This thesis examines the development of the reactions of Indians of British Columbia to contact and colonization. It is maintained that religious and social changes which have occurred among Indians of British Columbia since contact with the White man can best be understood when interpreted as phases in a continuous process of development. This process of change began with the emergence of prophet movements at approximately the same time as the White man's presence was beginning to be felt in the area. These prophet movements exhibited characteristics typical of messianic movements elsewhere. Native prophets predicted the arrival of White men, their power and possessions. When missionaries arrived in the area they were generally accorded an enthusiastic reception. The appeal of missionary Christianity is analysed with reference to the millenial ambience established in the earlier prophet movements and to the messages and media communicated by the missionaries. For many Indians, it is argued, conversion to Christianity was equivalent to participating in a millenarian activity. An examination of typical converts and Christian communities established by various missionaries reveals the attempt by many Indians to adopt White culture and realize the expectations apparent in the prophet movements. Disillusionment with missionary Christianity was the result of the widening colonial experience. Although desiring equality with the White man, Indians remained politically, economically and socially subordinate. Conversion to Christianity had not succeeded in satisfying Indian needs and expectations. Indians began asserting a desire for independent control of their own affairs, a desire found among colonial peoples in other parts of the world. But the nature of the colonial situation in Canada has left the Indians a minority group with no effective political power, and thus assertions of Indian nationalism in British Columbia have been directed into such activities as political pressure groups, the revival of Indian spirit dancing and other ceremonials. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This study was designed to explore specific aspects of the relationship between language and cognition. Comparisons of a normal population with populations deficient in verbal ability provide information relevant to the qualification of this relationship. In this respect, B.C. Indian children were an appropriate group for comparison with normal white children since they are apparently deficient in verbal development. It was considered worthwhile to determine if there are cognitive differences between Indian and white children and if there are, to determine if these differences can be attributed to differences in verbal ability in the form of verbal mediation. Evidence of verbal mediation is assumed to be exemplified in the relatively greater ease of executing a R over a NR shift. In a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design involving age (7,8,9), shift (R-NR), and ethnic group (Indian-white), it was hypothesized that there would be a significant interaction between shift and ethnic group. A total of sixty-seven Indian and fifty-one white children was initially tested. However, nineteen Indian and three white children failed to learn the first discrimination to criterion within the limit of one hundred trials. The difference between these proportions was highly significant. Analyses were conducted for the resulting self-selected sample of forty-eight Indian and forty-eight white children who succeeded in attaining the first criterion and who went on to the shift task. On original learning, there were no significant differences or interactions for this self-selected sample. On the shift, there was a significant main effect only for the shift factor, with the R shift performance being superior to MR shift performance for both ethnic groups. There were no differences between Indians and whites in overall performance or in the relative difficulty of R and NR shifts. Supplementary analyses were performed to explore other possible differences. It was found that the white children were relatively consistent in the speed with which they learned both the original discrimination and shift while, in contrast, the Indian children were not. Those Indian children who were "fast" in original learning became "slow" on the shift, whereas those who were"slow" in original learning became "fast" on the shift. On the basis of post-experimental card sort and verbalization tests, it was also found that the shape dimension was more salient than the size dimension and that Indian children were not as successful in giving an appropriate overt label to the triangle concept. The specific hypothesis that there would be a significant interaction between shift and ethnic group was not supported. However, in general, the results from the supplementary analyses and the fact that significantly more Indian than white children failed to reach the first criterion suggested that there wore cognitive differences between Indian and white children. There was no specific evidence to support a mediational deficiency interpretation of these differences. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines the general subject of real estate property taxation and the specific problem of evaluating the consequences of certain taxation policies. The administration of real estate property taxation in North America is examined by means of a literature review. Particular emphasis is placed on the criticism that has been directed at the tax on the basis of administration and the nature of the tax. The problem of non-uniformity of taxation and its consequences is examined in great detail. The sources of the problem and proposed remedies are reviewed and the methods of analysis are subjected to a critical analysis. The economic characteristics of real estate property taxes are analyzed, drawing particular attention to the difference between the effects of a tax on land and a tax on improvements. Taxes on land and improvements are evaluated in terms of their effects on property values, rents, investment decisions and development. Land assessment practices in a residential-business transition zone adjacent to the central business district in Regina are examined in detail, relating the assessed values to estimated market values. Assessed land values, expressed as percentages of estimated market value in the transition zone are compared to assessed land values in developing residential subdivisions also expressed as a percentage of the estimated market value. Land assessment rates in the transition zone are adjusted to approximately the same percentage of estimated market value as the land assessment rates in the developing subdivisions and the effect of this change on the distribution of taxes is calculated. The effects of the redistribution of taxes are evaluated using economic and real estate property taxation theories. The examination is limited to a qualitative analysis due to the lack of data which prevents the formulation of mathematical models that are capable of making quantitative predictions. In conclusion, although the methods employed to analyze the under- assessment of land in one part of the city do provide some indication of the consequences of the policy, the inability to make quantitative judgments limits their application as policy implementation tools. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Traditionally, the native people of the North American continent did not evolve levels of organization beyond that of the band. In addition, political organizations as we know them did not exist. As a result there is no historical precedent for the levels of organization which the Indian leadership now recognize as necessary for the protection of what remains of their way of life, and for a rebirth of their culture under conditions that they control, independent of the Department of Indian Affairs which has controlled much of their lives over the past century. In the late 1960's, partly as a result of the permissibility of democratic ideology adopted by the DIA and partly because of the increase of sophistication of the Indian leadership in dealing with the white man's ways, the movement towards more local control has seen demands placed upon the DIA to respond to the Indian's needs as they themselves define them. This thesis traces the recent development in the Cariboo-Chilcotin region of the Interior of B.C.; and in particular, the development of the Caribou Tribal Council (CTC) as it increased its political capability and attempted to mount an independence movement and control the program funds of DIA following the rejection of government funds by the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs. Material collected for this thesis includes extensive interviews with Tribal Council members and resource people, the written documentation immediately relevant to this subject, and viewing video tape films of some recent important meetings. In developing this interpretive chronology, the author witnessed several meetings of the Tribal Council and one of their major workshops. In addition, various people associated with the Council have commented on the draft of the paper. The struggle to unify three distinct cultural groupings makes the alliance of bands at best a loose alliance. The Caribou Tribal Council was able to develop and maintain the initiative in policy matters towards the Department of Indian Affairs. That initiative, partly because of efforts of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs, was given strength by the cultural movement towards independence of Indian people. Because the Department did not respond quickly and positively to the Indian initiative, the political strength of the CTC waned enough to a point where the DIA could re-establish its initiative and the CTC was forced to react. The DIA initiative was a return to its former position of stating that it would decide when the Indian people were ready for more control over Departmental programs and what form the training for that control would take. In the meantime the other major thrust of Indian political activity, that of the land claims, which is not directed at DIA, remains a focus of considerable energy. What will become of the land claim issue is difficult to say, but at least some bands seem to be resolute in their efforts to achieve recognition and settlement of the claim. In the meantime, the local DIA office remains a symbol of the presence of the agency which had controlled so much of the lives of the Indian people, and on which they seem to have become dependent. As a symbol, it remains a target for the alliance of the three tribes comprised of the 15 bands in the district. A recent political phenomenon which is related to the need for an increased administrative capability on the part of bands is the emergence of Area Councils based largely on tribal cultural lines. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Prosperity was the positive goal of America's postwar policy. For several years, the United States was successful in her attempt to be at the same time politically aloof and economically opportunistic. But politics and economics were radically intertwined in the reparation settlement, and when reparations interfered with the prosperity of the Atlantic community, it shattered as well America's resolve to "let Europe stew in her own juice," and caused American reinvolvement in European concerns. America's postwar settlement can be expressed in two words: disentanglement frustrated.

A zona de cisalhamento Sierra Ballena é um cinturão milonitico de até 6km de espessura e 75okm de comprimento formado por milonitos e ultramilonitos de diferentes tipos. Constitui o limite colisional entre o arco magmático de Pelotas e a margem passiva do Craton do Rio de La Plata. A temperatura e pressão de sua formação inicial dos milonitos oscilam no campo da fácies anfibólito, passando a xistos verdes e a feições rúpteis dos estágios tardios. Sua cinematica mostra ser essencialmente sinistral. Constitui simultaneamente com a zona de cisalhamento Além-Paraiba-Cubatão-Lancinha um dos sistemas de cisalhamento mais extensos do sudoeste de Gondwana. Sua reativação se deu durante vários períodos do Fanerozoico. O bloco leste é integrado por várias rochas graníticas aqui descritas, enquanto o bloco oeste apresenta granitos muito deformados, assim como uma sequência de rochas supracrustais do laualleja dobradas em dois eventos principais e características de sequência de margem passiva. Outra sequência supracrustal integrada por xistos miloniticos e possivelmente rochas vulcanicas, dominada por dobramento recumbente e foliação horizontal é descrita aqui pela primeira vez como Formação Fazenda el Fortim, situada entre o granito Aigua e a zona de cisalhamento sinistral Sierra Ballena. / Sierra Ballena Shear Zone is a mylonitic belt 6 Km wide and 750 Km long. It is composed by rnylonites and uItramylonites of different types, due to differences in composition of protoliths and intensity of deformation. It is the last Pre-Devonian event in the Uruguay-Rio Grande do Sul Shield. S.B.S.S.Z. is the collisional border between the Pelotas magmatic arc and the passive margin of the Rio de La Plata craton. Her mylonites register a large activity time because they present features corresponding to \"hot mylonites\" as well as \"cold\" ones. Initial formation pressure and temperature correspond to amphibolite facies following to greenschist to brittle in the late stages. Her kinematics shows essentially a synistral component as part of simple shear as well as transtensional. It constitutes simultaneously with the Alem-Paraiba-Cubatão-Lancinha Shear Zone one of the most extensive shear belts of SW Gondwana. Her ractivation occur in Phanerozoic times affecting Paraná Basin sediments and performing the borders of Meso-Caenozoic basins. The eastern block is mainly integrated by various granitic rocks which are here described; meanwhile the western block exposses highly deformed granites, and a supracrustal sequence. The supractustal have been folded in two events and are integrated by limestones, dolomites, marbles, metamicroconglomerates, metasiltstones and acid, basic and intermediate metalavas, as well as reworked tuff ; all of the Lavalleja Group. A supracrustal sequence integrated by mylonitized schists and possible acid metavulcanic rocks, dominated by recumbent folding and horizontal foliation is described here for the first time: Fazenda El Fortin Formation, situated between the Aiguá Granite and S.B.S.S.Z.

In the twenty first century the Pink Tide arrived in Latin America with left wing governments who claimed to be socialists. Research has shown that there were two types of socialism in the region, one globalized and the other anti-globalization. The latter better portrayed as socialists' populists are the focus of this work. This study aims to find how the actions taken by the socialist populist governments disregarded democracy and shows how because on this; the security of the nations has deteriorated. Grounded on existing work of the current left wing in the region, the question is: How have the socialist-populist regimes who were situated in governments of Latin American countries, during the beginning of the twenty first century, contributed in the increased deterioration of human security of their nations and region during their term and post term years? Based on the review of the concentration of power, nationalization policies and media activism actions that Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua have imposed I show the deterioration of Human Security inside each case. The results indicate that because of the actions taken against democracy, the human security has decreased posing a threat in each country and the region.

In this thesis have been included six novels of the indigenous type that represent four countries of Latin America: Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. This type of novel contains elements of social protest, and therefore it is appropriate to examine the problem of the "indio" or (Indian) in relation to the countries where the majority of the population is comprised of "Indians".

The genus Dryocoetes is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, North America and Central America. It consists of about sixty species, seven of which occur in North America.

A collection of poems.