A prevalência mundial da obesidade tem aumentado dramaticamente nos últimos anos. Classificada como doença crônica, a obesidade está associada a uma série de doenças, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ehipercolesterolemia, aumentando a necessidade de uso de medicamentos. Esta situação contribui para a redução da qualidade e expectativa de vida dos indivíduos. A perda de peso significativa por pacientes com obesidade mórbida pode ser obtida através da realização da cirurgia bariátrica que pode exigir ajustes na farmacoterapia em função da redução das comorbidades e das alterações fisiológicas provocadas pela cirurgia. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica sobre o perfil de utilização dos medicamentos, enfocando principalmente as classes terapêuticas, o número de medicamentos e doses administradas antes e após a cirurgia. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal do tipo antes e depois. Utilizando uma amostragem por conveniência foram entrevistados consecutivamente 69 pacientes no pré-cirúrgico imediato e seis meses após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico entre 2008 e 2011. Nas entrevistas foram avaliados a presença de comorbidades e o uso de medicamentos com e sem prescrição médica Resultados: Antes da cirurgia 85,5% dos pacientes apresentaram comorbidades associadas à obesidade, sendo as principais: hipertensão, diabetes e hipercolesterolemia. 84,1% dos pacientes estavam em uso de medicamento sob prescrição médica no período pré-cirúrgico e a média de medicamentos utilizados por paciente foi de 4,8. Após a realização da cirurgia, observamos uma diminuição acentuada para as classes dos antidiabéticos (84%), antilipêmicos (77%) e anti-hipertensivos (49,5%), e a média de medicamentos por paciente foi de 4,4. Por outro lado observou-se um aumento importante na utilização de multivitamínicos e medicamentos para desordens do trato gastrointestinal (TGI). A maioria dos medicamentos que continuaram sendo prescritos após a cirurgia teve sua dose reduzida. Conclusão: A cirurgia bariátrica propiciou a redução da dose e da utilização de medicamentos para a maioria das classes terapêuticas. No entanto, pode ser observado um aumento na utilização de medicamentos para tratar distúrbios associados à realização da cirurgia. / The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the last years. Classified as a chronic disease, obesity is associated with a number of diseases, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, increasing the need for drug use. This situation reduces the quality and life expectancy of individuals. The significant weight loss for morbidly obese patients can be obtained by bariatric surgery that may require adjustments in pharmacotherapy due to the reduction of comorbidities and physiological changes caused by surgery. Objective: Analyze the impact of bariatric surgery on the drug use profile, mainly focusing on the therapeutic classes, the number of drugs and doses administered before and after surgery. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study of type before and after. Using a convenience sampling were interviewed consecutively 69 patients before surgery immediately and six months after the surgical procedure between 2008 and 2011. In the interviews were evaluated the presence of comorbidities and the use of prescription and non-prescription Results: Before surgery 85.5% of patients had comorbidities associated with obesity, the main ones being: hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. 84.1% of patients were on prescription drug use in the preoperative period and the average number of drugs used per patient was 4.8. After the surgery, we observed a marked decrease for the classes of antidiabetic (84%), antilipemic (77%) and antihypertensive (49.5%), and the average number of drugs used per patient was 4,4. Moreover we observed a significant increase in the use of multivitamin and medicaments for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Most drugs that continued to be prescribed after surgery was reduced dose. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery led to dose reduction and the use of medications for most therapeutic classes. However, an increase can be observed in the use of drugs to treat disorders associated with surgery.

Obesity is a major public health problem. Bariatric surgery is currently the only available treatment that offers sufficient weight-loss and metabolic benefits over time. Although bariatric surgery is considered safe now, serious complications still occur. The aim of this thesis was to identify factors associated with an increased risk for postoperative complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. Study I included patients operated with laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in Sweden from May 2007 until September 2012. The risk for serious complication was low (3.4%). Suffering an intraoperative adverse event or conversion of the operation to open surgery were the strongest risk factors for postoperative complication. The annual operative volume and experience of the procedure at the institution were also important risk factors. Patient-specific risk factors appeared to be less important although age was associated with an increased risk. In Study II, a raised glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was evaluated as a risk factor for serious postoperative complications in non-diabetics. A higher incidence of serious postoperative complications was seen with elevated HbA1c values, even at levels classified as ‘‘pre-diabetic’’. Study III was a multicentre, randomised clinical trial (RCT). 2507 patients planned for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were randomised to either mesenteric defects closure or non-closure. Closure of the mesenteric defects reduced the rate of reoperation for small bowel obstruction from 10.2% to 5.5% at 3 years after surgery. A small increase in the rate of serious postoperative complication within the first 30 days was seen with mesenteric defects closure. This relatively small increase in risk was however outweighed by the marked reduction of later reoperations for small bowel obstruction. Study IV was a comparison between study III and an observational study on the same population under the same period of time. Although the observational study reached the same conlusion as the RCT, the efficacy of mesenteric defects closure was less pronounced. Observational studies may thus be an alternative to RCTs under situations when RCTs are not feasible. The efficacy may however be underestimated.

A obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, e à cirurgia bariátrica vem se mostrando uma ferramenta eficaz no tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Devido a esses fatos é de se esperar que tenhamos cada vez mais, em nossa prática esse procedimento cirúrgico, que depende do atendimento de uma equipe multidisciplinar, na qual a enfermagem está inserida. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as dificuldades do enfermeiro de Centro Cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no período transoperatório. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário elaborado a partir de revisão de literatura pertinente ao tema e distribuído no 7.º Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico, Recuperação Anestésica e Centro de material e Esterilização. A seleção da amostra fez-se mediante a constatação da experiência do enfermeiro na assistência ao paciente obeso mórbido atendendo a cirurgia bariátrica. A apresentação dos resultados foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira parte caracterizando a amostra demograficamente, e a segunda sintetizando as dificuldades dos enfermeiros de centro cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Várias são as dificuldades, mencionadas pelos enfermeiros da amostra, porém conclui-se que a maioria relaciona-se á condições técnicas e de materiais que proporcionem condições de segurança ao paciente, principalmente: mesa cirúrgica, maca transfer, afastador específico, perneiras tipo bota e material para anestesia. / Obesity is considered a public health problem in Brazil, and bariatric surgery has shown to be an efficient tool in treating morbid obesity. Because of that it is expected that in our practice we will have more and more of that surgical procedure, which depends on the attendance of a multi-disciplinary team, of which nursing is included. The aim of this paper is to identify the difficulties that nurses of Surgical Centers have when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery in the perioperative period. The data were collected by a questionnaire prepared after revising literature pertaining to the subject and distributed at the 7th Brazilian Congress on Perioperative Nursing, Anesthetic Recovery and Central Supply and Sterilization. The sample selection was made through the experience verified by nurses while attending morbid obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. The presentation of the results was divided in two parts: the first part characterizes the sample demographically, and the second part synthesizes the difficulties that perioperative nurses go through when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Several difficulties were mentioned by the nurses from the sample; however, most of them were related to technical and material conditions that would offer a safe environment to the patient, especially: surgical table, transfer stretcher, bariatric surgery retractor, compression boots and anesthesia materials.

La sleeve gastrectomie (SG) est une opération qui consiste à réduire le volume de l’estomac. L’hypothèse que d’autres mécanismes indépendants de la perte de poids sont impliqués dans l’amélioration des complications métaboliques de l’obésité après SG a été émise. L’effet de la SG chez des souris soumis à un régime High Fat Diet a été étudié chez trois groupes d’animaux : SG, sham pair fed (SPF) et sham. Le test de tolérance au glucose montrait une amélioration de l’insulinorésistance des animaux SG à J23. Au niveau hépatique les animaux SG montraient une diminution significative de la stéatose. Il existe donc des mécanismes améliorant les complications hépatiques et métaboliques de l’obésité qui sont en partie indépendants de la réduction de l’apport calorique. Dans le second volet nous avons étudié l’évolution à long terme des lésions hépatiques liées à la NASH chez des patients obèses morbides avec une NASH lors de la chirurgie bariatrique. Dix patients d’une cohorte prospective ont été inclus. La deuxième biopsie a été réalisée à une médiane de 57 mois après le RYGB. La perte de poids moyenne était de –13,3 points de l’IMC lors du suivi. La rémission du syndrome métabolique et du diabète a été observée chez 71,6 % et 100 % des patients respectivement. Le NAS score a été amélioré chez tous les patients. Le taux sérique moyen du fragment clivé de la cytokératine 18 (M30), marqueur de l’apoptose hépatocytaire, était significativement abaissé. Le RYGB a permis une amélioration à long terme des lésions hépatocytaires liées à la NASH chez les patients obèses morbides. L’amélioration post-opératoire de la souffrance hépatocytaire corrèle avec la baisse du taux sérique du M30. / The mechanisms responsible for weight loss and improvement of metabolic disturbances have not been completely elucidated. We investigated the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on body weight, adipose tissue depots, glucose tolerance, and liver steatosis independent of reduced caloric intake in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Mice fed a high fat diet were divided into 3 groups: SG, sham-operated ad libitum fed and sham-operated pair fed. SG mice showed improved glucose tolerance and lower levels of liver steatosis. This was associated with a decrease in the ratios of the weight of pancreas, epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues to body weight. Reduced white adipose tissue inflammation, modification of adipose tissue development, and ectopic fat are potential mechanisms that may account for the reduced caloric intake independent effects of SG. We also investigated long-term impact of RYGB surgery on liver complications in morbidly obese patients with NASH. Ten morbidly obese patients with biopsy-proven NASH were followed after RYGB and underwent a second liver biopsy. The median interval between the RYGB and second liver biopsy was 57 months. Clinical and biological data were obtained at baseline and ≥40 months after RYGB. RYGB was associated with significant weight loss, improved hepatic steatosis, resolution of hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning. Hepatocyte apoptosis, as evaluated by serum K18 fragment improved within the first year and at 57 months. Hepatic fibrosis resolved in 90% of cases. RYGB in morbidly obese patients with NASH is associated with a long-term beneficial impact on hepatic steatosis, inflammation, injury and, possibly, fibrosis.

<p>Introduktion: Övervikt och fetma är ett globalt växande folkhälsoproblem vilket leder till enorma ekonomiska samhällskostnader. Fetmakirurgi, bland annat Reglerbart gastriskt band (Adjustable Gastric Banding, AGB), har visat långsiktiga effekter på viktminskning, medan icke-kirurgisk fetmabehandling har visat mindre tydliga effekter. Detta har lett till att fetmakirurgin ökat dramatiskt. Trots detta har vissa kirurgipatienter svårigheter i att upprätthålla viktminskning över tid. Fetmakirurgi kan även leda till senkomplikationer och biverkningar. Flertalet experter argumenterar för att långtidsbehandling är väsentlig för vidmakthållande av beteendeförändring. Dagvårdsbehandling anses vara värd att överväga för patienter med fetma. Den har använts brett inom diabetesvård men ej lika mycket inom fetmabehandling. Syfte: Att strukturera och undersöka population och datamaterial från en redan genomförd men opublicerad, tre år lång interventionsstudie, med tre uppföljningar, om viktminskning och ätbeteende hos patienter med fetma, efter behandling med: Adjustable Gastric Banding, Dagvård alternativt en kombination av de båda behandlingarna. Metod: Datamaterial i 30 pärmar, från patienter (baseline: n= 212) i en redan genomförd men opublicerad interventionsstudie, lästes igenom och strukturerades in i ett index i Microsoft Words. Därefter skapades en databas i Microsoft Excel. I databasen räknades de patienter samman som visat angivna mått på viktminskning (BMI) och ätbeteende (TFEQ) vid något, några eller samtliga av de totalt tre uppföljningstillfällena i studien. Resultat: Efter strukturering och undersökning av datamaterialet framgick att enbart (n=10) av (n=212) fullföljt studien genom uppvisade mått på BMI samt TFEQ vid samtliga av studiens tre uppföljningstillfällen. För att i denna masteruppsats visa resultat från en större studiepopulation presenterades även uppvisade mått (BMI, TFEQ) från patienter som deltagit vid baseline och tredje uppföljningstillfället, men som nödvändigtvis inte deltagit vid uppföljnigstillfälle ett eller två (n=43). BMI och TFEQ presenterades i medelvärde och median för varje behandlingsgrupp. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att majoriteten av de deltagande patienterna inte fullföljde hela programmet. Därför kunde inga effekter av respektive behandling på förändring av vikt och ätbeteende beräknas.</p> / <p>Introduction: Overweight and obesity is a globally growing public health problem leading to enormous economic costs for the society. Obesity surgery, including Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB), has shown long-term positive effects on weight loss, while non-surgical obesity treatment has shown less evident effects. This has led to a dramatic increase in obesity surgery. Still, some surgery patients have difficulties in maintaining weight loss over time. The majority of experts argue that long-term treatment is essential for maintaining behavioral changes. According to experts, Daycare treatment is worth considering for patients suffering from obesity. It has been used broadly within the diabetes care though not to the same extent in obesity treatment. Aim: To structure and investigate the population and data from an already completed but unpublished three year old intervention study, with three follow ups, of weight loss and eating behavior in patients with obesity after treatment with Adjustable Gastric Banding, Daycare or a combination of the both treatments. Method: Data in 30 binders, from participants (baseline n=212) in an already completed but unpublished intervention study, was read and structured into an index in Microsoft Words. A database in Microsoft Excel was then structured were patients with specified measures for weight loss (BMI) and eating behavior (TFEQ), for one, two or three of the total three follow ups, was counted together. Results: After the structuration and investigation of the material it became evident that due to drop-out or missing data only (n=10) out of (n=212) had fulfilled the study by showing specified measures of BMI and TFEQ at every of the total three follow ups. To, in the present Master thesis, show results from a greater sample, also participants with measures (BMI, TFEQ) from baseline and the third follow up, but not necessary from the first or second follow up (n=43), was included in the presentation. BMI and TFEQ were presented in mean and median for each of the treatment groups. Conclusion: The result shows that a majority of the participants not completed the program. Hence could no effect of the treatments on changes of weight and eating behavior be rated.</p>

Introduktion: Övervikt och fetma är ett globalt växande folkhälsoproblem vilket leder till enorma ekonomiska samhällskostnader. Fetmakirurgi, bland annat Reglerbart gastriskt band (Adjustable Gastric Banding, AGB), har visat långsiktiga effekter på viktminskning, medan icke-kirurgisk fetmabehandling har visat mindre tydliga effekter. Detta har lett till att fetmakirurgin ökat dramatiskt. Trots detta har vissa kirurgipatienter svårigheter i att upprätthålla viktminskning över tid. Fetmakirurgi kan även leda till senkomplikationer och biverkningar. Flertalet experter argumenterar för att långtidsbehandling är väsentlig för vidmakthållande av beteendeförändring. Dagvårdsbehandling anses vara värd att överväga för patienter med fetma. Den har använts brett inom diabetesvård men ej lika mycket inom fetmabehandling. Syfte: Att strukturera och undersöka population och datamaterial från en redan genomförd men opublicerad, tre år lång interventionsstudie, med tre uppföljningar, om viktminskning och ätbeteende hos patienter med fetma, efter behandling med: Adjustable Gastric Banding, Dagvård alternativt en kombination av de båda behandlingarna. Metod: Datamaterial i 30 pärmar, från patienter (baseline: n= 212) i en redan genomförd men opublicerad interventionsstudie, lästes igenom och strukturerades in i ett index i Microsoft Words. Därefter skapades en databas i Microsoft Excel. I databasen räknades de patienter samman som visat angivna mått på viktminskning (BMI) och ätbeteende (TFEQ) vid något, några eller samtliga av de totalt tre uppföljningstillfällena i studien. Resultat: Efter strukturering och undersökning av datamaterialet framgick att enbart (n=10) av (n=212) fullföljt studien genom uppvisade mått på BMI samt TFEQ vid samtliga av studiens tre uppföljningstillfällen. För att i denna masteruppsats visa resultat från en större studiepopulation presenterades även uppvisade mått (BMI, TFEQ) från patienter som deltagit vid baseline och tredje uppföljningstillfället, men som nödvändigtvis inte deltagit vid uppföljnigstillfälle ett eller två (n=43). BMI och TFEQ presenterades i medelvärde och median för varje behandlingsgrupp. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att majoriteten av de deltagande patienterna inte fullföljde hela programmet. Därför kunde inga effekter av respektive behandling på förändring av vikt och ätbeteende beräknas. / Introduction: Overweight and obesity is a globally growing public health problem leading to enormous economic costs for the society. Obesity surgery, including Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB), has shown long-term positive effects on weight loss, while non-surgical obesity treatment has shown less evident effects. This has led to a dramatic increase in obesity surgery. Still, some surgery patients have difficulties in maintaining weight loss over time. The majority of experts argue that long-term treatment is essential for maintaining behavioral changes. According to experts, Daycare treatment is worth considering for patients suffering from obesity. It has been used broadly within the diabetes care though not to the same extent in obesity treatment. Aim: To structure and investigate the population and data from an already completed but unpublished three year old intervention study, with three follow ups, of weight loss and eating behavior in patients with obesity after treatment with Adjustable Gastric Banding, Daycare or a combination of the both treatments. Method: Data in 30 binders, from participants (baseline n=212) in an already completed but unpublished intervention study, was read and structured into an index in Microsoft Words. A database in Microsoft Excel was then structured were patients with specified measures for weight loss (BMI) and eating behavior (TFEQ), for one, two or three of the total three follow ups, was counted together. Results: After the structuration and investigation of the material it became evident that due to drop-out or missing data only (n=10) out of (n=212) had fulfilled the study by showing specified measures of BMI and TFEQ at every of the total three follow ups. To, in the present Master thesis, show results from a greater sample, also participants with measures (BMI, TFEQ) from baseline and the third follow up, but not necessary from the first or second follow up (n=43), was included in the presentation. BMI and TFEQ were presented in mean and median for each of the treatment groups. Conclusion: The result shows that a majority of the participants not completed the program. Hence could no effect of the treatments on changes of weight and eating behavior be rated.

This thesis investigates a contextual behavioral approach for obesity surgery patients. In a contextual approach a behavior is interpreted as inseparable from its current and historical context. Candidates for bariatric surgery often have a history of self-stigma, body dissatisfaction and eating for emotional relief. Despite losing a large amount of weight post surgery, psychological problems may still be present for some patients. One possible common underlying process observed in body concerns and eating patterns is experiential avoidance. Experiential avoidance is defined as; any attempt to avoid, change, or control unwanted thoughts and feelings when so doing causes harm. Though a multidisciplinary team is recommended for post-surgical care, there are few studies evaluating the psychological treatment of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. In this thesis a protocol based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), was developed and implemented, partly via the Internet, in a clinical setting. In an acceptance-based approach to obesity, psychological well-being is the main outcome. ACT was significantly more effective than ‘treatment as usual’ in terms of body dissatisfaction and quality of life after surgery. Both groups improved in eating disordered attitudes and behaviors. Predictions based on the underlying treatment model were also investigated. Positive treatment outcomes were found to be associated with increased psychological flexibility.  Despite some methodological limitations, the results are promising and future studies should further evaluate ACT in the context of bariatric surgery. This thesis also acknowledges the need for clinical assessment tools appropriate for the bariatric surgery context. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight (AAQ-W) is a measure of experiential avoidance, and was evaluated in the present thesis. The AAQ-W was found to be a reliable and valid measure for people undergoing bariatric surgery. Another measure, Disordered Eating in Bariatric Surgery (DEBS) was developed and evaluated. The DEBS was found to posses satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity.  The AAQ-W and the DEBS may facilitate both systematic clinical evaluation and future research within the area of bariatric surgery.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on January 5, 2010). Thesis advisor: Paul J. Fadel. "December 2009" Includes bibliographical references.

Σύγκριση τεχνικών για την αντιμετώπιση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου μετά από χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή για τη θεραπεία της νοσογόνου παχυσαρκίας, με τη χορήγηση επισκληριδίου αναλγησίας με τοπικό αναισθητικό (λεβοβουπιβακαΐνη) και οπιοειδές (μορφίνη). Εισαγωγή – Σκοπός : Η αντιμετώπιση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους θα πρέπει να στοχεύει στον αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου, στην πρώιμη επαναλειτουργία του εντέρου και στην ταχύτερη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών, χωρίς να διακινδυνεύεται η μετεγχειρητική αναπνευστική λειτουργία, καθώς είναι υψηλό το ποσοστό των παχύσαρκων ασθενών με Αποφρακτική Άπνοια στον Ύπνο (OSA). Μέχρι σήμερα δεν υπάρχουν επαρκή δεδομένα σχετικά με τη διαχείριση της μετεγχειρητικής αναλγησίας σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε ανοικτά χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους, ιδιαίτερα με την εφαρμογή θωρακικής επισκληριδίου αναλγησίας με μορφίνη και λεβοβουπιβακαΐνη. Υλικό – Μέθοδος : Στην παρούσα προοπτική, τυχαιοποιημένη, διπλή τυφλή μελέτη, 96 ασθενείς με super νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία (BMI ≥ 50kg/m2) και φυσική κατάσταση κατά ASA II-III, που υποβλήθηκαν σε χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή με Roux-En-Y γαστρική παράκαμψη, τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε 6 ομάδες (ομάδες Α-F με 16 ασθενείς ανά ομάδα). Όλες οι ομάδες έλαβαν μετεγχειρητικά θωρακική επισκληρίδιο αναλγησία με συνεχή έγχυση μορφίνης 0,2mg/h σε συνδυασμό με άπαξ δόσεις λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης μέσω PCEA : στις ομάδες A,B και C χορηγήθηκε χαμηλή συγκέντρωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,1%, ενώ στις ομάδες D, E και F χορηγήθηκε υψηλή συγκέντρωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,2%. Οι ομάδες A και D δεν έλαβαν διεγχειρητικά δόση εφόδου μορφίνης, ενώ οι ομάδες B και Ε έλαβαν 1mg και οι ομάδες C και F 2mg μορφίνης επισκληριδίως, αντίστοιχα. Κατά την μετεγχειρητική περίοδο εκτιμήθηκε η ένταση του πόνου στην ηρεμία και στο βήχα με βάση την κλίμακα VAS, η συνολική κατανάλωση λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης, η αναπνευστική λειτουργία, οι αιμοδυναμικές μεταβολές, ο χρόνος κινητοποίησης του εντέρου και ο χρόνος κινητοποίησης των ασθενών. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία έγινε με τη χρήση ANOVA ακολουθούμενη από post-hoc δοκιμασίες, με τη μέθοδο χ2, και με μη παραμετρικές μεθόδους για πολλαπλές ομάδες. Αποτελέσματα : Η ένταση του μετεγχειρητικού πόνου δεν διέφερε μεταξύ των ομάδων. Διπλασιάζοντας τη συγκέντρωση της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης από 0,1% (ομάδες A, B και C) σε 0,2% (ομάδες D, E και F) αυξήθηκε σημαντικά η συνολική κατανάλωση της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης (P < 0,001), χωρίς να βελτιωθεί η αναλγησία. Η αύξηση της περιεγχειρητικής χορήγησης μορφίνης με τη χορήγηση δόσης εφόδου (ομάδες B,C,E,F) και της συγκέντρωσης της λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης (ομάδες D, E, F) οδήγησε σε παράταση του χρόνου επαναλειτουργίας του εντέρου (P < 0.05 to 0.01) και καθυστέρηση στη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών (P < 0.05 to 0.01). Παρά την υψηλή συχνότητα των παχυσάρκων ασθενών με OSA (69% - 81%) μεταξύ των ομάδων, δεν παρατηρήθηκε κανένα επεισόδιο αναπνευστικής καταστολής. Οι αιμοδυναμικές παράμετροι και η μετεγχειρητική αναπνευστική λειτουργία, διατηρήθηκαν σε ασφαλή όρια και δεν διέφεραν μεταξύ των ομάδων. Συμπεράσματα : Η θωρακική επισκληρίδιος αναλγησία με τη χορήγηση άπαξ δόσεων λεβοβουπιβακαΐνης 0,1% μέσω PCEA σε συνδυασμό με συνεχή έγχυση μορφίνης 0,2mg/h, χωρίς δόση εφόδου, είναι ένας αποτελεσματικός και ασφαλής τρόπος μετεγχειρητικής αναλγησίας σε ασθενείς με νοσογόνο παχυσαρκία που υποβάλλονται σε ανοικτά χειρουργεία απώλειας βάρους, καθώς αντιμετωπίζει αποτελεσματικά τον μετεγχειρητικό πόνο, οδηγεί σε πρώιμη επαναλειτουργία του εντέρου, σε ταχύτερη κινητοποίηση των ασθενών, χωρίς να διακυβεύεται η αναπνευστική λειτουργία, ακόμα και στους παχύσαρκους ασθενείς με OSA. / Comparison of techniques for postoperative analgesia management after a weight loss surgery (Βiliary Pancreatic Diversion with Roux-En-Y) by administration of epidural analgesia with local anesthetic (levobupivacaine) and opioid (morphine) Background: Postoperative pain control in morbidly obese patients should aim early mobilization and return of bowel function, without respiratory compromise, as there is a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Up to date, not sufficient data exist regarding postoperative analgesic management of morbid super-obese (MSO) patients undergoing open bariatric surgery, especially with thoracic epidural levobupivacaine combined with morphine. Methods: In a prospective double blind randomised controlled trial, 96 ASA II-III MSO patients undergoing open BPD-RYGBP, were randomly allocated to six groups (n=16). All groups received postoperatively a continuous epidural morphine infusion of 0.2 mg h-1, while groups A - C received additionally 0.1% levobupivacaine and groups D - F 0.2% levobupivacaine via PCEA, respectively. Groups A and D did not receive intraoperative epidural morphine loading, while groups B, E received additionally 1mg and groups C and F 2 mg morphine bolus intra-operatively respectively. VAS at rest and on cough, PCEA drug consumption, haemodynamic profile, pulmonary function, time to return of bowel function and ambulation, were recorded for 48h. Results: Pain scores did not differ among groups. Doubling the concentration of levobupivacaine increased considerably its consumption (P < 0.001), without improving analgesia. The increase in perioperative morphine (groups B,C,E,F) and levobupivacaine doses (groups D-F) led to prolonged time to bowel function (P < 0.05 to 0.01) and ambulation (P < 0.05 to 0.01), respectively. Although obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) prevalence was 69% to 81% among groups, no incidence of respiratory depression was observed. Haemodynamic profile and pulmonary function were well preserved and did not differ among groups. Conclusions: Thoracic PCEA with 0.1% levobupivacaine combined with a continuous daily epidural morphine dose of 0.2 mg h-1, without morphine loading, is an effective approach regarding adequate pain control, early mobilization and return of bowel function in MSO patients, especially in those with OSA.

Η χειρουργική της παχυσαρκίας προσφέρει ικανοποιητικά μακροπρόθεσμα αποτελέσματα, με χαμηλό ποσοστό επιπλοκών. Μετά την εγχείρηση για την παχυσαρκία και την μεγάλη απώλεια βάρους, παρατηρείται περίσσεια δέρματος, η οποία προκαλεί λειτουργικά, δερματολογικά και αισθητικά προβλήματα. Οι ανατομικές περιοχές όπου παρατηρείται η δυσμορφία, είναι η έσω επιφάνεια των βραχιόνων, οι μαστοί, το θωρακικό και το κοιλιακό τοίχωμα καθώς και οι μηροί. Για την αποκατάσταση της δυσμορφίας, οι ασθενείς πρέπει να υποβληθούν σε μία ή περισσότερες περιοχικές δερμολιπεκτομές. Στην παρούσα μελέτη καταγράφουμε την εμπειρία μας, όσον αφορά την αντιμετώπιση των συγκεκριμένων ασθενών. Από τον Οκτώβριο 1996 μέχρι τον Δεκέμβριο 2002, 46 ασθενείς υπεβλήθησαν σε 67 περιοχικές δερμολιπεκτομές. Σαράντα πέντε ασθενείς, υπεβλήθησαν σε δερμολιπεκτομή του κοιλιακού τοιχώματος. Ο μέσος χειρουργικός χρόνος ήταν 188,1 min (105-420 min). Το μέσο βάρος των εκταμειθέντων ιστών ήταν 2839,2 gr (850-7525 gr). Τέσσερις ασθενείς (8,8%) μεταγγίσθηκαν. Επτά ασθενείς(15,5%) παρουσίασαν επιπλοκές στις οποίες περιλαμβάνονται, 1 μετεγχειρητική αιμορραγία, 3 διαπυήσεις τραύματος, 2 διασπάσεις και 1 ορώδης συλλογή. Ο μέσος χρόνος νοσηλείας ήταν 8,9 ημέρες (5-22 ημέρες). Είκοσι πέντε από τους ασθενείς (55,5%), υπεβλήθησαν σύγχρονα σε αποκατάσταση μετεγχειρητικής κήλης, ενώ σε 9 (20%) χρησιμοποιήθηκε πλέγμα goretex. Οκτώ ασθενείς (17,3%) υπεβλήθησαν σε πλαστική των μαστών και ο μέσος χειρουργικός χρόνος ήταν 166,2 min (130-210 min). Σε μια ασθενή τοποθετήθηκαν ενθέματα. Δεν υπήρξε νοσηρότητα και ο μέσος χρόνος νοσηλείας ήταν 7,1 ημέρες (4-9 ημέρες). Επτά ασθενείς (15,2%) υπεβλήθησαν σε εγκάρσια λαγονο-μηρο- γλουτιαία ανόρθωση, τέσσερις ασθενείς (8,6%) υπεβλήθησαν σε δερμολιπεκτομή των μηρών, ενώ άλλοι τρεις (6,5%) υπεβλήθησαν σε δερμολιπεκτομή των βραχιόνων. Ο μέσος χειρουργικός χρόνος ήταν 297,1 min (160-420 min), 246,2 min (230-280 min) και 203,3 min (180-240 min) αντίστοιχα. Το μέσο βάρος των εκταμειθέντων ιστών ήταν 2245gr (725-4403 gr), 1342,5 gr (1050-1550gr) και 572,7 gr (400-848gr) αντίστοιχα. Οι επιπλοκές περιλαμβάνουν την διαπύηση του τραύματος σε 2 ασθενείς, μικρές διασπάσεις του δέρματος σε 5 ασθενείς και παρατεταμένο οίδημα του αριστερού κάτω άκρου σε μία ασθενή. Ο μέσος χρόνος νοσηλείας ήταν 10,6 ημέρες (6-23 ημέρες), 8 ημέρες (7-9 ημέρες) και 6 ημέρες (5-7 ημέρες) αντίστοιχα. Οι περιοχικές δερμολιπεκτομές, αποτελούν την μόνη εφικτή αντιμετώπιση της δυσμορφίας που προκαλείται από την μεγάλη απώλεια βάρους. Σύμφωνα με την εμπειρία μας, οι εγχειρήσεις αυτές είναι ασφαλείς, δίχως σοβαρές επιπλοκές και προσφέρουν καλά λειτουργικά και αισθητικά αποτελέσματα. / Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in providing substantial and sustained long-term weight loss with minimum complications. Following bariatric surgery and consequent loss of body weight, the skin begins to sag in various regions of the body, forming skin-folds, which cause serious functional, dermatological and aesthetic deformities. The regions of the body most commonly affected by excess skin tissue are the medial part of the arms, the breasts, the thoracic and abdominal wall, especially in the lateral areas and the inner and outer thigh. In order to correct this deformity, it is essential that they undergo a series of one or more regional dermolipectomies. In this article, we present our experience on how we manage these patients. From October 1996 until December 2002, 46 patients had 67 regional dermolipectomies. Forty-five patients underwent abdominal dermolipectomy. The average operative time was 188,1 min (105-420min). The average amount of tissue excised was 2839,2 gr (850-7525gr). Four patients (8,8%) required blood transfusion. Seven patients (15,5%) developed complications, which included 1 case of post-operative bleeding, 3 wound infections, 2 skin dehiscences and 1 seroma. Average length of hospital stay was 8,9 days (5- 22 days). Twenty-five of these patients (55,5%) simultaneously underwent abdominal incisional hernia repair; in 9 (20%), a goretex mesh was used. Eight patients (17,3%) had mammaplasty, with average operative time 166,2 min (130-210 min). In one of them, breast implants were placed. There was no morbidity, and the average hospitalization was 7,1 days (4-9 days). Transverse flank-thigh-buttock lift was done in seven patients (8,6%), and arm reduction plasty in three (6,5%). The average operative time was 297,1 min (160-420 min), 246,2 min (230-280 min) and 203,3 min (180-240) respectively. Average tissue excised was 2245 gr (725-4403 gr), 1342,5 gr (1050-1550 gr) and 572,7 gr (400-848 gr) respectively. Morbidity was related to wound infection in 2 patients, minor skin dehiscence in 5 patients and persistent edema of the left lower extremity in another. Average hospitalization was 10,6 days (6-23 days), 8 days (7-8 days) and 6 days (5-7 days) respectively. Regional dermolipectomies constitute the only available treatment for deformities following massive weight loss after bariatric surgery. Based on our experience, these procedures are safe, without serious complications and with good functional and esthetic results.