OBJECTIVE: To test reliability of 3D mandibular landmarks, planes of reference and surfaces and assess their correlation to conventional 2D cephalometric measurements. To analyze changes in three-dimensional shape of the symphysis due to growth and orthodontic treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of CBCTs of healthy orthodontic patients. 32 subjects were included, 16 males and 16 females. Mean ages of 10.6 ± 1.5 years and 15.0 ± 0.9 years before and after treatment, respectively. The mean follow up time was 4.3 years. Subjects free of any craniofacial anomalies, and no observable pathology on panoramic radiograph were. 15 subjects had CVM 1 and 17 subjects had CVM 2 before orthodontic treatment. All subjects had CVM 5 after orthodontic treatment. For the first phase, 3D mandibular landmark identifications were digitized. Planes and landmarks were constructed and compared with conventional 2D mandibular measurements. For the second phase, mandibles were isolated by removing surrounding structures. Pearson correlation and paired t-test were performed to test for correlation and differences between 2D and 3D measurements, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Software. MorphoJ software (Version 2.0, www.flywings.org.uk) was used for symphysis shape analysis; and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) between pre-treatment and post-treatment was used for statistical analysis of the symphysis. RESULTS: We found statistical significant positive correlation between 2D and 3D pre-treatment ramus height (P-value =0.01), post-treatment ramus height (P-value < 0.0001), pre-treatment corpus length (P-value 0.0003), post-treatment corpus length (P-value 0.04), pre-treatment gonial angle (P-value <0.0001), and post-treatment gonial angle (P-value=0.05). Also, statistically significant differences in 2D ramus height (P=0.001), 3D ramus height (P-value=0.002), 2D corpus length (P-value <0.01), and 3D corpus length (P-value <0.01). For symphysis shape comparing between pre-treatment and post-treatment, we found that there is no statistically significant difference between them (P-value= 0.99). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated statistically significant positive correlation between certain 2D and 3D measurements, pre-treatment and post-treatment differences in 2D and 3D measurements showed consistent results. Symphysis shapes do break out as distinctly separate groups, but the differences between the means is small.

Kinematic measurements conducted during bike set-ups utilise either static or dynamic measures. There is currently limited data on reliability of static and dynamic measures nor consensus on which is the optimal method. The aim of the study was to assess the difference between static and dynamic measures of the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow. Nineteen subjects performed three separate trials of a 10min duration at a fixed workload (70% of peak power output). Static measures were taken with a standard goniometer (GM), an inclinometer (IM) and dynamic three dimensional motion capture (3DMC) using an eight camera motion capture system. Static and dynamic joint angles were compared over the three trials to assess repeatability of the measurements and differences between static and dynamic values. There was a positive correlation between GM and IM measures for all joints. Only the knee, shoulder and elbow were positively correlated between GM and 3DMC, and IM and 3DMC. Although all three instruments were reliable, 3D motion analysis utilised different landmarks for most joints and produced different means. Changes in knee flexion angle from static to dynamic are attributable to changes in the positioning of the foot. Controlling for this factor, the differences are negated. It was demonstrated that 3DMC is not interchangeable with GM and IM, and it is recommended that 3DMC develop independent reference values for bicycle configuration.

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Title: Influence of the breathing muscles using POWERbreathe. Objective: The main object of this thesis is to determine, if it is possible to use 3D kinematic analysis to measure changes of trunk shapes during quiet breathing and breathing when using POWERbreathe and if it is possible to identify the changes. The thesis is divided to two parts. The first part contains theoretical part, focused on issue of kinesiology and biomechanics of breathing. The special part is concentrated on research, where I find changes of trunk kinematics during application of POWERbreathe. Method: Measurements were made on 6 probands in the same age category (women), when each measurement was performed during quiet breathing, maximum inhale/exhale, resistive breathing when using POWERbreathe and then another quiet breathing and maximum inhale/exhale. Quiet breathing was chosen as benchmark. The experimental measurements was done during one day. The research was used 3D kinematic motion analysis using system Qualysis. Were observed changes in the shape of the trunk and possibly caused breath changes during using POWERbreathe. Results: Measurements has confirmed, that the system Qualysis is able to detect mobility and the trunk shape changes. At a certain threshold load device POWERbreathe prevailed movements cranial...

Title: Analysis of the toss and impact in the tennis serve Objectives: The objective of our work is to analyse the phase of toss and hit in tennis serve and to compare the results between the players themselves. Methods: As the main method of data collection we used kinematic 3D analysis. Additional method was semi-structured interview with selected players for research. Results: We found that more stable performance at the phase of toss and hit achieves the player with the higher position on the tennis ranking. Furthermore we found that the ball in all serves was hit in front of the players body. The largest range of variation (most unstable) in both players was width M, that means hitting ball in a frontal plane in consideration of the vertical axis Y established by left foot tip designed by the server's. Conversely the most stable in both players was height of shoulders when hit. Keywords: tennis serve, toss, hit, kinematic 3D analysis

[pt] Movimentos de terra em encostas frequentemente causam grandes prejuízos econômicos, ambientais, sociais e, com freqüência, perda de vidas humanas. O mecanismo que desencadeia o processo de movimentação geralmente ocorre em períodos de chuvas intensas, principalmente nas encostas com pouca cobertura vegetal ou naquelas que sofreram mudanças recentes na topografia, geralmente pela execução de cortes. Neste trabalho foram realizadas análises de estabilidade da um trecho da encosta da BR-376, que liga as cidades de Curitiba a Joinville no km 55+800 do oleoduto OSPAR da Transpetro. Em 1995, cortes executados para duplicação da rodovia provocaram instabilidade em certa área da encosta. Em janeiro de 1997, durante um período de fortes chuvas, um novo escorregamento da porção inferior do talude provocou a ruptura do muro existente e uma série de escorregamentos sucessivos, que chegaram a atingir a faixa dos oleodutos. Diante desse cenário, utilizou-se primeiramente o programa de elementos finitos PLAXIS para as análises de estabilidade e posteriormente, a fim de comparação, o programa Slope/W e Sigma/W. Para as análises no PLAXIS foi utilizado o hardening soil model para o solo, com os parâmetros sendo determinados através de ensaios triaxiais com amostras obtidas de dois blocos de solo coletados das encosta. Os efeitos da movimentação da encosta no oleoduto OSPAR foram analisados por programa 3D de elementos finitos, dando-se ênfase às tensões e deformações para se a fim de verificar a integridade do duto. / [en] In densely populated urban areas, landslides generally cause large economic, social and environmental damages as well as, quite frequently, the loss of human lives. The main triggering factor for soil slope failures is the occurrence of heavy rainfalls and the most affected slopes are those with little vegetal covering or that had suffered recent changes in topography, generally due to the execution of cuts and excavations. In this work, stability analyses of a soil slope located at km 55+800 of the Transpetro’s OSPAR oil pipeline were carried out In 1995, the works for the duplication of the BR-376 highway, connecting the cities of Curitiba and Joinville, caused some instability in certain area of the soil slope. Later, in January 1997, during a period of heavy rainfall, a new landslide near the slope toe provoked the failure of the existing retaining wall and triggered a series of successive slides that reached the protected area were the oil pipeline was buried. In order to better understand the mechanics involved in this process, numerical analyses were carried out using the computational programs Slope/W, Sigma/W and Plaxis v.8. The soil behavior was simulated considering the hard soil model, whose constitutive parameters were estimated from triaxial tests. The influence of soil movements on the OSPAR oil pipeline were investigated through a 3D finite element analysis, with emphasis on stress and strain distributions in order to check the pile line structural integrity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação das áreas e das medidas lineares dos arcos dentários de crianças com fissura de lábio e palato unilateral (FLPU), aos cinco anos de idade. A amostra foi composta de 60 modelos digitais de maxila e de mandíbula de crianças com FLPU (p=30) (Grupo 1) e pacientes sem fissura (p=30) (Grupo 2). Os modelos de gesso foram digitalizados, por meio do Scanner 3 Shapes R700TM. Foram avaliadas as medidas lineares transversais (C-C) e ( M-M), lineares longitudinais (I-2MD), (I-2ME) e perpendicular (I-CC) e (I-MM) pelo Software Appliance Designer. As aferições das áreas total e parciais dos arcos dentários nos grupos de estudo foram pontuados e avaliados pelo Software do Sistema Estereofotogrametria. Para as análises dos resultados foi aplicado o Teste t , para verificar as alterações ocorridas entre os grupos, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram nas crianças com FLPU, um efeito retrusivo maxilar, pela menor dimensão linear I-CC e I-MM. Também um menor crescimento maxilar transversal anterior (C-C) e menores dimensões oblíquas anteriores direita (I-C) e esquerda(I-C) e oblíquas antero-posteriores (I-M e I-M). Pela avaliação das áreas maxilares, verificou-se uma menor área total e parcial anterior no grupo FLPU, comprovando que a retrusão maxilar ocorre preponderante na região da pré maxila. Um maior crescimento mandibular tanto pelas maiores medidas lineares transversal anterior (C-C), como pelas maiores medidas (I.C-C e I.M-M), além de maior área total e parcial posterior, comprovando a tendência de crescimento protrusivo inferior. Pela sobreposição de medidas de área total maxilo-mandibulares, constatou-se a restrição do crescimento maxilar e um excesso de crescimento mandibular no grupo FLPU. A comparação entre as medidas dos lados com e sem no grupo FLPU, permitiu verificar que na maxila, as medidas anterior e total do lado sem fissura são maiores do que as do lado com fissura. Na mandíbula, as medidas posterior (O.C-M ) e antero-posterior (O. I-M) foram maiores do lado sem fissura. Na avaliação da simetria entre os lados, o grupo FLPU demonstrou, na mandíbula, assimetria estatisticamente significante para maior do lado oposto à fissura maxilar. Isso permite denotar diferenças no crescimento latero-lateral pós cirurgias de queiloplastia e de palatoplastia na maxila e na mandíbula de crianças com FLPU, aos cinco anos de idade. Conclusão: Pode-se contabilizar alterações no crescimento de crianças com FLPU operadas, aos cinco anos de idade. Representado por: 1) Uma retrusão maxilar, dado pela menor área parcial anterior (AMaxA)(p<0,001). 2) Uma protrusão mandibular, pela maior área parcial posterior (AMandP)(p<0,001). 3) Um crescimento assimétrico maxilar, maior do lado com fissura. 4) Um significante crescimento assimétrico mandibular, mais acentuado no lado contrário à fissura (p<0,001 para C-M e para I-M). / The objective of this study was to perform an evaluation of the total and partial areas and linear, transverse, longitudinal and oblique measurements of the dental arches of children with cleft lip and unilateral palate (FLPU) at five years of age. The sample consisted of 60 digital models of maxilla and mandible of children with FLPU (p = 30) (Group 1) and patients without fissure (p = 30) (Group 2). Gypsum models were scanned using Scanner 3 Shape\'s R700TM. The measurements of the dimensions of the dental arches were: linear (C-C \') and (M-M\'), linear (I-2MD), (I-2ME) and perpendicular I-MM \') by Software Appliance Designer. The measurements of the total and partial areas of the dental arches in the study groups were scored and evaluated by the Software of the Stereophotogrammetry System. For the analysis of the results the Test t was applied to verify the changes that occurred between the groups. The level of significance of 5% was considered. The results showed in children with FLPU, a maxillary retrusive effect, by the smaller linear dimension I-CC \'and I-MM\'. Also lower anterior transverse maxillary growth (C-C \') and smaller anterior oblique dimensions (IC) and left anterior (I-C\') and oblique antero-posterior anterior. (I-M and I-M \'). By the evaluation of the maxillary areas, there was a smaller total and partial anterior area in the FLPU group, proving that maxillary retrusion preponderates in the premax region. A higher mandibular growth was observed in both the greater anterior (C-C \') linear measurements and the larger measures (IC-C\' and IM-M \'), as well as a larger posterior and partial area, denoting the protrusive growth tendency overlapping of maxillomandibular total area measurements, the restriction of maxillary growth and an excess of mandibular growth in the FLPU group were found. The comparison between the left and right side measurements in the FLPU group showed that in the maxilla, anterior and total measurements on the non-cleft side are greater than those on the cleft side. In the mandible, the posterior (O.C-M) and anteroposterior (O.I-M) measurements were larger on the non-cleft side. Conclusion: It was possible to denote differences in laterolateral and sagital growth after surgery of cheiloplasty and palatoplasty in the maxilla and in the mandible of children with FLPU at five years of age. Accounted by: 1) A maxillary retrusion, given by the smallest anterior partial area (AMaxA) (p <0.001). 2) A mandibular protrusion, by the largest posterior partial area (AMandP) (p <0.001). 3) Asymmetric maxillary growth, greater on the cleft side. 4) A significant asymmetric mandibular growth, more pronounced on the opposite side to the cleft (p <0.001 for CM and for I-M).

Análises de estabilidade de taludes, em mineração, são uma das atividades mais importantes do processo de obtenção de um bem mineral. Assegurar a estabilidade das escavações e a segurança do empreendimento são vitais para o processo de extração e, para tanto, a escolha da forma de análise (2D, quasi-tridimensional ou 3D) ou do método (equilíbrio limite ou análise numérica) mais propício para esse tipo de estudo é de suma importância. Muitas vezes o engenheiro responsável acaba baseando sua escolha na familiaridade com determinada metodologia ou na praticidade de determinado programa, em detrimento a fatores técnicos e de relevância para o estudo. Dessa forma, visando preencher tal lacuna existente atualmente e facilitar a escolha da melhor metodologia a ser utilizada, o presente estudo reúne os principais métodos conhecidos, suas vantagens e desvantagens e, assim, propõem uma metodologia para que essa escolha seja baseada em parâmetros técnicos relevantes. A metodologia proposta é, de certa forma, restritiva na escolha dos procedimentos que serão considerados, uma vez que, buscou-se utilizar métodos que tenham sua aplicabilidade comprovada, que possuam vantagens consideráveis sobre outros métodos e que sejam rigorosos, ou seja, satisfaçam todas as condições de equilíbrio (forças e momentos). Para corroborar com a metodologia proposta, quatro situações práticas diferentes foram apresentadas, demonstrando a aplicabilidade da metodologia. / Analysis of slope stability in mining is one of the most important activities of the process of obtaining a mineral resources. Ensuring the excavation stability and the safety of the project are vital to the extraction process. The choice of the form of analysis (2D, quasi-threedimensional or 3D) or of the method (limit equilibrium or numerical analysis) more suitable for this type of study is of paramount importance since, the responsible engineer often end up basing the analysis on familiarity with a particular methodology or on the availability of a particular program, to the detriment of technical factors and relevance to the study. Thus, in order to fill this existing gap and facilitate the selection of the best methodology to be used, the present study brings together the main known methods, their advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, presents a methodology for such a choice to be based on relevant technical parameters. The proposed methodology is somewhat restrictive in the choice of procedures that will be considered, since it has been tried to use methods that have proven applicability, that have considerable advantages over other methods and that are rigorous, satisfying all equilibrium conditions (forces and moments). In order to corroborate the proposed methodology, four different practical situations were presented, demonstrating the applicability of the methodology.

3D GIS is the key point of the development in the area in geospatial information domain. 3D visualization techniques, including 3D terrain data processing, the 3D objects modelling , satellite or air photo image texture, model material, level-of-detail terrain, is already gradually mature and had the outstanding performance in the existing 3D GIS software. But 3D spatial analysis function was still lacking in the field of the 3D spatial data processing. The goal of this research is to develop a 3D spatial analysis function for sun shadow in horizontal and vertical direction and to construct a system for 3D geographic objects visualization by using MFC and OpenGL as the development kit. It has some fundamental functions including: camera control, selecting a single face of a object, linking to a database, level-of-detail terrain. The shadow volume algorithm was used for 3D shadow visualization, and light tracing algorithm was used to compute a single face¡¦s culling area, finally sunshine formula of four seasons was utilitized to realize the shadow analysis function.

Les contraintes environnementales imposent de trouver des solutions pour limiter les émissions gazeuses (gaz à effet de serre) ainsi que d’éliminer les matériaux nocifs dans les produits de consommation. L’étude de solutions alternatives devient donc un point clé au développement des produits futurs. Dans ce contexte, les véhicules électriques et hybrides sont en forte progression sur le marché mais leur développement commercial reste fortement lié à leur fiabilité, plus particulièrement à celle des organes contrôlés par l’électronique de puissance. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ce cadre et se focalise sur la pâte d’argent micrométrique, matériau candidat au remplacement des solutions à base de plomb pour le report des puces. Si la pâte d’argent est assez bien caractérisée pour ses propriétés électriques, peu de données sont reportées dans littérature quant à ses propriétés mécaniques, pourtant indispensables pour appréhender la durée de vie des assemblages complets. Dans la thèse, une méthode originale d’élaboration des échantillons a été développée. Basée sur les recommandations d’utilisation donnée par le fournisseur, elle a été adaptée afin de d’obtenir des échantillons massifs dont la microstructure brute et après vieillissement en température est identique à celle des brasures réelles. Après élaboration, le taux porosité, compris entre 15 % et 20 %, n’évolue pas au cours de vieillissements représentatifs des conditions d’utilisation réelles. Seule la morphologie des pores évolue, pour laquelle un grossissement, respectant les cinétiques du mûrissement d’Ostwald, et une évolution de la distribution spatiale est observée. Les propriétés mécaniques sont une fonction de la densité à l’état brut. Après vieillissement des échantillons massifs, si les propriétés élastiques ne varient pas (à densité constante), la dispersion des propriétés plastiques sont reliées à la modification de la distribution spatiale des pores. L’évolution des propriétés élastiques sur les échantillons représentatifs des brasures est attribuée aux mécanismes de relaxation des contraintes d’élaboration. Une fois celles-ci relaxées, les propriétés sont identiques pour les deux états (massif et couche mince) et sont donc intrinsèques au matériau. / The requirement for reducing the use of harmful materials in convenience goods hasprompted investigation into alternative solutions. Along with the need to drastically limit theemission of greenhouse gases, the increase of electric or hybrid vehicles in the market reliesmostly on their dependability with a specific focus on reliability of the embedded powerelectronics. The study of alternative materials to lead (Pb) or Pb-based alloys for die bondingis a critical step towards realising an environmentally friendly solution. Micrometric silverpaste was chosen as a candidate because of its excellent electrical properties. However, fewdata are available in the literature concerning its mechanical properties, mandatory to modelthe entire electronic system for service life assessment. The processing route, based on thesintering of micrometric powder, provides a material with significant porosity that is knownto alter the mechanical properties when compared to the dense material. In this thesis, anoriginal processing route was developed in order to obtain bulk samples with the samemicrostructure of real solder joints either before or after ageing. The mechanical properties vsdensity was established prior to or after aging. After aging, the elastic properties do not varywhile the dispersion observed for the plastic properties is connected with the microstructureevolution. The evolution of the elastic properties on the representative samples of solder jointsafter aging is attributed to the mechanisms of stress relaxation. Once these relaxed, theproperties are identical for both states (bulk and thin layer) and are thus intrinsic in thematerial.