (Redes de metais orgânicas). A síntese desse composto foi realizada utilizando cobre (II) e o [2]rotaxano derivado da fumaramida. Esse produto foi identificado através de difratometria de Raios-X.