Every gas well ceases producing as reservoir pressure depletes. The usual liquid presence in the reservoir can cause further problems by accumulating in the wellbore and reducing production even more. There are a number of options in well completion to prevent liquid loading even before it becomes a problem. Tubing size and perforation interval optimization are the two most common methods. Although completion optimization will prevent liquid accumulation in the wellbore for a certain time, eventually as the reservoir pressure decreases more, the well will start loading. As liquid loading occurs it is crucial to recognize the problem at early stages and select a suitable prevention method. There are various methods to prevent liquid loading such as / gas lift, plunger lift, pumping and velocity string installation. This study set out to construct a decision tree for a possible expert system used to determine the best result for a particular gas well. The findings are tested to confirm by field applications as attempts of the expert system.

Orientador : Sergio Nascimento Bordalo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T22:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_MuriloValenca_M.pdf: 5666584 bytes, checksum: 4e3ea2021ba8f915134ec420233a656f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: A avaliação do método de elevação para determinada aplicação representa um passo importante no gerenciamento da produção de petróleo. Cada uma das tecnologias existentes apresenta vantagens e desvantagens específicas em termos de projeto e configuração dos equipamentos, custos de aquisição, confiabilidade, procedimentos de operação, intervenção e reparos. As atividades de análise e seleção de um método de elevação envolvem a pesquisa e organização de várias informações relativas ao reservatório, ao projeto do poço e às características dos fluidos que serão produzidos, além das considerações de especialistas envolvidos com a produção dos poços. O presente trabalho procura reunir estas informações e sistematizar os diferentes parâmetros envolvidos na análise e seleção de métodos de elevação, e propõe uma metodologia utilizando conceitos da lógica nebulosa, que possa simular o processo de avaliação realizado por especialistas ao considerar o contexto de produção existente / Abstract: The evaluation of artificial lift methods for a given field application represents an important step in the oil production management. There are some advantages and disadvantages for each of the technology applied, covering a number of different attributes such as well design, equipment installation and reability, capital costs, operation and maintenance practices. The activities of evaluation and selection demands research and organization in order to identify the necessary information from the reservoir, fluids and well design which will help the experts to decide. This work aims to set a artificial lift evaluation methodology which can be able to simulate the expert knowledge using fuzzy set and fuzzy logic theory / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

During the reservoir production life reservoir pressure will decline. Also after water breakthrough the fluid column weight will increase as hydrostatic pressure will increase because of increased water and oil mixture density. In this case, reservoir pressure may not be enough to lift up the fluid from bottom to the surface. These reasons decrease or even may cause to stop flowing of fluids from the well. Some techniques must be applied to prevent the production decline. Artificial lift techniques are applied to add energy to the produced fluids. It increases production rate by reducing down-hole pressure and so that by increasing the drawdown. Artificial lift techniques increase production either by pumping the produced fluid from the bottom to the surface or reduce bottom-hole pressure by reducing the fluid column weight as a result of decreased fluid mixture density. Artificial lift is used worldwide in approximately 85% of the wells, thus its impact in overall efficiency and profitability of production operations cannot be overemphasized. The most important problem is how to select optimum artificial lift techniques by taking into consideration the reservoir, well, environmental conditions. Selection of poor technique could cause decrease in efficiency and low profitability. As a result, it will lead to high operating expenses. Several techniques have been developed for selection of optimum artificial lift techniques. Expert Systems (ES) is the most suitable technique used in these selection techniques. Because the use and availability of required parameters is easy. Also in this selection method most of the artificial lift techniques are analyzed rather than other selection techniques. Expert Systems program mainly consist of three modules: (1) Expert Module, (2) Design Module, and (3) Economic Module. By entering required data to the system, program automatically suggests the feasible artificial lift techniques those might be used referring to given data. In this thesis work the artificial lift selection criteria and Expert Systems available in the literature have been studied. A Microsoft Windows based program has been developed to predict suitability of artificial lift methods for a given set of wells and produced fluid parameters. For the selected artificial lift method (i.e. sucker rod pump, ESP, gas lift, hydraulic pump, PCP) the program is able to perform basic calculations for the given data. Different case studies have been performed by running the program with actual data from fields. Well data of Venezuela, Azerbaijan and Iranian oil fields has been used in case studies. The results have been compared with previous studies those have been done on these fields with other selection techniques and current artificial lift techniques are being applied in selected wells. The obtained program results have been overlap with current real field application and previous studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoAMF_DISSERT.pdf: 1096063 bytes, checksum: 5fc2d5a69c06dbd0861b8cfebf12e262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / This document proposes to describe a pilot plant for oil wells equipped with plunger lift. In addition to a small size (21,5 meters) and be on the surface, the plant s well has part of its structure in transparent acrylic, allowing easy visualization of phenomena inherent to the method. The rock formation where the well draws its pilot plant fluids (water and air) is simulated by a machine room where they are located the compressor and water pump for the production of air and water. To keep the flow of air and water with known and controlled values the lines that connect the machine room to the wellhole are equipped with flow sensors and valves. It s developed a supervisory system that allows the user a real-time monitoring of pressures and flow rates involved. From the supervisor is still allowed the user can choose how they will be controlled cycles of the process, whether by time, pressure or manually, and set the values of air flow to the water used in cycles. These values can be defined from a set point or from the percentage of valve opening. Results from tests performed on the plant using the most common forms of control by time and pressure in the coating are showed. Finally, they are confronted with results generated by a simulator configured with the the pilot plant s feature / Este trabalho se prop?e a descrever uma Planta Piloto para po?os de petr?leo equipados com eleva??o artificial do tipo plunger lift. Al?m de um tamanho reduzido (21,5 metros) e estar sobre a superf?cie, o po?o da planta possui parte de sua estrutura em acr?lico transparente, permitindo a f?cil visualiza??o de fen?menos inerentes ao m?todo. A forma??o rochosa donde o po?o da Planta Piloto extrai seus fluidos (?gua e ar) ? simulada por uma casa de m?quinas onde est?o localizados o compressor e a bomba centr?fuga respons?veis pela produ??o de ar e ?gua. Para manter as vaz?es desses fluidos com valores conhecidos e controlados as linhas que conectam a casa de m?quina ao fundo do po?o s?o equipadas com sensores de vaz?o e v?lvulas. ? desenvolvido um sistema supervis?rio que permite ao usu?rio uma monitora??o em tempo real das press?es e vaz?es envolvidas no processo. A partir do supervis?rio ? poss?vel ainda o usu?rio escolher a forma como ser?o controlados os ciclos do processo, se por tempo, por press?o ou manualmente, e definir os valores de vaz?o de ar a ?gua utilizados durantes os ciclos. Esses valores podem ser definidos a partir de um set point ou a partir da porcentagem de abertura das v?lvulas. S?o apresentados resultados de testes realizados na planta utilizando as formas de controle mais usuais: por tempo e por press?o no revestimento. Por fim, estes ser?o confrontados com resultdos gerados por um simulador configurados com as caracter?sticas da Planta Piloto

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoJTV.pdf: 1100058 bytes, checksum: 1324dc0f705af005f06ca71bee5c289c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-19 / The method of artificial lift of progressing cavity pump is very efficient in the production of oils with high viscosity and oils that carry a great amount of sand. This characteristic converted this lift method into the second most useful one in oil fields production. As it grows the number of its applications it also increases the necessity to dominate its work in a way to define it the best operational set point. To contribute to the knowledge of the operational method of artificial lift of progressing cavity pump, this work intends to develop a computational simulator for oil wells equipped with an artificial lift system. The computational simulator of the system will be able to represent its dynamic behavior when submitted to the various operational conditions. The system was divided into five subsystems: induction motor, multiphase flows into production tubing, rod string, progressing cavity pump and annular tubing-casing. The modeling and simulation of each subsystem permitted to evaluate the dynamic characteristics that defined the criteria connections. With the connections of the subsystems it was possible to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the most important arrays belonging to the system, such as: pressure discharge, pressure intake, pumping rate, rod string rotation and torque applied to polish string. The shown results added to a friendly graphical interface converted the PCP simulator in a great potential tool with a didactic characteristic in serving the technical capability for the system operators and also permitting the production engineering to achieve a more detail analysis of the dynamic operational oil wells equipped with the progressing cavity pump / O m?todo de eleva??o artificial por bombeio de cavidades progressivas tem se mostrado muito eficiente na produ??o de ?leos com alta viscosidade ou que carreiem uma grande quantidade de areia. Essa caracter?stica tem feito do mesmo o segundo m?todo de eleva??o mais utilizado nos campos de produ??o de petr?leo. ? medida em que aumenta o n?mero de suas aplica??es cresce tamb?m a necessidade de um maior dom?nio do conhecimento quanto ao seu funcionamento operacional, de maneira ? definir um ponto ?timo de opera??o. A fim de contribuir para a expans?o do conhecimento operacional do m?todo de eleva??o por bombeio de cavidades progressivas, este trabalho prop?e o desenvolvimento de um simulador computacional para po?os de petr?leo equipados com esse sistema, capaz de representar o comportamento din?mico do mesmo quando submetido ?s mais diversas condi??es operacionais. O sistema foi dividido em cinco subsistemas: motor de indu??o, escoamento multif?sico na coluna de produ??o, coluna de haste, bomba de cavidades progressivas e anular revestimento-coluna de produ??o. A modelagem e a simula??o de cada subsistema permitiram avaliar as caracter?sticas din?micas que definiram os crit?rios de acoplamento dos mesmos. Com a realiza??o do acoplamento foi poss?vel obter as caracter?sticas din?micas das principais vari?veis pertinentes ao sistema, tais como: press?o de recalque, press?o de suc??o, vaz?o da bomba, rota??o da coluna de haste e o torque aplicado ? haste polida. Os resultados apresentados, somados a uma interface gr?fica amig?vel, fazem do simulador de BCP uma ferramenta de grande potencial, tanto de car?ter did?tico, auxiliando na capacita??o t?cnica dos operadores do sistema, quanto para aux?lio na engenharia de produ??o, permitindo realizar uma an?lise mais detalhada da din?mica operacional dos po?os de petr?leo equipado com esse m?todo de eleva??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMAN.pdf: 3978536 bytes, checksum: e28a273c6981fff29b2c335fd3ee11ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-11 / This work proposes a computer simulator for sucker rod pumped vertical wells. The simulator is able to represent the dynamic behavior of the systems and the computation of several important parameters, allowing the easy visualization of several pertinent phenomena. The use of the simulator allows the execution of several tests at lower costs and shorter times, than real wells experiments. The simulation uses a model based on the dynamic behavior of the rod string. This dynamic model is represented by a second order partial differencial equation. Through this model, several common field situations can be verified. Moreover, the simulation includes 3D animations, facilitating the physical understanding of the process, due to a better visual interpretation of the phenomena. Another important characteristic is the emulation of the main sensors used in sucker rod pumping automation. The emulation of the sensors is implemented through a microcontrolled interface between the simulator and the industrial controllers. By means of this interface, the controllers interpret the simulator as a real well. A "fault module" was included in the simulator. This module incorporates the six more important faults found in sucker rod pumping. Therefore, the analysis and verification of these problems through the simulator, allows the user to identify such situations that otherwise could be observed only in the field. The simulation of these faults receives a different treatment due to the different boundary conditions imposed to the numeric solution of the problem. Possible applications of the simulator are: the design and analysis of wells, training of technicians and engineers, execution of tests in controllers and supervisory systems, and validation of control algorithms / Este trabalho prop?e um simulador computacional para po?os de petr?leo com trajet?ria vertical, equipados com eleva??o artificial por bombeio mec?nico (BM). O simulador ? capaz de representar o comportamento din?mico de sistemas de BM e avaliar numericamente diversos par?metros relevantes ao mesmo, permitindo a f?cil visualiza??o de diversos fen?menos pertinentes ao processo, tudo isso, de forma conveniente e a custos e tempos menores, do que experimentos com po?os reais. A simula??o utiliza um modelo baseado no comportamento din?mico da coluna de hastes, o qual pode ser representado por uma equa??o diferencial parcial de segunda ordem. A partir deste modelo, pode-se verificar a ocorr?ncia de diversas situa??es comumente vivenciadas em campo. A simula??o conta ainda com anima??es em 3D, facilitando o entendimento f?sico do processo, devido a uma melhor interpreta??o visual dos fen?menos. Outra caracter?stica importante ? a emula??o dos principais sensores utilizados na automa??o de BM. A emula??o dos sensores ? feita atrav?s de uma interface microcontrolada entre o simulador e controladores industriais, de maneira que os controladores interpretem o simulador como um po?o real. No simulador foi desenvolvido um m?dulo de falhas onde s?o implementadas seis diferentes condi??es de falhas. Estas pertencem ao grupo dos principais problemas encontrados em sistemas de BM. Assim, a an?lise e verifica??o destes problemas, atrav?s do simulador, d? ao usu?rio a oportunidade de identificar tais situa??es que s? poderiam ser observadas em campo. A implementa??o destas condi??es recebe um tratamento diferenciado em virtude das diferentes condi??es de contorno impostas ? solu??o num?rica do problema. Diversas aplica??es s?o encontradas para o simulador, dentre elas: a parametriza??o e an?lise de po?os, a aplica??o em cursos de capacita??o t?cnica para t?cnicos e engenheiros, a realiza??o de testes em controladores, sistemas supervis?rios e a valida??o de algoritmos de controle

[pt] O gas-lift na base do riser é um dos vários métodos que se provaram eficientes para aumento de produção. Em alguns casos, ele também pode ser utilizado para aumentar a viabilidade do blowdown para prevenção de hidratos. Além disto, o gas-lift pode ser utilizado como um método efetiv para suprimir o fenômeno de golfada severa, que ocorre geralmente em linhas descendentes. Este método tem, então, um grande potencial de viabilizar arquiteturas submarinas mais enxutas, como anel de coleta, aumentando a economicidade de projetos, sem reduzir funcionalidades. A necessidade da aplicação do gas-lift nem sempre é óbvia, pois sua efetividade depende da performance do reservatório, propriedades de fluido, relevo do solo marinho, arquitetura submarina, além de características da flowline e riser. Em muitos casos, o gas-lift para aumento de produção só traz ganhos no fim da vida produtiva, quando o watercut é mais alto. A aplicabilidade do gas-lift como método de elevação artificial e o local ideal de injeção do gás é uma análise direta e objetiva. Por outro lado, sua aplicabilidade no contexto de garantia de escoamento é mais subjetiva, tendo influência forte da filosofia operacional e tolerância ao risco. Baseado em uma envoltória típica do présal brasileiro, no que tange a características de reservatório, fluido e sistema de produção, foi realizado um conjunto de simulações para avaliação da aplicação do gas-lift na base do riser como uma solução multi propósito. Isto inclui quando o gas-lift é benéfico para aumento de produção e para garantia de escoamento, em especial as operações de remediação e prevenção de hidratos. Os resultados da aplicação do gas-lift na base do riser como método de auxílio ao blowdown são muito promissores. É possível realizar as operações de remediação com sucesso, mesmo para vazões baixas de injeção de gás. Nas operações de prevenção, foi possível observar redução da pressão residual em todas as combinações de características de fluido e geométricas, em especial para geometrias descendentes. Para poços de alta produtividade, o gas-lift na base do riser só apresenta desvantagens em relação ao gas-lift downhole, do ponto de vista de aumento de produção, quando o watercut é da ordem de 60 a 70 por cento. / [en] Riser base gas-lift is one of several methods that have been proven to work in subsea developments for production enhancement. In some cases, gas-lift can be used to increase feasibility of blowdown for hydrate prevention. In addition, gas-lift can be used as an effective method to supress severe slugging that usually occurs with downhill inclination. Hence, this method has great potential to enable more compact subsea architectures, such as production loops, enhancing project economics, without reducing functionalities. Meanwhile, the necessity of gas-lift application is not always obvious because its effectiveness depends on reservoir performance, fluid properties, seabed terrain, subsea architecture, and flowline and riser specifications. In many cases, gas-lift for production enhancement is only advantageous at late life production, when oil production rates are low and water rates might be high enough. Whether gas-lift is suitable as an artificial lift method and where the lift-gas should be injected is a direct and objective analysis. On the other hand, its application in a flow assurance context is more subjective, being strongly influenced by operational philosophy and risk tolerance. Based on a typical envoltory from Brazilian pre-salt, concerning reservoir characteristics, fluid and production system, a set of simulations has been performed to evaluate the application of riser base gas-lift as a multi purpose solution. These include when gas-lift is beneficial for production enhancement and for flow assurance. The results of the application of riser base gas-lift as a blowdown method are very promising. It is possible to complete remediation operations successfully, even for low gas injection rates. In prevention operations, it is possible to observe a reduction in residual pressure for all combinations of fluid and geometrical characteristics, specially in downward flow. For high productivity wells, riser base gas-lift is only disadvantageous in comparison with downhole gas-lift, from production enhancement point of view, when watercut is around 60 to 70 per cent.

A computer program has been written to perform production optimization in submersible pump lifted wells.Production optimization was achieved by the principles of Nodal Analysis Technique which was applied between the reservoir and the wellhead ignoring the surface choke and separator.computer program has been written according to two lifting environment,which are:pumping with only liquid,pumping with both liquid and gas.

Electrical Submersible Pumping (ESP) is a well known artificial lift technique in reservoirs having high-water cut and low gas-oil ratio. It is known as an effective and economical method of producing large volumes of fluid under different well conditions. ESP equipments are capable of producing in a range of 200 b/d to 60.000 b/d. A case study was done, by designing 10 deviated or horizontal wells selected from the Y-oilfield in Western Siberia. SubPUMP software developed by IHS Energy is used for designing the ESP systems of these wells. These 10 wells will be working with variable speed drives. After selecting the available equipment from the inventory, the best running frequencies are selected for these wells. Evaluations of the designs are made from the pump performance graphs of each well. The pumps should work within their optimum efficiency ranges. These ranges can be seen from the pump performance curves. If the designs made are not within these efficiency ranges, designs should be evaluated and selecting new equipment should be should be an option. Because working outside the optimum efficiency ranges will decrease the production, shorten the runlifes of the pumps and the production will not be stable.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HeitorPG.pdf: 2527761 bytes, checksum: 19f772cea6bcb648ba6562ac9a4eeffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-26 / The artificial lifting of oil is needed when the pressure of the reservoir is not high enough so that the fluid contained in it can reach the surface spontaneously. Thus the increase in energy supplies artificial or additional fluid integral to the well to come to the surface. The rod pump is the artificial lift method most used in the world and the dynamometer card (surface and down-hole) is the best tool for the analysis of a well equipped with such method. A computational method using Artificial Neural Networks MLP was and developed using pre-established patterns, based on its geometry, the downhole card are used for training the network and then the network provides the knowledge for classification of new cards, allows the fails diagnose in the system and operation conditions of the lifting system. These routines could be integrated to a supervisory system that collects the cards to be analyzed / A necessidade da eleva??o artificial de petr?leo se d? quando a press?o do reservat?rio n?o ? suficientemente elevada para que os fluidos nele contidos possam alcan?ar a superf?cie espontaneamente. Assim a eleva??o artificial fornece energia de forma suplementar ou integral aos fluidos do po?o para que cheguem ? superf?cie. O Bombeio mec?nico com hastes ? o m?todo de eleva??o artificial mais utilizado no mundo e a Carta Dinamom?trica (de superf?cie e de fundo) ? a melhor ferramenta de an?lise de um po?o equipado com esse tipo de m?todo de eleva??o.Um Sistema que utiliza Redes Neurais Artificiais MLP foi desenvolvido e usando padr?es pr?-estabelecidos, baseadas em sua geometria, as cartas de fundo dos po?os s?o utilizadas para o treinamento da rede e posteriormente essa rede disponibiliza o conhecimento adquirido para a classifica??o de novas cartas, permitindo o diagn?stico de poss?veis falhas no sistema de bombeio e das condi??es de funcionamento desse sistema de eleva??o. Essas rotinas podem ser integradas a um Sistema Supervis?rio que coleta as cartas a serem analisadas. Palavras-chave: Automa??o industrial, Eleva??o artificial, Bombeio mec?nico, Redes Neurais