Os receptores a2-adrenérgicos pré-sinápticos (a2 AR) regulam a função cardiovascular através da inibição da liberação do neurotransmissor no terminal nervoso simpático. Recentemente, foi publicado que a ablação dos subtipos a2A e a2C -AR em camundongos (KO) leva a hiperatividade simpática com evidências de disfunção cardíaca aos 4 meses de idade. Esses camundongos constituem um modelo experimental para o estudo dos tratamentos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos para a prevenção e o tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca. Nós estudamos se o treinamento físico melhoraria a função cardíaca e a expressão de proteínas cardíacas envolvidas no controle do Ca2+ intracelular em camundongos KO. Métodos e Resultados: Camundongos controle e KO foram estudados dos 3 aos 5 meses, onde a cardiomiopatia está em estágio inicial, e divididos aleatoriamente em treinados e sedentários. O treinamento físico (TF) foi realizado com natação, 1 hora por dia, 5 vezes por semana, por 8 semanas. A pressão arterial e a freqüência cardíaca de repouso (FC) foram medidas por pletismografia de cauda. A fração de encurtamento (FS) por ecocardiograma. A tolerância ao esforço físico por teste progressivo em esteira rolante. O tônus simpático cardíaco foi estimado por bloqueio farmacológico dos receptores muscarínicos e adrenérgicos com atropina na presença ou ausência do antagonista b-adrenérgico propranolol. O diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos e a fração de colágeno cardíaco por microscopia óptica. A expressão das proteínas cardíacas: bomba de Ca2+ do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2), fosfolambam (PLB), fosfo-Ser16-PLB, fosfo-Thr17-PLB, trocador sódio-cálcio (NCX), canais de rianodina (RYR), fosfo-Ser2809-RYR, e as fosfatases 1 e 2A foram analisadas por Western Blot. Aos 3 meses de idade não foram observadas diferenças significantes na pressão arterial, FS e tolerância ao esforço físico entre os animais controle e KO, no entanto, KO apresentou taquicardia basal. Aos 5 meses de idade, quando a disfunção cardíaca está em estágio inicial, KO apresentou intolerância ao esforço, taquicardia basal, com aumento significante do tônus simpático cardíaco (34%), aumento do diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos (15%) e da fração de colágeno cardíaco (32%) quando comparados os animais controle. Além disso, a FS estava diminuída no KO vs. controle (16 ± 0,2 vs. 20 ± 0,9%, p<0,05). A diminuição na FS no grupo KO estava associada à redução na expressão de SERCA 2 (26%) e NCX (34%). Por outro lado, a expressão de fosfo-Ser16-PLB e fosfo-Ser2809-RYR estavam 56% e 42% aumentadas no grupo KO quando comparado ao grupo controle, respectivamente. O TF nos camundongos KO preveniu a intolerância ao esforço físico e a disfunção sistólica, normalizou a FC de repouso e o tônus simpático cardíaco, mas não alterou a fração de colágeno cardíaco. A melhora na função ventricular estava associada à restauração da expressão de SERCA2 e fosfo-Ser2809-RYR. Além disso, o TF aumentou a razão SERCA2/PLB no KO e a expressão de fosfo-Ser16-PLB no grupo KO com 5 meses de idade. Conclusão: Os dados apresentados no presente trabalho fornecem evidências de mecanismos moleculares que confirmam o benefício do treinamento físico como medida preventiva da insuficiência cardíaca. / Presynaptic a2-adrenoceptors (a2 AR) regulate the cardiovascular function by inhibiting neurotransmitter release on the sympathetic nerve terminals. We have recently reported that disruption for both a2A and a2C AR subtypes in mice (KO) leads to sympathetic hyperactivity with evidence of cardiac dysfunction by 4 mo of age. These mice provide a model system for evaluating non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches for the prevention and treatment of heart failure. We investigated whether exercise training would improve the cardiac function and expression of myocardial Ca2+ handling proteins in KO. Methods and Results: We studied a cohort of congenic KO and their wild type (WT) controls over a period of 2 months (from 3-5 mo of age). Mice from both groups were randomly assigned into sedentary and trained. Exercise training (ET) consisted of 8-wk swimming session of 60 minutes, 5 days/wk. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were determined non-invasively by tail cuff. Cardiac contractility was evaluated by echocardiography. Exercise capacity was measured using a graded treadmill protocol. Cardiac sympathetic tone was estimated by pharmacological blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine in the presence or absence of the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Cardiomyocyte cross-sectional diameter and cardiac collagen fraction were evaluated by optical microscopy. The protein expression of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump (SERCA2), phospholamban (PLB), phospho-Ser16-PLB, phospho-Thr17-PLB, sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), ryanodine receptor (RYR), phospho-Ser2809-RYR2, and phosphatases 1 and 2A were analyzed using Western blotting technique. At 3 mo of age, no significant difference in blood pressure, FS and exercise capacity was observed between WT and KO mice, although KO mice had significantly higher HR. At 5 mo of age, when cardiac dysfunction is in an early stage, KO presented exercise intolerance and higher HR with significantly increased cardiac sympathetic tone (34%), cardiomyocyte cross-sectional diameter (15%) and cardiac collagen fraction (32%) when compared with WT mice. In addition, KO presented lower FS than WT mice (16± 0.2 vs. 20± 0.9%, p£0.05). The impaired FS in KO was associated with a reduction of SERCA2 (26%) and NCX (34%) expression. Conversely, phospho-Ser16-PLB and phospho-Ser2809-RYR2 was 56% and 42% increased in KO when compared with WT mice, respectively. ET prevented exercise intolerance and systolic dysfunction, normalized baseline HR and cardiac sympathetic tone, while it did not change cardiac collagen fraction. The improved ventricular function was associated with restored SERCA2 and phospho-Ser2809-RYR2 expression levels. Indeed, ET increased SERCA/PLB ratio and phospho-Ser16-PLB expression in 5 mo-old KO mice. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence of molecular mechanisms by which ET is a successful adjuvant to pharmacological therapy of HF.

No description available.

De plus en plus d'études désignent les canaux K+ et Ca2+ comme de nouvelles cibles très prometteuses pour des thérapies anticancéreuses. Parmi ces canaux, les canaux SK3 et CaV1.3 ont été identifiés comme des régulateurs de la migration des cellules cancéreuses. Lors de mes travaux de thèse, nous avons découvert une nouvelle voie de signalisation montrant que la protéine αlD du canal CaVl.3 est impliquée dans la régulation de l'homéostasie Ca2+ ainsi que dans la migration cellulaire, par un mécanisme indépendant de sa fonction canonique. En parallèle nous avons identifié des résidus sérines du canal SK3 qui sont importants dans la régulation négative du canal SK3 par l'activation de la voie AMPc-PKA. Ces résultats suggèrent également que l'Ohmline, un éther-lipide de synthèse, inhibiteur du canal SK3, ne réduit pas l' activité du canal SK3 en favorisant sa phosphorylation suite à l'activation de la voie AMPc-PKA. / Many studies show that K+ and Ca2+ channels are promising new targets for anticancer therapies. Among these channels, SK3 and Ca V 1.3 ion channels have been identified as regulators of cancer cell migration. Here, we have discovered a new signalization pathway showing that the αlD protein of the CaV1 .3 channel is involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and in cell migration by a mechanism independent of its canonical function. In parallel, we have identified serine residues of SK3 channel that are important in the negative regulation of the SK3 channel by activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway. These results also suggest that Ohmline, a synthetic ether-lipid, and inhibitor of SK3 channel, does not reduce the activity of SK3 channel by promoting its phosphorylation following the activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway.

La formation de métastases est la cause majeure des décès par cancer. Le développement de métastases est consécutif à une série d‟événements complexes tels que la migration, l‟invasion et la prolifération cellulaire. Le canal potassique SK3 (membre de la famille des SKCa) régule la migration des cellules cancéreuses du sein et favorise le développement de métastases osseuses. Le but du projet était d‟identifier et de caractériser les voies d‟entrées calciques associées à la migration cellulaire dépendante du canal SK3 dans différents cancers (sein, colon et prostate). Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que les canaux Ca2+qui étaient associés au canal SK3 variaient en fonction du cancer et régulaient la migration cellulaire dépendante du canal SK3. De plus, nous avons montré que la localisation de ces complexes KCa/Ca2+ dans les radeaux lipidiques était importante pour leur régulation et leur fonction. Ainsi, la délocalisation de ces complexes hors des radeaux lipidiques par des alkyl-phospholipides est un moyen permettant de moduler la migration des cellules exprimant le canal SK3 et le développement de métastases. / In most cases of cancer, metastasis and not the primary tumor per se is the main cause of mortality. To establish secondary growth in distant organs cancer cells must develop an enhanced propensity to migrate. The key objective of this thesis proposes that some actors of Ca2+ signaling (Orai, and TRPC, STIM) coupled to SK3 channel would form complexes that play a critical role in cell migration of various cancers (breast, colon and prostate). Furthermore we showed that the localization of these channels complexes in lipid-rafts is essential to their regulation and function. Thus, the delocalization of these complexes of lipid-raft outside by alkyl-phospholipids could be a new way to modulate the SK3/Ca2+ dependent cell migration and metastasis development.

L’inflammation neurogène cutanée (INC) est une inflammation de la peau induite par l’activation des fibres nerveuses intra-épidermiques qui secrètent des neuropeptides tels que la substance P (SP). L’INC est impliquée dans des dermatoses inflammatoires prurigineuses comme le psoriasis, la dermatite atopique (DA) et le syndrome de Netherton (SN). Un nouveau concept émerge, suggérant que les kératinocytes sont également des acteurs majeurs de l’INC. Le récepteur activé par des protéases de type 2 (PAR-2) est fortement incriminé dans l’INC associée à ces dermatoses, ce qui permet de comprendre les voies du prurit non-histaminergique. Les enjeux thérapeutiques sont de taille puisqu’il n’existe actuellement aucun traitement efficace permettant la prise en charge spécifique du prurit histamino-indépendant au cours des dermatoses prurigineuses associées à l’INC.Bien que le rôle de PAR-2 dans la sécrétion de neuropeptides à partir des neurones sensoriels soit clairement établi, son implication dans la modulation de gènes pouvant contribuer à l’entretien ou l’amplification de l’INC reste méconnue. Le rôle inflammatoire de PAR-2 a également été démontré sur des kératinocytes cultivés en monocouche via la sécrétion de cytokines par des mécanismes dépendants du Ca2+. La surexpression de PAR-2 et la perte d’expression de certains canaux calciques impliqués dans sa réponse calcique dans les kératinocytes différenciés suggèrent des mécanismes d’action de PAR-2 différents pour ceux-ci. Dans le but d’étudier le rôle pro-inflammatoire de PAR-2 au cours des dermatoses prurigineuses, nous avons analysé l’effet de son activation sur des monocultures de neurones sensoriels issus de ganglions rachidiens dorsaux (GRD) de rat et de kératinocytes humains différenciés (DhPK), en criblant l’expression de médiateurs de l’inflammation. Pour approfondir, les voies calciques de PAR-2 sous-jacente à la modulation d’expression dans les kératinocytes différenciés, des expériences d’imagerie calcique ont été réalisées et différents antagonistes ont été utilisés pour analyser les acteurs impliqués.Dans le cadre d’un partenariat avec les laboratoires dermatologiques d’Uriage, nous avons testé les effets de l’eau thermale d’Uriage sur la modulation de gènes induite par PAR-2 dans les DhPK. Nous avons également utilisé une lignée de PC12 différenciables en neurones par le NGF afin de les utiliser comme alternatives des neurones sensoriels issus des GRD de rat pour l’étude de l’INC.L’ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours du criblage des gènes modules par PAR-2 confirme le rôle pro-inflammatoire de PAR-2 dans les neurones sensoriels de rat et dans les DhPK. La découverte d’une nouvelle voie calcique de PAR-2 dans les DhPK offre de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour les dermatoses prurigineuses telles que le psoriasis, la DA et le NS. Les résultats obtenus avec l’eau thermale d’Uriage peuvent présenter une perspective thérapeutique pour les patients souffrants de dermatoses prurigineuses réfractaires aux traitements conventionnels. L’utilisation d’une lignée neuronale comme lesPC12 pour l’étude de l’INC serait une alternative utile dans le développement des tests cosmétiques avec les industriels pour notre laboratoire. / Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) is an inflammation of the skin induced by the activation of intraepidermal nerve fibers that release neuropeptides such as substance P (SP). CNI is involved in pruritic inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD) and Netherton syndrome (NS). A new concept is growing, suggesting that keratinocytes could also trigger INC. The proteases activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is strongly incriminated in CNI associated with these dermatoses, which allow to understand the histamine-independent itching pathways. The therapeutic stakes are high since there is currently no effective treatment allowing the specific management of histamine-independent pruritus during skin disorders associated with CNI.Although the role of PAR-2 in the secretion of neuropeptides from sensory neurons is clearly established, its involvement in the modulation of genes involved in the maintenance or amplification of CNI remains unknown. The inflammatory role of PAR-2 on keratinocytes has also been demonstrated through the production of cytokines in a Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. The overexpression of PAR-2 and the loss of ORAI1 expression, a calcium channel following keratinocytes differentiation suggest different signaling pathways downstream to PAR-2 activation between undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes.In order to study the pro-inflammatory role of PAR-2 during pruritic dermatoses, we analyzed the effect of its activation on rat primary sensory neurons from dorsal spinal ganglia (DRG) and on differentiated human primary keratinocytes (DhPK) by screening the expression of inflammatory mediators. To deepen the Ca2+ pathways underlying PAR-2-mediated inflammatory mediator modulation in DhPK, we performed Ca2+ imaging experiments and different antagonists were used to analyze the involvement of intracellular actors. In a partnership with the dermatological laboratories of Uriage, we tested the effects of Uriage thermal water on PAR-2-induced gene modulation in DhPK. We also used a PC12 cell line differentiable in neurons by the NGF in order to use them as alternatives of rat primary sensory neurons from DRG for the study of INC. We also used a PC12 cell line differentiable in neurons by the NGF use them as alternatives of rat primary sensory neurons from DRG for the study of INC.The results obtained during the screening of the PAR-2-modulated genes confirmed the proinflammatory role of PAR-2 in rat primary sensory neurons and in DhPK. The discovery of a new PAR-2-mediated Ca2+ pathway in DhPK offers new therapeutic pathways for pruritic dermatoses such as psoriasis, AD and NS. The results obtained with the thermal water of Uriage can present a therapeutic perspective for patients suffering from pruritic dermatoses refractory to conventional treatments. The use of a neuronal cell line as the PC12 for the study of INC would be an useful alternative in the development of cosmetic tests.

En dépit des efforts déployés, l'incidence de l'obésité est en augmentation dans le monde entier où la consommation d‘aliments moins coûteux et hyperénergétiquesriches en matières grasses, représente la principale cause. Des études récentes ont révélé l'existence d'un goût de gras et que l'envie de le satisfaire pourrait être responsable de l‘excès des prises alimentaires et de l'attirance pour les aliments riches en gras. Différentes stratégies ont été utilisées pour réduire la teneur engraisse des aliments ou pour la remplacer par des mimétiques et des substituts de graisse. Dans cette thèse, nous avons non seulement exploré des mécanismes de signalisation tels que le rôle des canaux TRPC3 Ca2+ dans les cellules du bourgeon gustatif, mais nous avons également tenté de rechercher de nouvelles classes de molécules artificielles et naturelles, d‘origines végétales, qui pourraient agir comme exhausteurs de goût ou comme activateurs du goût. Sur la base des résultats obtenus par des études biochimiques et comportementales au cours de la thèse actuelle, nous proposons que Zizyphine purifié à partir de Zizyphus lotus, d‘acide oléanolique et de TUG891 (un agoniste chimique de GPR120) puissent être un candidat novateur et prometteur pour le traitement et la prévention de l'obésité et du syndrome métabolique qui lui est associé. / Despite efforts, the incidence of obesity is on a rise throughout the world andconsumption of less expensive fat rich and high energy diet remains the major cause.Recent studies have successfully unveiled the existence of a fat taste, and that theurge to satisfy it might be responsible for the overeating behaviour and attractiontowards fat rich foods. Different strategies have been used to reduce fat content offood or replace it with fat mimetics and fat replacers. In this dissertation, we have not only explored signalling mechanisms like role of TRPC3 Ca2+ channels in taste bud cells but also tried to search for newer classes of molecules from botanical and chemical origin that might either act as fat taste enhancers, or fat taste activators. Based on the result of various biochemical and behavioural studies during the current dissertation, we propose that Zizyphin purified from Zizyphus lotus,Oleanolic acid and TUG891 (a chemical agonist of GPR120), might be novel andpromising candidates for the treatment and prevention of obesity and associatedmetabolic syndrome.

Les antagonistes des récepteurs aux minéralocorticoïdes (MR) appartiennent à l'arsenal thérapeutique pour le traitement de diverses maladies cardiovasculaires, mais les mécanismes conférant leurs effets bénéfiques sont encore mal compris. Une partie de ces effets peuvent être liée à la régulation de l'expression du canal Ca2+ de type L Cav1.2, largement impliqué dans l'insuffisance cardiaque et l'hypertension. Nous montrons que MR fonctionne comme un facteur de transcription transformant le signal de l'aldostérone dans l'utilisation du 'cardiaque' promoteur alternatif P1, dirigeant l'expression du long N-terminal transcrit (Cav1.2-LNT. L'aldostérone augmente de façon concentration- et de temps dépendente l'expression de Cav1.2-LNT dans les cardiomyocytes en raison de l'activation du promoteur P1, par interactions des MR avec des séquences spécifiques de l'ADN sur le promoter P1. Ce mécanisme de cis-régulation induit l'activation de promoteur P1 dans les cellules vasculaires conduisant à une nouvelle signature moléculaire de Cav1.2-LNT associé à une sensibilité réduite aux bloqueurs des canaux Ca2+. Ces résultats révèlent Cav1.2-LNT comme une cible minéralocorticoïde spécifique qui pourrait influencer sur l'éfficacité thérapeutique dans les maladies cardiovasculaires. / The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists belong to the current therapeutic armamentarium for the management of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms conferring their beneficial effects are still poorly understood. Part of these MR effects might be related to the L-type Cav1.2 Ca2+ channel expression regulation, critically involved in heart failure and hypertension. Here, we show that MR acts as a transcription factor triggering aldosterone signal into specific alternative 'cardiac' P1-promoter usage, given rise to long (Cav1.2-LNT) N-terminal transcripts. Aldosterone increases Cav1.2-LNT expression in cardiomyocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner due to MR-dependent P1-promoter activity, through specific DNA sequence-MR interactions. This cis-regulatory mechanism induced a MR-dependent P1-promoter switch in vascular cells leading to a new Cav1.2-LNT molecular signature with reduced Ca2+ channel blocker sensitivity. These findings uncover Cav1.2-LNT as a specific mineralocorticoid target that might influence the therapeutic outcome of cardiovascular diseases.

Chronic exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water is correlated with obstructive lung disease (i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis), reduced lung function and other respiratory effects (e.g. chronic cough, chest sounds). Researchers have associated arsenic exposure with reduced airway immunity. The airway epithelial innate immune system protects underlying tissue from inhaled particulates and pathogens through a variety of mechanisms. Such defects in innate immunity are associated with chronic bacterial infections and development of obstructive airway diseases, including COPD and bronchiectasis. We hypothesize that arsenic exposure may lead to recurrent lung infection and eventual obstructive lung disease by compromising mechanisms essential in airway innate immunity. In the work presented herein we evaluated the effects of arsenic on airway epithelial barrier properties, wound repair capacity, and signaling pathways essential in innate immunity. We previously published that acute (24 hr) arsenic (0.4-3.9 μM as Naarsenite) slowed wound repair in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE14o-). In the first study we hypothesized arsenic may be affecting wound repair by altering Ca²⁺ signaling that is important in multiple aspects of wound repair, including cell migration. We found wound-induced Ca²⁺ signaling was largely mediated by paracrine ATP in 16HBE14o- cells, and acute (24 hr) arsenic (0.8, 3.9 μM) exposure reduced ATPmediated Ca²⁺ signaling. We identified functional reductions in the ATP receptors P2Y₂ and P2X₄ following arsenic exposure. Both of these receptors are essential in airway innate immunity (e.g. mucociliary clearance). In the second study we found similar reductions in wound repair capacity and ATP-mediated Ca²⁺ signaling in 16HBE14o cells using a chronic (4-5 week) low-dose (0.13, 0.33 μM) arsenic exposure representative of U.S. drinking water standards. Further, wound-induced Ca²⁺ signaling was reduced in primary cultured tracheal cells derived from mice fed arsenic-free or arsenic-supplemented (50 ppb; 1μM=75 ppb) water for four weeks prior to experimentation. In the last study we demonstrated that the structure and function of the airway epithelial barrier was altered by a five-day exposure of arsenic (0.8, 3.9 μM). We conclude that arsenic at environmentally relevant levels compromises key functions in airway epithelial innate immunity that may underlie development of lung disease.

Ion signaling plays fundamental role in cell survival. Na+ and Ca2+ are critical players in ion signaling. Cells spend the major amount of energy to maintain and regulate Na+ and Ca2+ gradients across the cell membrane. Any disruption in cellular energy consumption by plasma membrane ATPases affects ion signaling and vice versa. This thesis is a combination of four separate research studies. In the first study, We measured ATP consumption dynamics of Na+/K+-ATPase using a genetically encoded fluorescent indicator called Perceval HR. we demonstrate that PercevalHR is an excellent tool to visualize ATP:ADP in mammalian cells. In the second study, We studied the role of calcium signaling and TRP channels in angiotensin II type 1 receptor  signaling cascade. We prove that low inhibition of CaV1.2 with physiological and therapeutically relevant concentration of Angiotensin II up regulate AT1R signaling. In the third study, We studied the role of the TRPM5 channel in regulating insulin secretion, and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in the rat β-cells by usingtriphenyl phosphine oxide, a selective inhibitor of the channel. In the fourth study, We tested whether, the genetically engineered human β-cell line (EndoC-BH1) could be used as models for studying Ca2+signaling in the context of Type II Diabetes. We found that the EndoC-BH1 cells could be a relevant model to study stimulus-secretion coupling and Ca2+ signaling in the human β-cells. / <p>QC 20170328</p>

No description available.