OBJECTIVE: To test reliability of 3D mandibular landmarks, planes of reference and surfaces and assess their correlation to conventional 2D cephalometric measurements. To analyze changes in three-dimensional shape of the symphysis due to growth and orthodontic treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of CBCTs of healthy orthodontic patients. 32 subjects were included, 16 males and 16 females. Mean ages of 10.6 ± 1.5 years and 15.0 ± 0.9 years before and after treatment, respectively. The mean follow up time was 4.3 years. Subjects free of any craniofacial anomalies, and no observable pathology on panoramic radiograph were. 15 subjects had CVM 1 and 17 subjects had CVM 2 before orthodontic treatment. All subjects had CVM 5 after orthodontic treatment. For the first phase, 3D mandibular landmark identifications were digitized. Planes and landmarks were constructed and compared with conventional 2D mandibular measurements. For the second phase, mandibles were isolated by removing surrounding structures. Pearson correlation and paired t-test were performed to test for correlation and differences between 2D and 3D measurements, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Software. MorphoJ software (Version 2.0, www.flywings.org.uk) was used for symphysis shape analysis; and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) between pre-treatment and post-treatment was used for statistical analysis of the symphysis. RESULTS: We found statistical significant positive correlation between 2D and 3D pre-treatment ramus height (P-value =0.01), post-treatment ramus height (P-value < 0.0001), pre-treatment corpus length (P-value 0.0003), post-treatment corpus length (P-value 0.04), pre-treatment gonial angle (P-value <0.0001), and post-treatment gonial angle (P-value=0.05). Also, statistically significant differences in 2D ramus height (P=0.001), 3D ramus height (P-value=0.002), 2D corpus length (P-value <0.01), and 3D corpus length (P-value <0.01). For symphysis shape comparing between pre-treatment and post-treatment, we found that there is no statistically significant difference between them (P-value= 0.99). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated statistically significant positive correlation between certain 2D and 3D measurements, pre-treatment and post-treatment differences in 2D and 3D measurements showed consistent results. Symphysis shapes do break out as distinctly separate groups, but the differences between the means is small.

Kinematic measurements conducted during bike set-ups utilise either static or dynamic measures. There is currently limited data on reliability of static and dynamic measures nor consensus on which is the optimal method. The aim of the study was to assess the difference between static and dynamic measures of the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow. Nineteen subjects performed three separate trials of a 10min duration at a fixed workload (70% of peak power output). Static measures were taken with a standard goniometer (GM), an inclinometer (IM) and dynamic three dimensional motion capture (3DMC) using an eight camera motion capture system. Static and dynamic joint angles were compared over the three trials to assess repeatability of the measurements and differences between static and dynamic values. There was a positive correlation between GM and IM measures for all joints. Only the knee, shoulder and elbow were positively correlated between GM and 3DMC, and IM and 3DMC. Although all three instruments were reliable, 3D motion analysis utilised different landmarks for most joints and produced different means. Changes in knee flexion angle from static to dynamic are attributable to changes in the positioning of the foot. Controlling for this factor, the differences are negated. It was demonstrated that 3DMC is not interchangeable with GM and IM, and it is recommended that 3DMC develop independent reference values for bicycle configuration.

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Title: Influence of the breathing muscles using POWERbreathe. Objective: The main object of this thesis is to determine, if it is possible to use 3D kinematic analysis to measure changes of trunk shapes during quiet breathing and breathing when using POWERbreathe and if it is possible to identify the changes. The thesis is divided to two parts. The first part contains theoretical part, focused on issue of kinesiology and biomechanics of breathing. The special part is concentrated on research, where I find changes of trunk kinematics during application of POWERbreathe. Method: Measurements were made on 6 probands in the same age category (women), when each measurement was performed during quiet breathing, maximum inhale/exhale, resistive breathing when using POWERbreathe and then another quiet breathing and maximum inhale/exhale. Quiet breathing was chosen as benchmark. The experimental measurements was done during one day. The research was used 3D kinematic motion analysis using system Qualysis. Were observed changes in the shape of the trunk and possibly caused breath changes during using POWERbreathe. Results: Measurements has confirmed, that the system Qualysis is able to detect mobility and the trunk shape changes. At a certain threshold load device POWERbreathe prevailed movements cranial...

Title: Analysis of the toss and impact in the tennis serve Objectives: The objective of our work is to analyse the phase of toss and hit in tennis serve and to compare the results between the players themselves. Methods: As the main method of data collection we used kinematic 3D analysis. Additional method was semi-structured interview with selected players for research. Results: We found that more stable performance at the phase of toss and hit achieves the player with the higher position on the tennis ranking. Furthermore we found that the ball in all serves was hit in front of the players body. The largest range of variation (most unstable) in both players was width M, that means hitting ball in a frontal plane in consideration of the vertical axis Y established by left foot tip designed by the server's. Conversely the most stable in both players was height of shoulders when hit. Keywords: tennis serve, toss, hit, kinematic 3D analysis

[pt] Movimentos de terra em encostas frequentemente causam grandes prejuízos econômicos, ambientais, sociais e, com freqüência, perda de vidas humanas. O mecanismo que desencadeia o processo de movimentação geralmente ocorre em períodos de chuvas intensas, principalmente nas encostas com pouca cobertura vegetal ou naquelas que sofreram mudanças recentes na topografia, geralmente pela execução de cortes. Neste trabalho foram realizadas análises de estabilidade da um trecho da encosta da BR-376, que liga as cidades de Curitiba a Joinville no km 55+800 do oleoduto OSPAR da Transpetro. Em 1995, cortes executados para duplicação da rodovia provocaram instabilidade em certa área da encosta. Em janeiro de 1997, durante um período de fortes chuvas, um novo escorregamento da porção inferior do talude provocou a ruptura do muro existente e uma série de escorregamentos sucessivos, que chegaram a atingir a faixa dos oleodutos. Diante desse cenário, utilizou-se primeiramente o programa de elementos finitos PLAXIS para as análises de estabilidade e posteriormente, a fim de comparação, o programa Slope/W e Sigma/W. Para as análises no PLAXIS foi utilizado o hardening soil model para o solo, com os parâmetros sendo determinados através de ensaios triaxiais com amostras obtidas de dois blocos de solo coletados das encosta. Os efeitos da movimentação da encosta no oleoduto OSPAR foram analisados por programa 3D de elementos finitos, dando-se ênfase às tensões e deformações para se a fim de verificar a integridade do duto. / [en] In densely populated urban areas, landslides generally cause large economic, social and environmental damages as well as, quite frequently, the loss of human lives. The main triggering factor for soil slope failures is the occurrence of heavy rainfalls and the most affected slopes are those with little vegetal covering or that had suffered recent changes in topography, generally due to the execution of cuts and excavations. In this work, stability analyses of a soil slope located at km 55+800 of the Transpetro’s OSPAR oil pipeline were carried out In 1995, the works for the duplication of the BR-376 highway, connecting the cities of Curitiba and Joinville, caused some instability in certain area of the soil slope. Later, in January 1997, during a period of heavy rainfall, a new landslide near the slope toe provoked the failure of the existing retaining wall and triggered a series of successive slides that reached the protected area were the oil pipeline was buried. In order to better understand the mechanics involved in this process, numerical analyses were carried out using the computational programs Slope/W, Sigma/W and Plaxis v.8. The soil behavior was simulated considering the hard soil model, whose constitutive parameters were estimated from triaxial tests. The influence of soil movements on the OSPAR oil pipeline were investigated through a 3D finite element analysis, with emphasis on stress and strain distributions in order to check the pile line structural integrity.

Análises de estabilidade de taludes, em mineração, são uma das atividades mais importantes do processo de obtenção de um bem mineral. Assegurar a estabilidade das escavações e a segurança do empreendimento são vitais para o processo de extração e, para tanto, a escolha da forma de análise (2D, quasi-tridimensional ou 3D) ou do método (equilíbrio limite ou análise numérica) mais propício para esse tipo de estudo é de suma importância. Muitas vezes o engenheiro responsável acaba baseando sua escolha na familiaridade com determinada metodologia ou na praticidade de determinado programa, em detrimento a fatores técnicos e de relevância para o estudo. Dessa forma, visando preencher tal lacuna existente atualmente e facilitar a escolha da melhor metodologia a ser utilizada, o presente estudo reúne os principais métodos conhecidos, suas vantagens e desvantagens e, assim, propõem uma metodologia para que essa escolha seja baseada em parâmetros técnicos relevantes. A metodologia proposta é, de certa forma, restritiva na escolha dos procedimentos que serão considerados, uma vez que, buscou-se utilizar métodos que tenham sua aplicabilidade comprovada, que possuam vantagens consideráveis sobre outros métodos e que sejam rigorosos, ou seja, satisfaçam todas as condições de equilíbrio (forças e momentos). Para corroborar com a metodologia proposta, quatro situações práticas diferentes foram apresentadas, demonstrando a aplicabilidade da metodologia. / Analysis of slope stability in mining is one of the most important activities of the process of obtaining a mineral resources. Ensuring the excavation stability and the safety of the project are vital to the extraction process. The choice of the form of analysis (2D, quasi-threedimensional or 3D) or of the method (limit equilibrium or numerical analysis) more suitable for this type of study is of paramount importance since, the responsible engineer often end up basing the analysis on familiarity with a particular methodology or on the availability of a particular program, to the detriment of technical factors and relevance to the study. Thus, in order to fill this existing gap and facilitate the selection of the best methodology to be used, the present study brings together the main known methods, their advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, presents a methodology for such a choice to be based on relevant technical parameters. The proposed methodology is somewhat restrictive in the choice of procedures that will be considered, since it has been tried to use methods that have proven applicability, that have considerable advantages over other methods and that are rigorous, satisfying all equilibrium conditions (forces and moments). In order to corroborate the proposed methodology, four different practical situations were presented, demonstrating the applicability of the methodology.

3D GIS is the key point of the development in the area in geospatial information domain. 3D visualization techniques, including 3D terrain data processing, the 3D objects modelling , satellite or air photo image texture, model material, level-of-detail terrain, is already gradually mature and had the outstanding performance in the existing 3D GIS software. But 3D spatial analysis function was still lacking in the field of the 3D spatial data processing. The goal of this research is to develop a 3D spatial analysis function for sun shadow in horizontal and vertical direction and to construct a system for 3D geographic objects visualization by using MFC and OpenGL as the development kit. It has some fundamental functions including: camera control, selecting a single face of a object, linking to a database, level-of-detail terrain. The shadow volume algorithm was used for 3D shadow visualization, and light tracing algorithm was used to compute a single face¡¦s culling area, finally sunshine formula of four seasons was utilitized to realize the shadow analysis function.

Les contraintes environnementales imposent de trouver des solutions pour limiter les émissions gazeuses (gaz à effet de serre) ainsi que d’éliminer les matériaux nocifs dans les produits de consommation. L’étude de solutions alternatives devient donc un point clé au développement des produits futurs. Dans ce contexte, les véhicules électriques et hybrides sont en forte progression sur le marché mais leur développement commercial reste fortement lié à leur fiabilité, plus particulièrement à celle des organes contrôlés par l’électronique de puissance. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ce cadre et se focalise sur la pâte d’argent micrométrique, matériau candidat au remplacement des solutions à base de plomb pour le report des puces. Si la pâte d’argent est assez bien caractérisée pour ses propriétés électriques, peu de données sont reportées dans littérature quant à ses propriétés mécaniques, pourtant indispensables pour appréhender la durée de vie des assemblages complets. Dans la thèse, une méthode originale d’élaboration des échantillons a été développée. Basée sur les recommandations d’utilisation donnée par le fournisseur, elle a été adaptée afin de d’obtenir des échantillons massifs dont la microstructure brute et après vieillissement en température est identique à celle des brasures réelles. Après élaboration, le taux porosité, compris entre 15 % et 20 %, n’évolue pas au cours de vieillissements représentatifs des conditions d’utilisation réelles. Seule la morphologie des pores évolue, pour laquelle un grossissement, respectant les cinétiques du mûrissement d’Ostwald, et une évolution de la distribution spatiale est observée. Les propriétés mécaniques sont une fonction de la densité à l’état brut. Après vieillissement des échantillons massifs, si les propriétés élastiques ne varient pas (à densité constante), la dispersion des propriétés plastiques sont reliées à la modification de la distribution spatiale des pores. L’évolution des propriétés élastiques sur les échantillons représentatifs des brasures est attribuée aux mécanismes de relaxation des contraintes d’élaboration. Une fois celles-ci relaxées, les propriétés sont identiques pour les deux états (massif et couche mince) et sont donc intrinsèques au matériau. / The requirement for reducing the use of harmful materials in convenience goods hasprompted investigation into alternative solutions. Along with the need to drastically limit theemission of greenhouse gases, the increase of electric or hybrid vehicles in the market reliesmostly on their dependability with a specific focus on reliability of the embedded powerelectronics. The study of alternative materials to lead (Pb) or Pb-based alloys for die bondingis a critical step towards realising an environmentally friendly solution. Micrometric silverpaste was chosen as a candidate because of its excellent electrical properties. However, fewdata are available in the literature concerning its mechanical properties, mandatory to modelthe entire electronic system for service life assessment. The processing route, based on thesintering of micrometric powder, provides a material with significant porosity that is knownto alter the mechanical properties when compared to the dense material. In this thesis, anoriginal processing route was developed in order to obtain bulk samples with the samemicrostructure of real solder joints either before or after ageing. The mechanical properties vsdensity was established prior to or after aging. After aging, the elastic properties do not varywhile the dispersion observed for the plastic properties is connected with the microstructureevolution. The evolution of the elastic properties on the representative samples of solder jointsafter aging is attributed to the mechanisms of stress relaxation. Once these relaxed, theproperties are identical for both states (bulk and thin layer) and are thus intrinsic in thematerial.

Ce travail se divise en deux parties : la première partie consiste à développer et valider une technique d’exploration de la fonction respiratoire à l’aide d’outils de capture du mouvement de la cage thoracique et de l’abdomen en trois dimensions. L’innovation consiste en l’application d’une méthode de calcul des volumes pulmonaires mobilisables non encore utilisée avec cette technique. La deuxième partie consiste à mettre en évidence l’intérêt médical de cette technique par son utilisation clinique sur des pathologies respiratoires ciblées et/ou dans des conditions médicales spécifiques. Dans un premier temps et suite à une analyse de la littérature des méthodes d’exploration de la fonction respiratoire par mesure optoélectronique,nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode de calcul des volumes respiratoires à partir de capture de mouvement de la paroi thoracoabdominale.Cette méthode prend en compte les déplacements de la surface de la paroi thoracoabdominale. Une comparaison entre cette nouvelle méthode,la méthode optoélectronique habituellement utilisée et la spirométrie(méthode de référence) montre que cette nouvelle méthode permet une évaluation précise des volumes respiratoires. Dans un second temps,une fois la question métrologique de mesure suffisamment précise des volumes validés, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’intérêt clinique d’apprécier la contribution des différents compartiments de la paroi thoracoabdominaleà la ventilation des patients myopathes et des sujets sous ventilationmécanique. Une première étude sur une population de patients présentant une déficience en maltase acide, visant l’identification du dysfonctionnement diaphragmatique a été réalisée. Ainsi nous avons pu démontrer que la contribution de la région abdominale à la ventilation est corrélée avec les indices invasifs évaluant la fonction diaphtragmatique. Cela nous permet maintenant de suivre l’évolution de la fonction diaphragmatique de ces patients de manière non invasive. Une seconde étude visait l’analyse de la contribution abdominale de la ventilation lorsque cette dernière est assistée mécaniquement. Ainsi nous avons pu observer que la ventilation mécanique diminuait la contribution abdominale, quel que soit le mode d’assistance ventilatoire utilisé, ce qui suggère une diminution de l’activité diaphragmatique sous ventilation mécanique et donc de confirmer une efficacité de ventilation mécanique. Une troisième étude sur le patient atteint de la myopathie de Duchenne de Boulogne a permis de quantifier les effets à court terme des manoeuvres d’insufflation et d’exsufflation sur la mobilité non assistée de la cage thoracique. Ainsi nous avons observé, immédiatement après ces manoeuvres, une meilleure expansion et une symétrisation de cette expansion thoracoabdominale lors d’inspirations et d’expirations maximales. Cela plaide pour une utilisation plus systématique de ces techniques au quotidien lors de la prise en charge de cette population, en particulier pour ceux qui présentent une dysharmonie du mouvement thoracoabdominal.Ce travail nous permet de proposer cette nouvelle exploration pour suivre des maladies chroniques évolutives affectant la mécanique respiratoire et l’effet des traitements spécifiques et d’envisager une application industrielle de ce nouvel outil de mesure. / This work is divided into two parts : the first part is to developand validate a technical exploration of respiratory function using motioncapturetools of the chest and abdomen in three dimensions. Innovation isthe application of a method of calculation of underlying lung volumes notyet used with this technique. The second part is to highlight the medicalinterest of this technique for clinical use in targeted respiratory pathologiesand/or specific medical conditions.First and following a literature review of methods of exploration of respiratoryfunction by optoelectronics measure we have proposed a new methodto compute respiratory volumes of motion capture of thoracoabdominalwall. This method takes into account the movements of the thoracoabdominalsurface of the wall. A comparison between this new method, optoelectronicstandard approach and spirometry (Reference method) showsthat this new method allows an accurate assessment of respiratory volumes.Secondly, once the issue of metrological sufficiently accurate measurementof volumes validated, we looked at the clinical interest of enhancing thecontribution of the different compartments of the thoracoabdominal wallin the breakdown of muscular dystrophy patients and mechanically ventilatedsubjects. An initial study on a population of patients with acid maltasedeficiency, for the identification of the diaphragmatic dysfunction was performed.Thus we have demonstrated that the contribution of the abdominalarea for ventilation is correlated with invasive indices transdiaphragmaticpressures. This now allows us to follow the evolution of diaphragmaticfunction of these patients noninvasively. A second study was the analysis ofthe abdominal contribution to the ventilation when the latter is mechanicallyassisted. Thus we have seen that mechanical ventilation decreased abdominalcontribution, whatever the method of ventilatory assistance used,suggesting a decrease in diaphragmatic activity under mechanical ventilationand thus confirm a mechanical ventilation efficiency. A third studyon the patient with Duchenne de Boulogne has quantified the short-termeffects of blowing maneuvers and exsufflation on unassisted mobility ofthe rib cage. Thus we observed immediately after these maneuvers, betterexpansion and balancing this thoracoabdominal expansion during inspirationand maximum expiration. This calls for a more systematic use of thesetechniques every day in the care of this population, particularly for thosewith disharmony of thoracoabdominal movement.This work allows us to offer this new exploration to follow evolving diseasesaffecting the respiratory mechanics and impact of specific treatmentsand to envisage an industrial application of this new measurementtool.