1 Comparison of Judgment by Default under Czech and Spanish Law Abstract This diploma thesis addresses Czech and Spanish legislation with respect to judgement by default and the subsequent compassion thereof. First chapter focuses on the defendant's default under Czech law, more specifically on the concept of the defendant's default during court proceedings, conditions that must be met in order to deliver a judgement by default, impermissibility of delivering a judgement by default, excusable grounds of default as well as the remedies that can be relied upon against such judgement. Second chapter follows with a description of Spanish legislation on the defendant's default during court proceedings. It deals with the concept of the defendant's default during court proceedings, conditions under which it is possible to issue a declaration of defendant's default, consequences associated with the defendant's default during court proceedings, delivering court documents to the defendant and to application for annulment of the final decision on the matter of the defendant in default and other remedies available to the defendant under Spanish law. The final chapter of the thesis outlines important differences which the author came across whilst studying each legislation. The author attempts to draw her own critical...

The paper analyses the trial before the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the light of theoretical models elaborated in the State traditions - the continental (inquisitorial) system and the Anglo-American (adversarial) system. Hypothesis from the beginning of this paper according to which the trial is predominantly based on features of the continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure has been confirmed. Regulations comprise the trial procedure before the ICC contain mostly provisions typical for continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure. The paper contain the case study of the first trial before the ICC (Thomas Lubanga case) with a view to procedural problems at this stage of the proceeding. The way of interpretation typical mainly for continental (inquisitorial) criminal procedure have been used as a solution of these problems.

[pt] A persecução penal foi analisada sob a ótica da incidência do princípio da ampla defesa na fase de inquérito policial e no curso do processo. A partir da observação das práticas dos órgãos estatais que atuam na persecução penal, foi possível inferir que apesar da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 estabelecer princípios garantistas, norteadores do processo penal, a atuação dos órgãos estatais ainda está pautada por um caráter repressivo/punitivo que inspirou a elaboração do Código de Processo Penal de 1941. Foram selecionados julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais demonstrativos de uma interpretação que prima pela relativização das garantias processuais. Ainda que se realizem reformas no diploma processual penal, visando melhor adequá-lo à Constituição Federal, não há que se falar em respeito ao devido processo penal enquanto as decisões judiciais persistirem em flexibilizar os princípios constitucionais e as normas infraconstitucionais garantidoras dos direitos daqueles que estão sujeitos ao processo. O comprometimento do devido processo penal é evidenciado não somente por tais práticas judiciais, mas também pela ausência de efetiva ampla defesa, pois grande parte daqueles que estão submetidos ao processo não tem condições de contratar advogados e não há por parte do Estado o cumprimento do dever de prestar a assistência jurídica integral e gratuita a ser realizada pela Defensoria Pública. A ausência de efetiva ampla defesa macula o exercício da cidadania e o processo penal é visto como instrumento para legitimar uma exclusão que o antecede, assumindo o Estado brasileiro a postura do eficientismo penal em detrimento do respeito às garantias constitucionais. Nessa perspectiva, reconhece-se a necessidade de melhor estruturação da Defensoria Pública, para a defesa dos direitos dos hipossuficientes, pois em razão da capacidade técnico-jurídica de seus profissionais, pode se contrapor às práticas autoritárias, defendendo o status libertatis dos investigados e acusados. / [en] Criminal prosecution was assessed from the perspective of the principle of full defense during police investigation and along corresponding procedures. From the observation of state agency practices regarding criminal prosecution, it was possible to infer that, despite the fact that the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil sets forth guarantee principles to guide criminal procedures, the performance of state offices is still ruled by a repressive/punitive characteristic that inspired the creation of 1941 Code of Criminal Proceedings. Decisions issued by the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Court of Justice and the Court of Justice of the State of Minas Gerais were selected once they demonstrated an interpretation that excels in the relativizing procedural guarantees. Even if reforms are carried out to the criminal procedural diploma aiming at better adjusting it to the Federal Constitution, it is not possible to talk about respect for the due criminal procedure while legal decisions insist in softening constitutional principles and infra-constitutional standards that guarantee the rights of those who are subjected to the proceedings. The sacrifice of the due criminal procedure is evidenced not only by such legal practices, but also by the lack of effective full defense once most of those who are subjected to the procedure cannot engage lawyers and the Government fails to comply with the obligation to provide full and free legal assistance through the Public Defender s Office. The absence of effective full defense tarnishes the exercise of citizenship and the criminal procedure is seen as an instrument to legitimate an exclusion that precedes it. The Brazilian State assumes the posture of criminal efficiency to the detriment of respect for constitutional guarantees. From that stand point, is recognized the need to improve the structure of the Public Defender s Office to defend the rights of the disadvantaged ones, due to the technical and legal capacity of its professionals, they can fight authoritarian practices, defending the status libertatis of investigated and accused ones.