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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Descomissionamento de uma usina de producao de hexafluoreto de uranio / Uranium hexafluoride production plant decommissioning

SANTOS, IVAN 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
2

Remoção de bisfenol-A por adsorção

Haro, Nathalia Krummenauer January 2013 (has links)
O bisfenol-A (BPA), um monômero usado na fabricação de resinas epóxi e de plásticos de policarbonato, é considerado um potente desregulador endócrino que provoca diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção de BPA, de soluções aquosas através da técnica de adsorção em batelada e em processo contínuo. Também foi investigada a capacidade de regeneração do sorvente utilizado nos testes em batelada. Para isso, foram testados diferentes adsorventes (zeólita em pó e granular modificada com quitosana, zeólita sódica e carvão ativado granular), a fim de determinar qual apresentaria maiores índices de remoção de BPA. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios de sorção com o sólido escolhido objetivando encontrar as condições mais adequadas de processo considerando os parâmetros de pH, tempo de residência, concentração de sólido sorvente. Ainda, isotermas de equilíbrio para este sistema foram construídas. A adsorção em leito fixo foi avaliada em experimentos via planta piloto de adsorção, segundo a influência de três variáveis: efeito da massa de adsorvente utilizada (5g e 10g), vazão de alimentação (15 mL.min-1 e 20 mL.min-1) e concentração inicial (50 mg.L-1 e 100 mg.L-1). Na regeneração do carvão ativado saturado com BPA, empregaram-se como solventes acetona, n-pentano e diclorometano e também foi utilizada a técnica de ultrassom. As condições de sorção utilizadas foram: pH 6, tempo 60 min, concentração de sorvente 10 g.L-1 e soluções de BPA 10 mg.L-1. A microestrutura externa e a composição elementar semi-quantitativa do carvão ativado antes e após o processo de sorção e regeneração foram analisadas pela técnica de MEV-EDS. No que se refere à sorção, melhores resultados foram encontrados com o carvão ativado granular, atingindo eficiência de remoção de 56,7% em pH 7. O modelo de isoterma de sorção que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi o modelo de Sips, que forneceu a constante de energia ou afinidade do processo e também a acumulação máxima de BPA no sorvente. Os testes de regeneração mostraram que os melhores agentes regenerativos foram a acetona (100%), com eficiência de remoção de 105,6% e a técnica de ultrassom, a qual apresentou uma eficiência de remoção de 106,4% após um tempo de contato de 30 min. Por ser uma técnica que não gera resíduo, optou-se utilizar o ultrassom para os testes de regeneração em ciclos. O ensaio de tempo de regeneração em banho de ultrassom mostrou que para os tempos de 30, 40, 50 e 60 min de contato a regeneração era muito semelhante. Assim, para os testes de ciclos de sorção-regeneração o tempo de contato utilizado foi de 30 min. Os ensaios de regeneração em ciclos mostraram que após seis (6) ciclos a eficiência de regeneração do sólido sorvente foi de 67,8% e a remoção de BPA obtida ao final desses ciclos foi de 60,9%. Quanto à caracterização do sorvente, as micrografias mostraram que o carvão ativado, antes e após os ciclos de sorção/regeneração (S/R), possui superfícies bastante irregulares, heterogêneas e desordenadas, com elevada porosidade. Ensaios realizados em planta piloto de adsorção mostraram a viabilidade técnica de aplicação do carvão ativado para remoção de bisfenol em processos contínuos, tendo sido possível obter as condições operacionais e a curva de ruptura do sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a adsorção em leito fixo apresentou melhores resultados nas seguintes condições: vazão de alimentação de 20 mL.min-1, concentração inicial de 100 mg.L-1 e 10g de sólido sorvente. / The bisphenol-A (BPA), a monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics is considered a powerful endocrine disrupter which causes various diseases. The objective of this work was to study the removal of BPA from aqueous solutions by adsorption technique in batch and continuous process. The regeneration capacity of sorbents used in batch tests was also investigated. For this purpose, different adsorbents were initially tested (zeolite powder and granular modified with chitosan, sodium zeolite and granular activated carbon) in order to determine which one presents higher removal rates of BPA. After that, sorption tests were carried out with the chosen solid aiming to find the best process conditions considering pH, residence time and sorbent concentration. Hence, equilibrium isotherms were constructed for this system. The fixed bed adsorption was evaluated through adsorption experiments using a pilot plant, according to the influence of three variables: the effect of the mass of the used adsorbent (10g and 5g), flow rate (15 mL.min-1 and 20 mL.min-1) and initial concentration (50 mg.L-1 and 100 mg.L-1). In activated carbon regeneration it was employed acetone, n-pentane and dichloromethane as solvents and the ultrasound technique was also used. The applied sorption conditions were the following: pH 6, time 60 min, sorbent concentration of 10 g.L-1 and BPA solution of 10 mg.L-1. The external microstructure and semi-quantitative elemental composition of the activated carbon before and after the sorption and regeneration were analyzed by SEM-EDS technique. Concerning sorption, the best results were found with granular activated carbon, reaching removal efficiency of 56.7% at pH 7. The sorption isotherm model that best fit the experimental data was the Sips model, which provided constant energy or affinity of the process and also the maximum accumulation of BPA in the sorbent. The regeneration tests showed that the best agents of regeneration were acetone (100%), with removal efficiency of 105.6% and the ultrasound technique, which presented a removal efficiency of 106.4% after a contact time of 30 min. Considering that the technique doesn’t generates waste, it was decided to use the ultrasound tests for regeneration cycles. The regeneration test time in ultrasound bath showed that for contact times of 30, 40, 50 and 60 min the regeneration was very similar. Thus, for testing cycles of sorption-regeneration, the used contact time was 30 minutes. The regeneration cycle tests showed that after six (6) cycles of regeneration efficiency of the solid sorbent was 67.8% and the removal of BPA obtained at the end of these cycles was 60.9%. Regarding characterization of the sorbent, the micrographs showed that the activated carbon before and after cycles of sorption/regeneration (S/R), has very irregular, heterogeneous and disordered surfaces with high porosity. Tests carried out in a pilot plant adsorption showed the technical viability of application of the activated carbon for removal of bisphenol in continuous processes, thus it is possible to obtain operating conditions and the breakthrough curve for this system. These results indicate that the fixed bed adsorption presents best results in the following conditions: feed flow rate of 20 mL.min-1, initial concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and 10 g of solid sorbent.
3

Remoção de bisfenol-A por adsorção

Haro, Nathalia Krummenauer January 2013 (has links)
O bisfenol-A (BPA), um monômero usado na fabricação de resinas epóxi e de plásticos de policarbonato, é considerado um potente desregulador endócrino que provoca diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção de BPA, de soluções aquosas através da técnica de adsorção em batelada e em processo contínuo. Também foi investigada a capacidade de regeneração do sorvente utilizado nos testes em batelada. Para isso, foram testados diferentes adsorventes (zeólita em pó e granular modificada com quitosana, zeólita sódica e carvão ativado granular), a fim de determinar qual apresentaria maiores índices de remoção de BPA. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios de sorção com o sólido escolhido objetivando encontrar as condições mais adequadas de processo considerando os parâmetros de pH, tempo de residência, concentração de sólido sorvente. Ainda, isotermas de equilíbrio para este sistema foram construídas. A adsorção em leito fixo foi avaliada em experimentos via planta piloto de adsorção, segundo a influência de três variáveis: efeito da massa de adsorvente utilizada (5g e 10g), vazão de alimentação (15 mL.min-1 e 20 mL.min-1) e concentração inicial (50 mg.L-1 e 100 mg.L-1). Na regeneração do carvão ativado saturado com BPA, empregaram-se como solventes acetona, n-pentano e diclorometano e também foi utilizada a técnica de ultrassom. As condições de sorção utilizadas foram: pH 6, tempo 60 min, concentração de sorvente 10 g.L-1 e soluções de BPA 10 mg.L-1. A microestrutura externa e a composição elementar semi-quantitativa do carvão ativado antes e após o processo de sorção e regeneração foram analisadas pela técnica de MEV-EDS. No que se refere à sorção, melhores resultados foram encontrados com o carvão ativado granular, atingindo eficiência de remoção de 56,7% em pH 7. O modelo de isoterma de sorção que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi o modelo de Sips, que forneceu a constante de energia ou afinidade do processo e também a acumulação máxima de BPA no sorvente. Os testes de regeneração mostraram que os melhores agentes regenerativos foram a acetona (100%), com eficiência de remoção de 105,6% e a técnica de ultrassom, a qual apresentou uma eficiência de remoção de 106,4% após um tempo de contato de 30 min. Por ser uma técnica que não gera resíduo, optou-se utilizar o ultrassom para os testes de regeneração em ciclos. O ensaio de tempo de regeneração em banho de ultrassom mostrou que para os tempos de 30, 40, 50 e 60 min de contato a regeneração era muito semelhante. Assim, para os testes de ciclos de sorção-regeneração o tempo de contato utilizado foi de 30 min. Os ensaios de regeneração em ciclos mostraram que após seis (6) ciclos a eficiência de regeneração do sólido sorvente foi de 67,8% e a remoção de BPA obtida ao final desses ciclos foi de 60,9%. Quanto à caracterização do sorvente, as micrografias mostraram que o carvão ativado, antes e após os ciclos de sorção/regeneração (S/R), possui superfícies bastante irregulares, heterogêneas e desordenadas, com elevada porosidade. Ensaios realizados em planta piloto de adsorção mostraram a viabilidade técnica de aplicação do carvão ativado para remoção de bisfenol em processos contínuos, tendo sido possível obter as condições operacionais e a curva de ruptura do sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a adsorção em leito fixo apresentou melhores resultados nas seguintes condições: vazão de alimentação de 20 mL.min-1, concentração inicial de 100 mg.L-1 e 10g de sólido sorvente. / The bisphenol-A (BPA), a monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics is considered a powerful endocrine disrupter which causes various diseases. The objective of this work was to study the removal of BPA from aqueous solutions by adsorption technique in batch and continuous process. The regeneration capacity of sorbents used in batch tests was also investigated. For this purpose, different adsorbents were initially tested (zeolite powder and granular modified with chitosan, sodium zeolite and granular activated carbon) in order to determine which one presents higher removal rates of BPA. After that, sorption tests were carried out with the chosen solid aiming to find the best process conditions considering pH, residence time and sorbent concentration. Hence, equilibrium isotherms were constructed for this system. The fixed bed adsorption was evaluated through adsorption experiments using a pilot plant, according to the influence of three variables: the effect of the mass of the used adsorbent (10g and 5g), flow rate (15 mL.min-1 and 20 mL.min-1) and initial concentration (50 mg.L-1 and 100 mg.L-1). In activated carbon regeneration it was employed acetone, n-pentane and dichloromethane as solvents and the ultrasound technique was also used. The applied sorption conditions were the following: pH 6, time 60 min, sorbent concentration of 10 g.L-1 and BPA solution of 10 mg.L-1. The external microstructure and semi-quantitative elemental composition of the activated carbon before and after the sorption and regeneration were analyzed by SEM-EDS technique. Concerning sorption, the best results were found with granular activated carbon, reaching removal efficiency of 56.7% at pH 7. The sorption isotherm model that best fit the experimental data was the Sips model, which provided constant energy or affinity of the process and also the maximum accumulation of BPA in the sorbent. The regeneration tests showed that the best agents of regeneration were acetone (100%), with removal efficiency of 105.6% and the ultrasound technique, which presented a removal efficiency of 106.4% after a contact time of 30 min. Considering that the technique doesn’t generates waste, it was decided to use the ultrasound tests for regeneration cycles. The regeneration test time in ultrasound bath showed that for contact times of 30, 40, 50 and 60 min the regeneration was very similar. Thus, for testing cycles of sorption-regeneration, the used contact time was 30 minutes. The regeneration cycle tests showed that after six (6) cycles of regeneration efficiency of the solid sorbent was 67.8% and the removal of BPA obtained at the end of these cycles was 60.9%. Regarding characterization of the sorbent, the micrographs showed that the activated carbon before and after cycles of sorption/regeneration (S/R), has very irregular, heterogeneous and disordered surfaces with high porosity. Tests carried out in a pilot plant adsorption showed the technical viability of application of the activated carbon for removal of bisphenol in continuous processes, thus it is possible to obtain operating conditions and the breakthrough curve for this system. These results indicate that the fixed bed adsorption presents best results in the following conditions: feed flow rate of 20 mL.min-1, initial concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and 10 g of solid sorbent.
4

Descomissionamento de uma usina de producao de hexafluoreto de uranio / Uranium hexafluoride production plant decommissioning

SANTOS, IVAN 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) é uma Instituição de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento que está localizada dentro de uma área densamente povoada, na cidade de São Paulo. O ciclo do combustível nuclear foi desenvolvido desde o yellow cake até o enriquecimento dentro do IPEN. Após esta etapa, toda técnica foi repassada à iniciativa privada e à Marinha do Brasil (CTM/SP). Algumas usinas do ciclo do combustível estavam em nível semi-industrial, com produção de mais de 20 kg.h-1. Como Instituto de Pesquisa, o IPEN cumpriu sua função no ciclo de combustível, que é desenvolver e repassar a tecnologia. Com a necessidade de se encontrar um lugar para implantar novos projetos, o espaço físico escolhido foi no local onde se achava a Usina de Produção de Hexafloreto de Urânio (UF6), que estava inativa há alguns anos e apresentava riscos de vazamento em potencial, o que poderia ocasionar agressão ao meio ambiente e riscos de acidentes graves. O descomissionamento desta usina exigiu um cuidadoso planejamento por ser um trabalho nunca realizado no Brasil, numa unidade desse tipo com riscos eminentes, visto que envolvia o gás fluoridetro (HF) e ácido fluorídrico, solução altamente corrosiva. Fizeram-se avaliações criteriosas e desenvolveram-se equipamentos especiais, com o intuito de evitar vazamentos e riscos de acidente. No trabalho de descomissionamento, foram obedecidas as normas da CNEN em todas as operações realizadas. Foi calculado o impacto ambiental, que se mostrou desprezível sendo que as doses de radiação, após o térmíno do trabalho, estavam dentro dos limites de público, podendo a área ser liberada para nova utilização. O tipo de descomissionamento realizado foi de remoção completa, retirando-se todos os materiais e equipamentos. Todos os rejeitos foram tratados e/ou armazenados em instalações adequadas. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
5

Remoção de bisfenol-A por adsorção

Haro, Nathalia Krummenauer January 2013 (has links)
O bisfenol-A (BPA), um monômero usado na fabricação de resinas epóxi e de plásticos de policarbonato, é considerado um potente desregulador endócrino que provoca diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção de BPA, de soluções aquosas através da técnica de adsorção em batelada e em processo contínuo. Também foi investigada a capacidade de regeneração do sorvente utilizado nos testes em batelada. Para isso, foram testados diferentes adsorventes (zeólita em pó e granular modificada com quitosana, zeólita sódica e carvão ativado granular), a fim de determinar qual apresentaria maiores índices de remoção de BPA. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios de sorção com o sólido escolhido objetivando encontrar as condições mais adequadas de processo considerando os parâmetros de pH, tempo de residência, concentração de sólido sorvente. Ainda, isotermas de equilíbrio para este sistema foram construídas. A adsorção em leito fixo foi avaliada em experimentos via planta piloto de adsorção, segundo a influência de três variáveis: efeito da massa de adsorvente utilizada (5g e 10g), vazão de alimentação (15 mL.min-1 e 20 mL.min-1) e concentração inicial (50 mg.L-1 e 100 mg.L-1). Na regeneração do carvão ativado saturado com BPA, empregaram-se como solventes acetona, n-pentano e diclorometano e também foi utilizada a técnica de ultrassom. As condições de sorção utilizadas foram: pH 6, tempo 60 min, concentração de sorvente 10 g.L-1 e soluções de BPA 10 mg.L-1. A microestrutura externa e a composição elementar semi-quantitativa do carvão ativado antes e após o processo de sorção e regeneração foram analisadas pela técnica de MEV-EDS. No que se refere à sorção, melhores resultados foram encontrados com o carvão ativado granular, atingindo eficiência de remoção de 56,7% em pH 7. O modelo de isoterma de sorção que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi o modelo de Sips, que forneceu a constante de energia ou afinidade do processo e também a acumulação máxima de BPA no sorvente. Os testes de regeneração mostraram que os melhores agentes regenerativos foram a acetona (100%), com eficiência de remoção de 105,6% e a técnica de ultrassom, a qual apresentou uma eficiência de remoção de 106,4% após um tempo de contato de 30 min. Por ser uma técnica que não gera resíduo, optou-se utilizar o ultrassom para os testes de regeneração em ciclos. O ensaio de tempo de regeneração em banho de ultrassom mostrou que para os tempos de 30, 40, 50 e 60 min de contato a regeneração era muito semelhante. Assim, para os testes de ciclos de sorção-regeneração o tempo de contato utilizado foi de 30 min. Os ensaios de regeneração em ciclos mostraram que após seis (6) ciclos a eficiência de regeneração do sólido sorvente foi de 67,8% e a remoção de BPA obtida ao final desses ciclos foi de 60,9%. Quanto à caracterização do sorvente, as micrografias mostraram que o carvão ativado, antes e após os ciclos de sorção/regeneração (S/R), possui superfícies bastante irregulares, heterogêneas e desordenadas, com elevada porosidade. Ensaios realizados em planta piloto de adsorção mostraram a viabilidade técnica de aplicação do carvão ativado para remoção de bisfenol em processos contínuos, tendo sido possível obter as condições operacionais e a curva de ruptura do sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a adsorção em leito fixo apresentou melhores resultados nas seguintes condições: vazão de alimentação de 20 mL.min-1, concentração inicial de 100 mg.L-1 e 10g de sólido sorvente. / The bisphenol-A (BPA), a monomer used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics is considered a powerful endocrine disrupter which causes various diseases. The objective of this work was to study the removal of BPA from aqueous solutions by adsorption technique in batch and continuous process. The regeneration capacity of sorbents used in batch tests was also investigated. For this purpose, different adsorbents were initially tested (zeolite powder and granular modified with chitosan, sodium zeolite and granular activated carbon) in order to determine which one presents higher removal rates of BPA. After that, sorption tests were carried out with the chosen solid aiming to find the best process conditions considering pH, residence time and sorbent concentration. Hence, equilibrium isotherms were constructed for this system. The fixed bed adsorption was evaluated through adsorption experiments using a pilot plant, according to the influence of three variables: the effect of the mass of the used adsorbent (10g and 5g), flow rate (15 mL.min-1 and 20 mL.min-1) and initial concentration (50 mg.L-1 and 100 mg.L-1). In activated carbon regeneration it was employed acetone, n-pentane and dichloromethane as solvents and the ultrasound technique was also used. The applied sorption conditions were the following: pH 6, time 60 min, sorbent concentration of 10 g.L-1 and BPA solution of 10 mg.L-1. The external microstructure and semi-quantitative elemental composition of the activated carbon before and after the sorption and regeneration were analyzed by SEM-EDS technique. Concerning sorption, the best results were found with granular activated carbon, reaching removal efficiency of 56.7% at pH 7. The sorption isotherm model that best fit the experimental data was the Sips model, which provided constant energy or affinity of the process and also the maximum accumulation of BPA in the sorbent. The regeneration tests showed that the best agents of regeneration were acetone (100%), with removal efficiency of 105.6% and the ultrasound technique, which presented a removal efficiency of 106.4% after a contact time of 30 min. Considering that the technique doesn’t generates waste, it was decided to use the ultrasound tests for regeneration cycles. The regeneration test time in ultrasound bath showed that for contact times of 30, 40, 50 and 60 min the regeneration was very similar. Thus, for testing cycles of sorption-regeneration, the used contact time was 30 minutes. The regeneration cycle tests showed that after six (6) cycles of regeneration efficiency of the solid sorbent was 67.8% and the removal of BPA obtained at the end of these cycles was 60.9%. Regarding characterization of the sorbent, the micrographs showed that the activated carbon before and after cycles of sorption/regeneration (S/R), has very irregular, heterogeneous and disordered surfaces with high porosity. Tests carried out in a pilot plant adsorption showed the technical viability of application of the activated carbon for removal of bisphenol in continuous processes, thus it is possible to obtain operating conditions and the breakthrough curve for this system. These results indicate that the fixed bed adsorption presents best results in the following conditions: feed flow rate of 20 mL.min-1, initial concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and 10 g of solid sorbent.
6

Operation and modelling of RO desalination process in batch mode

Barello, M., Manca, D., Patel, Rajnikant, Mujtaba, Iqbal M. 28 May 2015 (has links)
Yes / The performance of a batch reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process in terms of permeate quantity and salinity as a function of feed pressure and feed salinity is evaluated by using laboratory experiments and process modelling. Special attention is paid to the water and salt permeability constants (Kw, Ks) which affect the permeate and salt flux across the membrane. Kw and Ks are found to be strongly pressure-dependent for the batch system which is in-line with earlier observations for continuous RO systems. However, the most important findings of this work are the dependence of Kw and Ks on feed salinity, something that have never been observed or reported in the literature. In order to better qualify these observations, further experiments with the batch system are conducted with a constant feed salinity so that the operating condition resembles that of a continuous RO process.
7

Detoxification of crude oil

Jarullah, A.T., Mujtaba, Iqbal M., Wood, Alastair S. 22 December 2017 (has links)
No / Petroleum contributes significantly to our lives and will continue do so for many years to come. Petroleum derivatives supply more than 50% of the world's total supply of energy (Jarullah, 2011). Traditionally crude oil goes though fractional distillation to produce different grades of fuel such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, etc. providing fuel for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft, and ships. Catalytic hydrotreating (HDT) is used to detoxify the oil fractions produced by fractional distillation in the petroleum refining industries which involve removal of pollutants such as sulfur, nitrogen, metals, and asphaltene in trickle bed reactors. Recently Jarullah and co-workers proposed detoxification of whole crude oil a priori before the crude oil enters further processing in a fractionating column. This chapter highlights this new technology.
8

Industrial Pilot Scale Leaching and Recovery of Zinc from Waste-to-Energy Fly Ash using Scrubber Liquids

Wagner, Manuela January 2016 (has links)
Previous studies from laboratory experiments and a similar process at a plant in Switzerland, led to the pilot plant project at Renova AB, which will be described in this master thesis. In cooperation with Götaverken Miljö AB it was investigated if fly ash, produced at the Renova Waste-to-Energy plant in Gothenburg, could be treated with own scrubber liquids in order to recover zinc. If successful, Renova might build this tested pilot process in to a big scale. The pilot plant has a scale of 16 times smaller than a future big scale process. The goal of the project is to leach zinc from fly ash and gain a fly ash residue, which is classified as non-hazardous waste. The filtrate from the leaching campaign is treated so that the containing zinc is recovered. The zinc cake end product shall has a quality so that it can be sold to other industries or upgraded to high purity zinc metal. The evaluation of the experiments showed that the pilot plant process was successful. It was possible to leach out zinc by a maximum quote of 74%. The total recovery of zinc could be achieved by a maximum of 72%. The final zinc cake product was achieved through a precipitation and filtration campaign. This thesis evaluates, which process set-ups for zinc recovery through leaching and precipitation & filtration are the best and can be recommended for a big scale process. In addition, it briefly analyses the zinc product quality. Future studies will be necessary within: cost analysis of the process, zinc product quality and an analysis of the ash residue.
9

Effects of ozonation/filtration on the raw water from Lake Mälaren / Effekter av ozonering/filtrering på råvattnet från sjön Mälaren

Larsson, Nina January 2004 (has links)
<p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effekterna av ozonering och filtrering på råvattnet från sjön Mälaren. Studien är utförd i en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk, Stockholm Vatten AB, under våren 2004.</p><p>En negativ effekt med den konventionella reningen är den stora konsumtionen av kemiska koagulanter. Kemikalieanvändningen leder till många transporter och processen producerar också ett slam som för närvarande transporteras till Mälaren. År 2001 byggdes en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk för utveckling av nya processer, en av processerna är ozonering följt av olika filter.</p><p>Ozonering har använts i Europa i många år som desinfektion i slutet av dricksvattenreningsprocessen. Intresset för ozonering har ökat markant sista åren och idag används ozonet också i andra steg i processen. Förutom desinfektion har ozonet andra fördelar, som oxidation av järn och magnesium, mikroflockning, reduktion av lukt och smak samt är bra på att reducera färgen på vattnet. Mikroflockningen leder till att kemikalieanvändningen kan minska och i vissa fall tas bort helt.</p><p>Den här studien startade med en litteraturundersökning följd av försök med ozonering och filtrering i pilotanläggningen. De första undersökningarna sammanfattades med att ozonering följt av filtrering inte gav tillräckligt bra resultat och processen behöver ett komplement för att producera ett högklassigt vatten.</p><p>Undersökningen fortsatte med laboratorieanalyser för att undersöka effekterna av olika kemiska koagulanter. Resultatet visade att järnsulfat tillsammans med kalcium var ett bra alternativ och en lägre kemikaliedos kunde användas.</p><p>Efter implementering av kalcium och järnsulfat till pilotanläggningen testades olika ozondoser och olika järnsulfatdoser. Det bästa resultatet erhölls då man använde sig av en ozondos på 6 mg O3/l och en järnsulfatdos på 50-60 μmol/l. Denna mängd av järnsulfat är ca 60 % lägre än den dos som används vid den konventionella reningen på Lovö vattenverk.</p><p>Olika filter används i pilotanläggningen och för att förbättra resultatet provades även ett Filtralite-filter som biofilter istället för GAC-filtret. Jämförelsen mellan Filtralite-filter och GAC-filter visade på stora skillnader i parametervärden i början av studietiden. När bakteriepopulationen ökade i Filtralite-filtret blev skillnaderna mindre och i slutet av undersökningstiden var parametervärdena likartade. Det slutliga resultatet indikerar att Filtralite-filter kan vara ett bra alternativ som biofilter.</p> / <p>This Master thesis was made to investigate the effects of ozonation and filtration on raw water from Lake Mälaren. The study was performed in lab-scale as well as in a pilot plant at Lovö waterworks, Stockholm Water Company during spring 2004.</p><p>The conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks comes with a few disadvantages, such as large consumption of chemical coagulants. The chemical consumption leads to many transports and the treatment also produces a sludge which is, in present, returned to Lake Mälaren. In 2001 a pilot plant were built at Lovö waterworks for research on new treatment processes, and ozonation followed by filtration is one of them.</p><p>Ozonation has been used in Europe for several years as disinfection at the end of the drinking water treatment process. The interests of ozonation has increased significantly in recent years and today the ozonation is used in other steps in the drinking water treatment process. Except for the disinfection, ozone has other benefits such as oxidation of iron and manganese, microflocculation, reduction of taste and odour and it is also effective to reduce the water colour. The microflocculation leads to the fact that less or no coagulants need to be used in the process.</p><p>This study started with a literature overview followed by experiments on ozonation and filtration in the pilot plant. After the first experiments the conclusions were that the ozonation and filtration did not reach the same results as Lovö waterworks. To continue, jar tests were made to see the effects of different coagulants. The result indicated that ferric sulphate together with calcium addition (pH-adjustment) was a good alternative. Thereby a lower coagulant dose could be used.</p><p>When ferric sulphate and calcium were implemented into the pilot plant, different ozone doses and ferric sulphate doses were tested. The best results occurred when an ozone dose of 6 mg O3/l and a ferric sulphate dose of 50-60 μmol/l were used. This amount of ferric sulphate is approximately 60 % lower than that for the conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks. To produce ozone electrons are needed and energy consumption increases with approximately 66 % compared to the conventional treatment. The decrease in chemical dose and increase in energy demand gives a decrease of the total cost with 10 % compared to the conventional treatment. The results indicate that the treatment with ozonation, calcium addition and ferric sulphate as a coagulant is an alternative to the conventional treatment.</p><p>Different filters were used in the pilot plant and to improve the results a Filtralite-filter was tested instead of the GAC-filter as a bio filter. When comparing Filtralite-filter with the GAC-filter there were large differences between the filters at the beginning of the study. When the bacteria population in the Filtralite-filter had started to increase the differences became less. In the end of the experimental period the filters had similar conditions and Filtralite-filter may be a good alternative as a biofilter.</p>
10

The evaluation of ultra fine coal treatment options at the Western Coal Complex

Van Schalkwyk, Vicky 25 September 2012 (has links)
M.Sc. (Eng.), Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, 2012 / The aim of this research project was to test the response of ultra fine coal sourced at Klipspruit Colliery to froth flotation and the response of the froth flotation products to dewatering using two different types of filter presses, namely the Tecnicas Hidraulicas (TH) and the Ishigakhi presses. During test work, some difficulty was experienced with coarse material feeding the froth flotation pilot plant. This led to pilot plant modifications. Further process complexities necessitated laboratory scale flotation test work on the Klipspruit coal to be carried out. The results for both the laboratory scale and pilot plant test work for froth flotation indicated that froth flotation as applied to the Klipspruit fines was not economically feasible because neither the required quality of the product (calorific value of 27.80 MJ/kg) nor the product yield of 50% could be achieved when subjected to a primary and secondary stage of froth flotation. The coarse material, which fed the pilot plant and the Ishigakhi filter press, gave low moisture values (12.3%) not typical of ultra fine coal moisture values. However when fed with very fine particle size distributions, prior test work with the Ishigakhi showed that moisture values below 20% could be achieved. The moisture values obtained for very fine particles using the TH filter press on product thickener underflow material sourced at Goedehoop colliery reached values below 20%. Thus both of the two dewatering options, i.e. the Ishigakhi filter press equipment or TH filter press equipment for the ultra fine coal dewatering, can be utilized. Since the filter rate is the determining factor specifying filter press size, it was determined that a larger TH filter area is required in 1 comparison with the Ishigakhi press. Based upon the pilot and laboratory scale test work undertaken and the assessment of the results, it appears that both dewatering options could be successfully employed on a technical basis for the dewatering of coal flotation products, tailings and the arising raw ultra fine fraction. Froth flotation for Klipspruit ultra fine coal was deemed unfeasible for both pilot plant and laboratory scale tests conducted. For this reason a capital expenditure for the construction of a froth flotation plant at the Western Coal Complex Phola plant was not considered feasible since Klipspruit coal forms part of the feed that will feed the Phola plant. In conclusion, following dewatering using either the TH filter press or the Ishigakhi filter press, it was established that both froth flotation concentrate and unbeneficiated ultra fines gave acceptable total moisture results (below 20%). These dewatered raw ultra fines may therefore be blended into inland product as thermal coal to be utilised by Eskom for power generation. Based upon this premise, it is estimated that profits of 76.5 million Rand could be generated by blending Klipspruit ultra fine coal into thermal coal production at the new Phola plant.

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