During production of different Hyaluronic acid (HA) products Galderma use a high concentration of NaOH in the crosslinking process of HA. HA’s degradation kinetics are widely unknown at higher pH’s and is interesting for the future of product development of HA. Static Light Scattering (SLS) was used to determine the weight average molecular weight (MW ) of samples with four different NaOH concentrations, four temperatures, three reaction times and one t0  sample. The results were evaluated in forms of Arrhenius-graphs for different NaOH concentrations, the activation energy (EA ) with respect to pH and the reaction rate for each temperature with respect to NaOH concentration. It was found that the degradation of HA was more strongly affected by temperature than by NaOH concentration and that the EA  did not show any significant signs of change between higher concentrations of NaOH.

Purpose: 1) To estimate the threshold dose and the time evolution for cataract induction by near infrared radiation (IRR) in seconds exposure time domain; 2) to determine the ocular temperature development during the threshold exposure; 3) to investigate if near IRR induces cumulative lens damage considering irradiance exposure time reciprocity; 4) to experimentally estimate the temperature in the lens indirectly from the measurement of temperature-induced light scattering increase. Methods: Before exposure, 6-weeks-old albino rats were anesthetized and the pupils of both eyes were dilated. Then the animals were unilaterally exposed to 1090 nm IRR within the pupil area. Temperature was recorded with thermocouples placed in the selected positions of the eye. At the planned post-exposure time, the animal was sacrificed and the lenses were extracted for measurements of forward light scattering and macroscopic imaging (Paper I-III). In Paper IV, the lens was extracted from six-weeks-old albino Sprague-Dawley female rats and put into a temperature-controlled cuvette filled with balanced salt solution. Altogether, 80 lenses were equally divided on four temperature groups, 37, 40, 43 and 46 ºC. Each lens was exposed for 5 minutes to temperature depending on group belonging while the intensity of forward light scattering was recorded. Results: The in vivo exposure to 197 W/cm2 1090 nm IRR required a minimum 8 s for cataract induction. There was approximately 16 h delay between exposure and light scattering development in the lens. The same radiant exposure was found to cause a temperature increase of 10 °C at the limbus and 26 °C close to the retina. The in vivo exposure to 96 W/cm2 1090 nm IRR with exposure time up to 1 h resulted in an average temperature elevation of 7 °C at the limbus with the cornea humidified and no significant light scattering was induced one week after exposure. Arrhenius equation implies that the natural logarithm of the inclination coefficient for light scattering increase is linearly dependent on the inverse of the temperature. The proportionality constant and the intercept, estimated as CI(0.95)s, were 9.6±2.4 x103 K and 22.8±7.7. Further, it implies that if averaging 20 measurements of inclination coefficients in a new experiment at constant heat load, the confidence limits for prediction of temperature correspond to ±1.9 °C. Conclusions: It is indicated that IRR at 1090 nm produces thermal but not cumulatively photochemical cataract, probably by indirect heat conduction from absorption in tissues surrounding the lens. Applying the Arrhenius equation the in vivo temperature in the lens can be determined retrospectively with sufficient resolution.

Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Matemática Aplicada na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Instituto de Matemática. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática Aplicada. Orientador: Álvaro Luiz De Bortoli. 2006 / Submitted by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2016-05-25T21:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Pedro Henrique de Almeida Konzen.pdf: 399661 bytes, checksum: d68efbe98bf1a703a14f99ddba1d431e (MD5) Recibo Deposito Legal_Dissertacao_Pedro Henrique de Almeida Konzen.pdf: 226410 bytes, checksum: 36b454b98ac36028cd9943b86a79e38e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T21:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Pedro Henrique de Almeida Konzen.pdf: 399661 bytes, checksum: d68efbe98bf1a703a14f99ddba1d431e (MD5) Recibo Deposito Legal_Dissertacao_Pedro Henrique de Almeida Konzen.pdf: 226410 bytes, checksum: 36b454b98ac36028cd9943b86a79e38e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo numérico de um modelo convectivo-difusivo-reativo em combustão baseado no Método de Elementos Finitos. Primeiramente, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento das equações de balanço (quantidade de movimento, massa, espécie e energia) que modelam um processo de mistura molecular e reação química, irreversível, de passo único e exotérmica entre duas espécies químicas F (Combustível) e O (Oxidante). Tais espécies reagem e formam um produto P, conforme vFF +vOO ! vPP + calor, onde vF , vO e vP são os coeficientes estequiométricos molares. No modelo, considera-se que a reação é de primeira ordem com respeito a cada um dos reagentes e que a taxa de reação específica segue a cinética de Arrhenius. Em seguida, o modelo é estudado numericamente considerando-se um domínio retangular e condições de contorno do tipo Neumann. Tanto a Técnica das Diferenças Finitas como a Técnica de Elementos Finitos são utilizadas na discretização espacial das equações do modelo. Para a integração no tempo, utiliza-se a método de Runge-Kutta simplificado de três estágios. Os diferentes códigos computacionais obtidos, tanto pela Técnica de Diferenças Finitas como de Elementos Finitos, são comparados frente ao problema de interesse. Observa-se que ambas as técnicas apresentam resultados equivalentes. Além disso, os códigos desenvolvidos são robustos (capazes de lidar com vários conjuntos de parâmetros), de baixo custo e precisos. Por fim, apresenta-se uma revisão do trabalho de Zavaleta [48], no qual obtem-se uma estimativa local do erro na aproximação do problema estudado pela Técnica de Elementos Finitos.

Companies providing products have many requirements, both from standards and customers, that they need to comply with in order to be able to sell their product. Veoneer AB is a leading automotive machine vision supplier, providing mono, stereo, night vision and driver monitoring systems consisting of both electronic, mechanical and optical components. These systems have to withstand certain environmental tests in order to assure the lifetime of the totalsystems. Since the life time is usually several years accelerated tests are used that correspond to a few weeks ormonths. The tests used at Veoneer are specified for electronic equipment and what Veoneer does not know today is ifthe accelerated environmental tests stated for electronic equipment are relevant for the optical component of the visionsystem. In this master thesis project two different accelerated environmental tests, dry and damp heat, have been chosen inorder to investigate the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the adhesive in the optical component connecting the sensor and lens. The optical components where characterized by measurement of focus position and mechanicalstrength. Different combinations of temperature and relative humidity where chosen in order to compare the effect of different stress levels but also for the purpose of deriving parameters needed for accelerated testing models such as theArrhenius, Eyring, Lawson and Peck model. Amongst the results from this thesis work is the focus shift measurement which follows the same trend as seen in previous research regarding the effect of temperature and relative humidity on adhesives. With an exponentialdistribution being seen in different directions for the respective stresses. Pull tests show a greater degradation withhigher stress levels, where one test case shows the greatest degradation. Calculations regarding activation energy and constants for models match previous research where one model, combining temperature and relative humidity, showssimilar values as found in literature. Calculations also show that standard accelerated life time tests overexpose adhesives due to calculations of test times with lower activation energies.

The thermal response analysis of an ablative material on a two dimensional external surface is performed. The method is applied to both rectangular and cylindrical coordinate systems, where rectangular coordinate system is used for comparison with results available in literature. The current study solves the decomposition of the material at high temperatures by using the nth order Arrhenius equation but excludes the removal of char from the surface due to mechanical erosion or phase change and considers that the ablation process takes place in a finite zone. The method considers the whole domain as one computational domain, eliminating the necessity to check the positions of the start and end of decomposition zone. The decomposition of pyrolysis gases and/or char that may occur at high temperatures and the chemical reaction between pyrolysis gases and char is neglected while pyrolysis gases are assumed to behave as ideal gas. The pressure is taken as a constant value on a whole physical domain. The formulation for one-dimensional case is validated by experimental results obtained from literature. The two-dimensional case in a Cartesian geometry is formulated and an algebraic transformation is used to normalize the region in both directions and transformed at same time into a square computational domain in order to get a solution for the variable thickness domains. The formulation for two-dimensional case is revised for the cylindrical coordinates with finite length in the axial direction. To solve geometries where the outer surface deviates from cylindrical, the formulation is scaled and transformed into a non-dimensional square computational domain. The method is also applied to a two layer material problem in axisymmetric geometry. In all problems, the radiation and constant heat flux boundary conditions exist on the outer surface while whole domain is initially at a constant temperature. Case studies are performed to demonstrate the application of the solution method in optimizing the insulation material thickness.

Med utgångspunkt i sin kandidatutställning behandlar Elsa Essinger i den här essän tankar kring rörelse i det urbana stadsrummet, abstrahering av grafisk kommunikation i det offentliga, konstnärlig remixing av befintligt material och ett queert förhållningssätt till objekt. Med referenser och inspiration hämtat från Nicolas Bourriauds essä Postproduction, Lars Arrhenius verk The Street och Sara Ahmeds föreläsning Queer Use utforskar Essinger teman och tankeställningar som ligger till grun för hennes konstnärliga arbete.

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Tooling reliability is critical to welding success in friction stir welding, but tooling fatigue is not well understood because it occurs in conditions that are often unique to friction stir welding. A fatigue study was conducted on a commonly used tooling material, H13 tool steel, using constant stress loading at temperatures between 300°C and 600°C, and the results are presented. A model is proposed accounting for temperature and stress effects on fatigue life, utilizing a two-region Arrhenius temperature model. A transition in temperature effect on fatigue life is identified. Implications of the temperature effect for friction stir welding suggest that tooling fatigue life dramatically decreases above 500°C and accelerated testing should be conducted below 500°C.

Hyperthermia is a cancer treatment modality that raises cancerous tissue to cytotoxic temperature levels for roughly 30 to 45 minutes. Hyperthermia treatment planning refers to the use of computational models to optimize the heating protocol to be used in a hyperthermia treatment. This thesis presents a method to optimize a hyperthermia treatment heating protocol. An algorithm is developed which recovers a heating protocol that will cause a desired amount of thermal damage within a region of tissue. The optimization algorithm is validated experimentally on an albumen tissue phantom. The transient temperature distribution within the region is simulated using a two-dimensional, finite-difference model of the Pennes bioheat equation. The relationship between temperature and time is integrated to produce a damage field according to two different models; Henriques'' model and the thermal dose model (Moritz and Henriques (1947)), (Sapareto and Dewey (1984)). A minimization algorithm is developed which re duces the value of an objective function based on the squared difference between an optimal and calculated damage field. Either damage model can be used in the minimization algorithm. The adjoint problem in conjunction with the conjugate gradient method is used to minimize the objective function of the control problem. The flexibility of the minimization algorithm is proven experimentally and through a variety of simulations. With regards to the validation experiment, the optimal and recovered regions of permanent thermal damage are in good agreement for each test performed. A sensitivity analysis of the finite difference and damage models shows that the experimentally-obtained extent of damage is consistently within a tolerable error range. Excellent agreement between the optimal and recovered damage fields is also found in simulations of hyperthermia treatments on perfused tissue. A simplified and complex model of the human skin were created for use within the algorithm. Minimizations using both the Henriques'' model and the thermal dose model in the objective function are performed. The Henriques'' damage model was found to be more desirable for use in the minimization algorithm than the thermal dose model because it is less computationally intensive and includes a mechanism to predict the threshold of permanent thermal damage. The performance of the minimization algorithm was not hindered by adding complexity to the skin model. The method presented here for optimizing hyperthermia treatments is shown to be robust and merits further investigation using more complicated patient models. / Master of Science

The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledgebase regarding the technical lifetime of radio circuit boards. The purpose is to create opportunities to facilitate the design of products that live up to the customers' requirements and to Ericsson's sustainable responsibility goals. The problem at hand was to look for the average temperature that has contribiuted to the performance degradation of circuit boards used in the field. The method was to measure the performance degradation of capacitors used in a power distribution function on the circuit board and combining those values with the time the circuit board has been in operation, to derive the average operation temperature with the help of the Arrhenius equation. The radio circuit board used in the field showed signs of performance degradation that could be interpreted as having reached the end of its technical lifetime after being used for 31 800 hours (3,6 years) at an average temperature of 78 °C to 79 °C. For it to be possible to interpret the temperature results of the unit used in the field, the three parameters: measured performance degradation, time of operation and average temperature at that time, had to be collected. All three parameters are key when evaluating technical lifetime since they need to be interpreted in relation to each other. The temperature results exists in a thermodynamic system that includes the capacitors, circuit board, the temperature of the surrounding environment, and the global climate. The temperature results and the measured performance degradation is a consequence of how the radio was operated, which is linked to the desired performance it was designed for. The radio circuit boards are also designed to comply with customers' requirements and the requirements based in the companys's sustainability responsibility goals. It is likely that the desired performance of radios in the future needs to be balanced with the company's sustainability responisibility goals, and the temperatures created as an effect of climate change. / Målet med detta examensarbete var att öka kunskapen om radiokretskorts tekniska livslängd. Syftet var att skapa möjligheter att främja utveckling av produkter som möter kunders krav samt de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Problemformuleringen består av att söka efter medeltemperaturen som har bidragit till den prestandadegradering som lett till att kretskort i fält nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd. Metoden som användes för att kunna härleda medeltemperaturen under drift var att mäta prestandadegraderingen hos kondensatorer som används i en specifik kraftfördelningsfunktion på radiokretskort och kombinera dessa mätvärden med tiden kretskortet varit i drift. Tiden och temperaturen härleddes med hjälp av Arrhenius ekvation. Den radiokretskortsenhet som användes i fält kan tolkas ha nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd efter 31 800 timmar (3,6 år) och under tiden i drift haft medeltemperaturen på ungefär 78 °C till 79 °C. För att det skulle vara möjligt att tolka temperaturresultatet för radiokretskortet som användes i fält behövde följande tre parameterar samlas in: uppmätt prestandadegradering, tiden som radiokretskortet varit i drift samt medeltemperaturen under driftstiden. Samtliga tre parameterar behöver analyseras i relation till varandra när den tekniska livslängden ska utvärderas. Temperaturresultatet existerar i ett termodynamiskt system som består av kondensatorerna, krestkortet, temperaturen i den omkringliggande miljön samt det globala klimatsystemet. Temperaturresultatet och den uppmätta prestandadegraderingen är en konsekvens av hur radion har använts och är länkat till den den prestanda radion är designad för. Radiokretskorten är också designade för att följa kundernas krav och de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Det är sannolikt att den önskade prestandan hos radioprodukter i framtiden behöver balanseras med de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbart företagande samt de temperaturer som skapas som konsekvens av klimatförändringarna.