Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivo 01.pdf: 247408 bytes, checksum: c5b71bb84d3f6d810ed1180dbb4470da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work investigates the wettability changes of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) induced by optical process. a-C:H films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 100% acetylene atmosphere. Steel and brass were used as substrates. Two groups of samples were prepared to study the radiation influence. First group was deposited at different substrate temperature and second one at different deposition pressure. Samples were exposed to radiation at different energy range, gamma and ultraviolet extend. The idea behind radiation exposure was to identify changes at the surface topography to evaluate changes at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the samples. In essence, hydrogenated amorphous carbon films are hydrophilic at all conditions studied. This work shows it is possible to make a-C:H surfaces less hydrophilic using both gamma and ultraviolet radiation. Also samples can reach hydrophobic state induced by ultraviolet beam at high energy, although for a short period of time. Yet, samples were bombarded by argon ions in order to investigate how physical changes at the surface influence their wettability character. Results present the wicking effect, which says that induced roughness enhancement causes improvement of the wet character of the sample. In conclusion, all the results presented at this work suggest that Wenzel s model can be applied to evaluate a-C:H samples at the conditions here used. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as mudanças na mol habilidade de filmes de carbono amorfo hidrogenado (a-C:H) induzidas por processos ópticos. Estes filmes de a-C:H foram depositados pela técnica química na fase vapor assistida por plasma (PECVD) sobre substratos de aço e latão, em ambiente com 100% de acetileno. Dois grupos de amostras foram preparados a fim de se estudar a influencia da radiação. O primeiro grupo foi depositado em diferentes temperaturas do substrato. O segundo em diferentes pressões de deposição. As amostras foram expostas a um largo espectro de energia, que se estendeu de UV a gama de alta e baixa atividades. A idéia por trás da exposição de radiação e investigar as mudanças na topografia das amostras como forma de avaliar as mudanças do caráter hidrofílico para hidrofóbico. Tipicamente, filmes de carbono amorfo hidrogenado são hidrofílicos em todas as condições estudadas. Este trabalho mostra que e possível fazer filmes de a-C:H menos hidrofílico usando tanto radiação gama quanto ultravioleta. Também, filmes de a-C:H podem alcançar estados hidrofóbicos induzidos por ultravioleta de alta energia, embora não seja permanente. Ainda, as amostras de a-C:H foram bombardeadas com íons de argônio a fim de investigar como as mudanças físicas influenciam a molhabilidade dos filmes. Os resultados mostram que a rugosidade induzida provoca o chamado efeito wicking que reforça o caráter de molhabilidade da superfície. Finalmente, todos os resultados apresentados neste trabalho mostram que o modelo de Wenzel pode ser aplicado para avaliar amostras de a-C:H crescidas conforme as condições aqui estudadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelaine Hofelmann.pdf: 2386106 bytes, checksum: aeec01c186f76b6b27808fbbe356b665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The wettability of a-C:H films deposited by PECVD at different temperatures and deposition pressure were analyzed before and after exposing them to low activity gamma radiation, ultraviolet of low energy and alpha particles. M2 steel disks and silicon were used as substrates. The base pressure was kept under 10-5 Torr. Plasma of pure acetylene gas was used as a carbon source. The deposition temperature ranged from room temperature up to 200 °C. The deposition pressure varied from 0.1 Torr up to 3.0 Torr. All samples were irradiated for 15 minutes and were located 10 cm away from the source of gamma rays and alpha particles and 5.5 cm from the UV source. Samples exposed show changes in the state of wettability due to radiation. Raman Spectroscopy at 1064 nm was used to investigate the structural modification of the a-C:H films. The results show typical D and G bands of amorphous carbon materials besides a band indicating the presence of sp bonds. The surface tension was calculated to understand the influence of radiation on the wetting character of a-C:H samples. Thus to facilitate the control of reversing wettability of the films. / A molhabilidade de filmes de a-C:H depositados por PECVD com diferentes temperaturas e pressões de deposição foi analisada antes e depois da exposição a radiação gama de baixa atividade, ultravioleta de baixa energia e partículas alfa. Discos de aço M2 e silício monocristalino foram usados como substrato. A pressão de base do sistema foi mantida em 10-5 Torr. Plasma de gás acetileno puro foi utilizado como fonte de carbono. A temperatura de deposição variou desde a temperatura ambiente até 200ºC e ao variarmos a pressão de deposição ela foi de 0,1 Torr até 3,0 torr. Todas as amostras foram irradiadas durante 15 minutos e foram localizadas a 10 cm de distância das fontes de gama e de partículas alfa e a 5,5 cm da fonte de UV. Amostras irradiadas mostram mudanças de estado de molhabilidade devido. Espectroscopia Raman em 1064 nm foi utilizada para investigar a modificação estrutural dos filmes de a-C:H. Os resultados mostram bandas D e G típicas de materiais de carbono amorfo, além de bandas representando ligações sp. O cálculo da tensão superficial foi usado para compreender o papel da radiação no caráter de molhabilidade das amostras e facilitar o controle das mudanças de estado hidrofóbico/hidrofílico dos filmes de a-C:H.

Orientador: Francisco das Chagas Marques / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viana_GustavoAlexandre_M.pdf: 3366842 bytes, checksum: 8c8e197604709bdb58680d545de2f736 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste projeto de tese de mestrado apresentamos os resultados de medidas de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE), realizadas em filmes de nitreto de carbono amorfo (a-C1-xNx(:H)), depositados por duas técnicas diferentes, conhecidas como: Glow Discharge (GD) e Dual Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (DIBAD). Os principais parâmetros obtidos como: A concentração de centros paramagnéticos (CCP), fator (ou valor) g e largura de linha (.Hpp), típicos para a espectroscopia de RPE, são analisados em termos das mudanças promovidas pelo nitrogênio incorporado em nossas amostras de a-C1-x Nx(:H), ao lado de resultados já publicados por outros grupos em temas próximos ao aqui desenvolvido. Diferente da tendência apresentada por outros filmes de carbono amorfo (a-C), depositados por diferentes técnicas, onde se observa que a CCP aumenta, ~10 20 cm -3 , conforme o gap óptico diminui, ~1,0 eV, este último em função da presença de clusters grafíticos maiores, nossas amostras de a-C, principalmente aquelas depositadas por DIBAD, mostram-se claramente fora deste comportamento, como será apresentado, com uma concentração de centros paramagnéticos da ordem de 10 18 cm -3 para um gap óptico de 0 eV. Atribuímos a este comportamento, uma diferenciação entre quais tipos de centros paramagnéticos (localizados ou itinerantes), em função do tamanho do gap óptico, são os responsáveis pelo sinal de RPE observado / Abstract: In this present work, measures of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) on amorphous carbon nitride films (a-C1-x Nx(:H)), deposited by two different techniques known as Glow Discharge (GD) and Dual Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (DIBAD), will be presenting. The parameters like Paramagnetic Centers Concentration (PCC), g value and linewidth, ordinary within the EPR spectroscopy, are analyzed as the nitrogen is incorporated promoting some structural changes into the our a-C1-x Nx(:H) samples, and besides to results reporting by others groups working in subjects close to that here developed. Differently of the behavior showed by others amorphous carbon films (a-C) deposited by several different ways, where the paramagnetic centers get rise, ~10 20cm -3 , as the optical gap drops, ~ 1.0 eV, due the presence of the largest clusters of graphite sheets, our a-C samples, mainly the ones deposited by DIBAD, presenting in a straight disagree according to this trend, as it will be later explored, with a PCC around 10 18 cm -3 and a 0 eV for the optical gap. We have attributed to this behavior, a transition between localized and itinerant centers, respectably for large and small gap, whose are the responsible for the EPR signal observed. / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

This doctoral thesis concerns the preparation of porous cerium oxide/carbon bilayers on silicon substrates. In this regard, carbonaceous films in the form of amorphous carbon (a-C) and nitrogenated amorphous carbon (CNx) are considered. The influence of various process parameters of the cerium oxide deposition on the morphology of the final cerium oxide/carbon bilayer is investigated. A correlation could be found between the morphol- ogy of the bilayer and the stoichiometry of the cerium oxide film determined by means of XPS. Furthermore, a study regarding the chemical composition of the used carbonaceous films by means of various spectroscopic techniques is presented. It was found that the chemical composition of the carbonaceous films strongly depends on the deposition con- ditions of these films and influences the behaviour of these films during oxygen plasma treatment and cerium oxide deposition, respectively. 1

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Elektrochemische Energiespeicher sind entscheidend für eine zuverlässige Energieversorgung angesichts steigender Nachfrage und knapper Ressourcen. Die fortlaufende Entwicklung möglichst umweltfreundlicher Materialien mit guter Verfügbarkeit ist essenziell für die Verbesserung von deren Leistungsfähigkeit. Ziel der Arbeit war die Nutzung cellulosebasierter Präkursoren zur Herstellung von Elektrodenmaterialien für die elektrochemischen Energiespeicher Superkondensator und Li-Ionen-Batterie. Dabei werden die Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen von Präkursormaterial und Kohlenstoff, sowie deren Einfluss auf die resultierenden elektrochemischen Leistungen untersucht. Mittels Acetatverfahren können sphärische Partikel auf Basis von Cellulose mit einer Partikelgröße < 5 µm und enger Partikelgrößenverteilung hergestellt werden. Bei der Herstellung sphärischer Partikel aus Celluloseacetat werden eine Vielzahl verschiedener Parameter im Herstellungsprozess variiert und deren Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften der sphärischen Partikel verändert. Außerdem werden die Cellulosederivate Celluloseacetat-butyrat und Celluloseacetat-phthalat als Ausgangsmaterial zur Herstellung sphärischer Partikel verwendet. Die hergestellten sphärischen Partikel werden mittels Pyrolyse zu Kohlenstoff umgewandelt, wobei zum einen der Einfluss der Eigenschaften der sphärischen Präkursoren auf die resultierenden Kohlenstoffe und zum anderen der Einfluss verschiedener Carbonisierungsbedingungen (Carbonisierungstemperatur, Haltezeit, Heizrate) anhand von sphärischen Celluloseacetatpartikeln mit einer Partikelgröße < 5 µm untersucht werden. Zur Vergrößerung der Oberfläche und zur Veränderung der Porenstruktur werden aktivierte Kohlenstoffe hergestellt. Dabei wird KOH in verschiedenen Aktivierungsgraden C : KOH verwendet sowie alternative Aktivierungsreagenzien getestet. Die (aktivierten) Kohlenstoffe dienen als Elektrodenmaterialien in Superkondensatoren, Li-Ionen-Batterien und Li-Ionen-Kondensatoren. Die hergestellten Kohlenstoffe zeigen vielversprechende Kapazitäten als Elektrodenmaterial in symmetrischen Superkondensatoren mit KOH-Elektrolytlösung, insbesondere bei Verwendung von aktiviertem Kohlenstoff aus sphärischen Celluloseacetatpartikeln. Außerdem werden verschiedene neutrale wässrige Elektrolytlösungen als Alternative zu alkalischen KOH-Lösungen getestet und der Einfluss von Konzentration und Arbeitstemperatur betrachtet. Weiterhin kann die Eignung der hergestellten nicht-aktivierten Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-Perlen als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien als Alternative zu Graphit gezeigt werden, insbesondere hinsichtlich Langzeitstabilität und dem Einsatz bei hohen Betriebstemperaturen. Auch ein möglicher Einsatz der aktivierten Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-Perlen in Li-Ionen-Kondensatoren als Kathodenmaterial mit TNO-Anode wird geprüft.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS SYMBOLVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 2 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 2.1 Ausgangsmaterialien 2.1.1 Cellulose 2.1.2 Celluloseester (Celluloseacetat, Celluloseacetat-butyrat, Celluloseacetat-phthalat) 2.1.3 Sphärische Partikel aus Cellulose und Cellulosederivaten 2.2 Kohlenstoffe 2.2.1 Kohlenstoffe in Energiespeichern 2.2.2 Amorphe Kohlenstoffe 2.2.3 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 2.3 Elektrochemische Speichermethoden 2.3.1 Superkondensatoren 2.3.1.1 Speicherarten – EDLC vs. Pseudokapazität 2.3.1.2 Elektrodenmaterialien 2.3.1.3 Elektrolytsysteme 2.3.2 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 2.3.3 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren 2.4 Methoden zur strukturellen Charakterisierung 2.4.1 Laserbeugungsspektroskopie 2.4.2 Sedimentationsverhalten zur Bestimmung der Porosität 2.4.3 Stickstoffphysiosorption 2.4.4 Raman-Spektroskopie 2.4.5 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 2.4.6 Röntgendiffraktometrie 2.4.7 Viskositätsmessungen 2.5 Elektrochemische Charakterisierung 2.5.1 Zyklische Voltammetrie 2.5.2 Galvanostatisches Zyklieren 2.5.3 Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie 2.5.4 Galvanostatische intermittierende Titrationstechnik 3 EXPERIMENTELLER TEIL 3.1 Herstellung Perlcellulose 3.1.1 Herstellung der sphärischen Celluloseester / Deacetylierung 3.1.2 Variationen der Parameter 3.2 Carbonisierung / Aktivierung 3.3 Herstellung der Elektrochemischen Energiespeicher 3.3.1 Superkondensatoren 3.3.2 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 3.3.3 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren 3.4 Chemikalien 3.5 Geräte und Methoden 4 ERGEBNISSE & DISKUSSION 4.1 Ausgangsmaterialien für die Herstellung von sphärischen Celluloseestern 4.2 Sphärische Celluloseester 4.2.1 Verschiedene CA-Materialien 4.2.2 Deacetylierung zur Perlcellulose 4.2.3 Partikelgröße 4.2.4 Salzgehalt 4.2.5 Tensidgehalt 4.2.6 Celluloseacetat-butyrat 4.2.7 Celluloseacetat-phthalat 4.2.8 Zusammenfassung der Herstellung sphärischer Partikel aus Celluloseestern 4.3 Kohlenstoffe auf Basis von sphärischen Celluloseestern 4.3.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf die hergestellten Kohlenstoffe aus CA1-Perlen 4.3.2 Einfluss der verschiedenen Herstellungsbedingungen der Celluloseacetat-Perlen auf den resultierenden Kohlenstoff 4.3.3 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-butyrat-Perlen 4.3.4 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseacetat-phthalat 4.3.5 Zusammenhänge zwischen Präkursoren und Kohlenstoffen 4.4 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 4.4.1 Aktivierung von CA- und CAB-Perlen mit KOH 4.4.2 Vergleich von KOH mit anderen Aktivierungsreagenzien 4.5 Superkondensatoren mit Elektroden aus Kohlenstoffen auf Basis von sphärischen Celluloseestern in alkalischen Elektrolyten 4.5.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf die Performance von Superkondensatoren mit CA1-Elektroden 4.5.2 Superkondensatoren auf Basis von Kohlenstoffen aus verschiedenen Celluloseestern 4.5.3 Aktivierte Kohlenstoffe 4.5.4 Zusammenhang zwischen den hergestellten Kohlenstoffen und deren Einsatz als Elektrodenmaterial in Superkondensatoren 4.6 Vergleich von alkalischen und neutralen Elektrolyten in Superkondensatoren 4.6.1 Charakterisierung der Elektrolyte 4.6.2 Neutrale Elektrolyte und alkalische Elektrolyte im Vergleich 4.6.3 Einfluss von Konzentration und Temperatur auf die Zellperformance mit Na2SO4-Elektrolyten 4.7 Kohlenstoffe aus sphärischen Celluloseestern als Anodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 4.7.1 Einfluss der Carbonisierungsbedingungen auf CA1 als Anodenmaterial 4.7.2 Bindersysteme 4.7.3 Kohlenstoffe aus Celluloseestern mit verschiedenen Herstellungsbedingungen 4.7.4 Einfluss der Temperatur 4.8 Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren mit aktiviertem Kohlenstoff aus CA-Perlen als Kathodenmaterial 4.9 Vergleich der Kohlenstoffe als Elektrodenmaterial in den verschiedenen Energiespeichersystemen 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 7 ANHANG

There has been progress in the surface modification of low carbon steel in order to enhance its surface hardness. This study contributes to this by investigating the introduction of carbon nanotubes and amorphous carbon in the carburization of mild steel. In order to achieve the goal, carbon nanotubes were synthesized in a horizontal tubular reactor placed in a furnace also called the chemical vapor deposition process at a temperature of 700oC. Catalyst was produced from Iron nitrate Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and Cobalt nitrate Co(NO3)2.6H2O on CaCO3 support while acetylene C2H2 was used as the carbon source and nitrogen N2 was used as contaminant remover. The as-synthesized carbon nanotubes were purified using nitric acid HNO3 and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that as-synthesized carbon nanotubes had varying lengths with diameters between 42-52 nm from the SEM and the TGA showed the as-synthesized CNTs with a mass loss of 78% while purified CNTs had 85% with no damage done to the structures after using the one step acid treatment. The as-synthesized and purified carbon nanotubes were used in carburizing low carbon steel (AISI 1018) at two austenitic temperatures of 750oC and 800oC and varying periods of 10-50 minutes while amorphous carbon obtained by pulverizing coal was also used as comparison. The mild steel samples were carburized with carbon nanotubes and amorphous carbon in a laboratory muffle furnace with a defined number of boost and diffusion steps. The carburizing atmosphere consisted of heating up to the varying temperatures at a speed of 10oC/minute, heating under this condition at varying periods, performing a defined number of boost and diffusion processes at the varying temperatures and cooling to room temperatures under the same condition. The carburized surfaces were observed with the Olympus SC50 optical microscope and the hardness distribution of the carburized layer was inspected with a Vickers FM 700 micro-hardness tester. The as-synthesized and purified CNT samples showed higher hardness on the surface of the mild steel than the amorphous carbon. In the same vein, the change in the microstructures of vi the steel samples indicated that good and improved surface hardness was obtained in this work with the reinforcements but with purified CNT having the highest peak surface hardness value of 191.64 ± 4.16 GPa at 800oC, as-synthesized CNT with 177.88 ± 2.35 GPa and amorphous carbon with 160.702 ± 5.79 GPa which are higher compared to the values obtained at 750oC and that of the original substrate which had a surface hardness of 145.188 ± 2.66 GPa. The percentage hardness obtained for the reinforcement with the amorphous carbon, the CNT and the pCNT showed an increase of 5.47%, 10.04% and 15.77% respectively at 750oC when compared to that of the normal substrate carburized without reinforcements. Furthermore, at 800oC, the reinforcement with the amorphous carbon, the CNT and the pCNT show a percentage hardness increase of 7.04%, 14.68% and 22.05% when compared to that of the normal substrate carburized without reinforcements. Comparing the reinforcement potential of the amorphous carbon, the CNT and the pCNT at 750oC, the percentage hardness reveal that using pCNT displayed an increase of 10.89% over that of amorphous carbon and of 6.37% over that of CNT. In addition, the use of CNT as reinforcement at 750oC displayed a percentage hardness increase of 4.83% over that of the amorphous carbon carburized at the same temperature / Civil and Chemical Engineering / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

No description available.

No description available.