Doctor of Philosophy / The next generation mobile networks are expected to provide multimedia applications with a high quality of service. On the other hand, interference among multiple base stations (BS) that co-exist in the same location limits the capacity of wireless networks. In conventional wireless networks, the base stations do not cooperate with each other. The BSs transmit individually to their respective mobile stations (MS) and treat the transmission from other BSs as interference. An alternative to this structure is a network cooperation structure. Here, BSs cooperate with other BSs to simultaneously transmit to their respective MSs using the same frequency band at a given time slot. By doing this, we significantly increase the capacity of the networks. This thesis presents novel research results on a noncooperative transmission scheme and a cooperative transmission scheme for multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM). We first consider the performance limit of a noncooperative transmission scheme. Here, we propose a method to reduce the interference and increase the throughput of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in co-working wireless local area networks (WLANs) by using joint adaptive multiple antennas(AMA) and adaptive modulation (AM) with acknowledgement (ACK) Eigen-steering. The calculation of AMA and AM are performed at the receiver. The AMA is used to suppress interference and to maximize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). The AM scheme is used to allocate OFDM sub-carriers, power, and modulation mode subject to the constraints of power, discrete modulation, and the bit error rate (BER). The transmit weights, the allocation of power, and the allocation of sub-carriers are obtained at the transmitter using ACK Eigen-steering. The derivations of AMA, AM, and ACK Eigen-steering are shown. The performance of joint AMA and AM for various AMA configurations is evaluated through the simulations of BER and spectral efficiency (SE) against SIR. To improve the performance of the system further, we propose a practical cooperative transmission scheme to mitigate against the interference in co-working WLANs. Here, we consider a network coordination among BSs. We employ Tomlinson Harashima precoding (THP), joint transmit-receive beamforming based on SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio) maximization, and an adaptive precoding order to eliminate co-working interference and achieve bit error rate (BER) fairness among different users. We also consider the design of the system when partial channel state information (CSI) (where each user only knows its own CSI) and full CSI (where each user knows CSI of all users) are available at the receiver respectively. We prove analytically and by simulation that the performance of our proposed scheme will not be degraded under partial CSI. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme considerably outperforms both the existing noncooperative and cooperative transmission schemes. A method to design a spectrally efficient cooperative downlink transmission scheme employing precoding and beamforming is also proposed. The algorithm eliminates the interference and achieves symbol error rate (SER) fairness among different users. To eliminate the interference, Tomlinson Harashima precoding (THP) is used to cancel part of the interference while the transmit-receive antenna weights cancel the remaining one. A new novel iterative method is applied to generate the transmit-receive antenna weights. To achieve SER fairness among different users and further improve the performance of MIMO systems, we develop algorithms that provide equal SINR across all users and order the users so that the minimum SINR for each user is maximized. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme considerably outperforms existing cooperative transmission schemes in terms of the SER performance and complexity and approaches an interference free performance under the same configuration. We could improve the performance of the proposed interference cancellation further. This is because the proposed interference cancellation does not consider receiver noise when calculating the transmit-receive weight antennas. In addition, the proposed scheme mentioned above is designed specifically for a single-stream multi-user transmission. Here, we employ THP precoding and an iterative method based on the uplink-downlink duality principle to generate the transmit-receive antenna weights. The algorithm provides an equal SINR across all users. A simpler method is then proposed by trading off the complexity with a slight performance degradation. The proposed methods are extended to also work when the receiver does not have complete Channel State Informations (CSIs). A new method of setting the user precoding order, which has a much lower complexity than the VBLAST type ordering scheme but with almost the same performance, is also proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes considerably outperform existing cooperative transmission schemes in terms of SER performance and approach an interference free performance. In all the cooperative transmission schemes proposed above, we use THP to cancel part of the interference. In this thesis, we also consider an alternative approach that bypasses the use of THP. The task of cancelling the interference from other users now lies solely within the transmit-receive antenna weights. We consider multiuser Gaussian broadcast channels with multiple antennas at both transmitter and receivers. An iterative multiple beamforming (IMB) algorithm is proposed, which is flexible in the antenna configuration and performs well in low to moderate data rates. Its capacity and bit error rate performance are compared with the ones achieved by the traditional zero-forcing method.

Dissertation (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2009. / Dissertation supervisor: McEachen, John ; Tummala, Murali. "September 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 5, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Sensor Networks, Beamforming, Random Motion, Orientation Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-203). Also available in print.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'exploitation des propriétés de non circularité et de non gaussianité des signaux en traitement d'antennes.Dans une première partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au contexte de la formation de voies (beamforming) pour la réception d'un signal utile inconnu, dont le vecteur directionnel est connu, corrompu par un bruit potentiellement non circulaire et/ou non gaussien. Dans des études récentes, un beamformer MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response) linéaire au sens large WL (Widely Linear) exploitant la non circularité au second ordre (SO) des interférences a été introduit et analysé. Cependant, ce beamformer demeure sous optimal pour la réception d'un signal utile non circulaire au SO, du moment où il n'exploite pas la non circularité de ce dernier. C'est ainsi, que notre contribution a porté principalement sur l'introduction, l'étude de performances et la mise en \oe uvre d'un beamformer MVDR WL. Ce dernier, basé sur une décomposition orthogonale originale du signal utile introduisant une contrainte supplémentaire, prend en considération la non circularité du signal utile et celle des interférences. L'étude des performances de ce beamformer a montré que ce dernier améliore toujours les performances en présence de signaux non circulaires. Dans le même contexte et pour la réception de signaux non gaussiens, nous avons introduit et étudié un beamformer MVDR non linéaire de Volterra. Ce beamformer dont les contraintes s'adaptent à la non circularité des brouilleurs, a été étudié à l'ordre trois sous sa forme équivalente GSC. Cette structure, dite complète, prend en compte conjointement des propriétés de non circularité et de non gaussianité des brouilleurs. L'analyse des performances en gains en SINR de ce récepteur est donnée pour la réception d'un signal réel corrompu par des brouilleurs non gaussiens et non circulaires d'ordre deux et quatre. Cette analyse a montré que la prise en considération de ces propriétés améliore toujours les performances. Dans une deuxième partie nous nous intéressons au contexte de détection selon deux volets: Le premier volet consiste en la détection d'un signal utile réel connu de paramètres inconnus, noyé dans un bruit total potentiellement non circulaire au SO et de matrice de covariance inconnue. Ainsi, suivant une approche basée sur le test de rapport de vraisemblance généralisé GLRT (Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test), de nouveaux récepteurs pour la détection d'un signal réel connu avec différents ensembles de paramètres inconnus ont été récemment introduits. Néanmoins, les performances de ces récepteurs, n'ont été que partiellement étudiées. Notre contribution a porté sur l'étude des distributions exactes et asymptotiques des statistiques associées au LRT et au GLRT sous H_0 et H_1. Cette étude a permis de donner les expressions théoriques exactes des probabilités de détection et de fausse alarme des récepteurs LRT, et celles asymptotiques pour certains récepteurs GLRT. Nous avons aussi complété cette analyse par des simulations Monte-Carlo en courbes ROC (Receiver Operating Characterisics) pour l'ensemble des détecteurs GLRT. Le deuxième volet, consiste en la détection de non circularité au SO de signaux aléatoires mono et multidimensionnels complexes. Nous avons donné la distribution asymptotique du GLR de non circularité sous H_0 et H_1 dérivé sous l'hypothèse de distribution gaussienne mais utilisée sous une distribution arbitraire non nécessairement gaussienne des données. Ces données considérées sont indépendantes, mais non nécessairement identiquement distribuées, ce qui permet de traiter des situations pratiques où les données non circulaires sont perturbées par un résidu de fréquence et un bruit additif gaussien circulaire. Cette analyse a été aussi complétée par des courbes ROC. / This thesis is devoted to the study of exploiting the properties of non-circularity and non-Gaussianity of signals in array processing. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on beamforming technics in the context of the reception of an unknown signal, whose steering vector is known, corrupted by potentially non-circular and/or non-Gaussian noise. In recent studies, a widely linear minimum variance distortionless response beamformer (WL MVDR) exploiting the second order (SO) non-circularity of interference was introduced and analyzed. However, this beamformer remains suboptimal for the reception of a non-circular useful signal, since it does not exploit the non-circularity of this latter. Thus, our contribution has focused on the introduction, the performances analysis and the implementation of a WL MVDR Beamformer. This latter, based on an original orthogonal decomposition of the useful signal, take into account the SO non-circularity of both useful signal and interferences. The new performances analysis of this new beamformer has shown that it always improves the performance of the well known Capon beamformer and the WL MVDR beamformer introduced recently, this in the presence of non-circular signals. In the same context and for receiving non-Gaussian signals, we introduced and studied a nonlinear MVDR Beamformer based on comlexe Volterra filters. This Beamformer, which adapt the constraints to the non circularity of jammers, has been studied in the third order by its equivalent GSC form. The performance analysis of this beamformer are shown in term of SINR Gains for the recepetion of non-Gaussian and SO (until to fourth order) non-circular. It is shown that taking into account of these properties always improves performance. In the second part, we focus on two parts of detection: The first part consists of the detection a known signal, with unknown parameters, corrupted by a total noise potentially SO noncircular with unknown covariance matrix. Thus, following Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test approach, new receivers for the detection a real known signal with different sets of unknown parameters have been recently introduced. Nevertheless, the performances analysis of these receptors have only been partially studied. Our contribution has focused on the study of exact and asymptotic distributions of statistics associated with the LRT and GLRT under H$_0$ and H$_1$. This study has given theoretical expressions of probabilities of correct detection and false alarm. We also supplemented this analysis with Monte Carlo simulations and given receiver operating characterisics ROC curves. In the second part, we consider the problem of testing impropriety (i.e., second-order noncircularity) of a complex valued random variable based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for Gaussian distributions. Asymptotic (w.r.t. the data length) distributions of the GLR are given under the hypothesis that data are proper or improper, and under the true, not necessarily Gaussian distribution of the data. The considered data are independent but not necessarily identically distributed: assumption which has never been considered until now. This enables us to deal with the practical important situations of noncircular data disturbed by residual frequency offsets and additive circular noise. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of this test is derived as byproduct, an issue previously overlooked. Finally illustrative examples are presented in order to strengthen the obtained theoretical results.

In passive sonar systems, knowledge of low-frequency shipping noise is an important factor for target detection performance. However, an accurate model for the shipping noise structure is difficult to obtain, due to the varying distributions of ships and complicated underwater environment. This work characterizes low-frequency distant shipping noise observed in deep water environments as a function of receiver depth and vertical arrival structure for the case of a receiver below the conjugate depth. Surface shipping noise is examined using Monte Carlo simulations using a normal mode propagation model based on random distribution of ships and realistic parameters. The depth dependence of the simulated distant shipping noise is in agreement with published experimental measurements. A Vertical Line Array (VLA) is used to produce vertical beams that isolate the surface interference from nearby targets. Simulation results quantifying the beamformer output as a function of ocean environment, receiver aperture, and frequency are presented for both conventional and adaptive beamformers. The results suggest that conventional beamforming could detect the noisy target from both direct arrival and bottom bounce in the presence of distant shipping interferers and wind noise. However, the beamwidth of conventional beamforming is wider than that of adaptive beamforming. Once the motion effects of nearby ship interferences are considered, the adaptive beamforming using diagonal loading provides better detection performance. Preliminary adaptive beamforming results corresponding to different snapshot times show that motion effects can be minimized by using short observation times.

Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technology with antenna arrays is a vital solution to achieve the advertised features in the next generation wireless communication. Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver can achieve diversity as well as multiplexing gain during data transmission. In order to take advantage of the multiplexing gain of MIMO systems, two or more channel paths are required to send multiple signal streams simultaneously. Beamforming (BF) training using low resolution and high resolution array beams is already implemented in the IEEE 802.11ad standard, making hierarchical codebook design an attractive approach. In this thesis, our goal is to improve multi-path channel estimation and data transmission through BF training using hierarchical codebook design. Kaiser Window sector array design and restricted orthogonal projection are applied during the beam training phase. The pre-defined hybrid-implemented codewords selected after the BF training are used for data transmission directly. With these combined efforts, a 30\% higher spectral efficiency compared to the reference design [1] is achieved. / Graduate

Es wird die Umsetzbarkeit eines planar abstandsvariablen Mikrofon-Arrays mithilfe von MEMS-Mikrofonen untersucht. Neben elektrotechnischen Simulationen zur Sicherstellung der EMV für die MEMS-Mikrofone wurden zudem akustische Simulationen bezüglich Beamforming durchgeführt, um geeignete geometrische Parameter des Mikrofon-Arrays zu ermitteln. Mithilfe einer Software in MATLAB können Mikrofon-Daten gespeichert und später als Grundlage für eine adaptive akustische Kamera verwendet werden.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 3 Theoretische Grundlagen 3.1 MEMS-Mikrofone 3.2 Pulse Density Modulation 3.3 Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit 3.4 Beamforming 4 Hardwaretechnische Umsetzung 4.1 Audio Interface 4.2 MEMS-Mikrofone 4.3 Leitungstreiber 5 Platinendesign 6 Simulation — Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit 6.1 Mikrofon-Platine 6.2 Interface-Platine 7 Simulation — Größe des Arrays 7.1 Vorgehensweise 7.2 Simulationsergebnisse 7.3 Fazit 8 Versuchsaufbau 8.1 Prüfung der Mikrofone 8.2 Mikrofonbefestigung 8.3 Inbetriebnahme der Platinen 8.4 Gesamtaufbau 8.5 Versuchsaufbau zur Validierung 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Anhang 10.1 Konstruktionszeichnung Mikrofonhalterung 10.2 Schaltplan Mikrofonansteuerung

The use of wireless communication techniques and network centric topologies for portable communication networks and platforms makes it important to investigate new distributed beamforming techniques. Platforms such as micro air vehicles (MAVs), unattended ground sensors (UGSs), and unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAVs) can all benefit from advances in this area by enabling advantages in stealth, enhanced survivability, and maximum maneuverability. Collaborative beamforming is an example of a new technique to utilize these systems which uses a randomly distributed antenna array with a fitting phase coefficient for the elements. In this example, the radiated signal power of each element is coherently added in the far-field region of a specified target direction with net destructive interference occurring in all other regions to suppress sidelobe behavior. A wide variety of topologies can be used to confine geometrically these mobile random arrays for analysis. The distribution function for these topologies must be able to generalize the randomness within the geometry. Gaussian and Uniform distributions are investigated in this analysis, since they provide a way to calculate the statistically averaged beampattern for linear, planar (square and circular), and volumetric (cubical, cylindrical, and spherical) geometries. They are also of practical interest since the impact of array topology on the beampattern can typically be described in closed form. A rigorous analysis is presented first for disc-shaped topologies to motivate the discussion on random array properties and provide several new insights into their behavior. The analyses of volumetric geometries which are of interest to this work are drawn from this planar topology to provide a tractable and coherent discussion on the properties of more complex geometries. This analysis considers Normal and Gaussian distributed array element populations to derive the average beampattern, sidelobe behavior, beamwidth, and directivity. The beampattern is also examined in a similar manor for circular and spherical arrays with a truncated Gaussian distribution. A summary of the random array analysis and its results concludes this thesis.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / In this paper, we propose the exploitation of array beamforming technology in high-speed aeronautical communication applications, e.g., the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) system. By flexible steering of beams and nulls, an array can enhance desired signals whereas the undesired signals such as interference and jammers are suppressed. The proposed adaptive beamforming technology is DSP-based and network-aware, and is designed for the use at aerial vehicle platforms to increase transmission power efficiency, improve receiving signal sensitivity, mitigate interference/multipath effects, and extend the communication range.

The 5th generation mobile telecommunication system (5G) is currently being specified and developed, with large expectations on throughput and efficiency. While 4G and more specifically LTE might constitute a basis of the design of the network, there are some parts that should be improved. One thing to improve is the static signalling that occurs very frequently in a 4G network, of which system information such as synchronization signals, detection of network frequencies, operators, configurations etc. is a part. It has been shown that the static signalling requires both much energy and time-frequency resources. Since the system information is not intended for a single user it is always broadcast so that any user, and any amount of users can read it when needed. 5G will use a technique called massive MIMO, where the base station is equipped with a large number of antennas which can be used to direct signals in space, called beamforming. This thesis presents a new method for distribution of system information that can utilize the beamforming capabilities of massive MIMO. A simple model together with simulated user channel statistics from urban 4G scenarios are used to show that the new method outperforms the classical method of only broadcasting the information, with respect to time-frequency resources. Especially if there are high requirements on the latency of the system information, the new method results in a large gain.

Adaptive array antennas use has been limited to non-commercial applications due to their high cost and hardware complexity. The implementation cost of adaptive array antennas can be kept to a minimum by using cost effective antennas, reducing the number of elements in the array and implementing efficient beamforming techniques. This thesis presents techniques for the design of adaptive array antennas which will enable their cost effective implementation in wireless communication systems. The techniques are investigated from three perspectives, namely, reconfigurable antenna design, wide scan array design and single-port beamforming technique. A novel single-feed polarisation reconfigurable antenna design is proposed in the first stage of this study. Different polarisation states, namely, linear polarisation (LP), left-hand circular polarisation (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarisation (RHCP), are achieved by perturbing the shape of the main radiating structure of the antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits good axial ratio (< 3 dB at 2.4 GHz) and has high radiation efficiency in both polarisation modes (91.5 % - LHCP and 86.9 % - RHCP). With a compact single feeding structure, the antenna is suitable for implementation in wireless communication devices. The second stage of the study presents the design procedure of wide scan adaptive array antennas with reduced number of elements. Adaptive array antennas with limited number of elements have limited scanning range, reduced angular scanning resolution and high sidelobe levels. To date, design synthesis of adaptive array antennas has been targeted on arrays with a large number of elements. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of adaptive array antennas with less than 10 elements. Different array configurations are analysed and various array design parameters such as number of elements, separation between elements and orientation of the elements are analysed in terms of their 3 dB scan range. The proposed array, the 3-faceted array, achieves a scanning range up to ±70°, which is higher than ±56° obtained from the Uniform Linear Array. The faceted arrays are then evaluated in the context of adaptive beamforming properties. It was shown that the 3-faceted array is suitable for adaptive array applications in wireless communication systems as it achieves the highest directivity compared to other faceted structures. The 3-faceted array is then synthesised for low sidelobe level. Phase correction together with amplitude tapering technique is applied to the 3-faceted array. The use of conventional and tuneable windowing techniques on the 3- faceted array is also analysed. The final stage of the study investigates beamforming techniques for the adaptive array antenna. In the first part, beamforming algorithms using different performance criteria, which include maximum signal-to noise-ratio (SINR), minimum (mean-square Error) MSE and power minimisation, are evaluated. In the second part, single-port beamforming techniques are explored. In previous single-port beamforming methods, the spatial information of the signals is not fully recovered and this limits the use of conventional adaptive beamforming algorithms. In this thesis, a novel signal estimation technique using pseudo-inverse function for single-port beamforming is proposed. The proposed polarisation reconfigurable antenna, the 3-faceted array antenna and the single-port beamforming technique achieve the required performance, which suggests the potential of adaptive array antennas to be deployed commercially, especially in wireless communication industry.