<p>This dataset contains two datasets:</p> <p><br></p> <p>1) 16SI166 Bedrock Sample from the Ruby Range Batholith sampled by Steve Israel while he was at the Yukon Geological Survey and was Analyzed by Jim Crowely at Boise State University. Additional sheets show progression from LA-ICPMS methods to ID-TIMS and include CL imaging for individual grains</p> <p><br></p> <p>2) 09_CONG Tephra Sample from the Eastern Alaska Range that was dated as apart of the NG1 measured section. This sample was collected by Jeffrey Benowitz and analyzed by  Joshua Davies at the Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal </p>

No description available.

<p>A well, situated on Listerlandet in the western part of Blekinge in Sweden, has a very high content of nitrate. Water with a too high content of nitrate is hazardous to human health, in particular to small children. The area surrounding the well is mostly drained agricultural land with some larger farms for chicken and mink. The well takes its water from the bedrock and is deeper than most other wells affected by nitrate. The bedrock in the area is dominated by limestone with a relatively high flow of water.</p><p>This thesis was performed in order to find the source of the nitrate. A groundwater model, simulating the water flow, was created. The model was used to trace the particles flowing to the well in order to find the most likely source. GMS Modflow and Modpath were used to create the model.</p><p>The validation of the model shows that the model is good enough to be used for further investigation of the groundwater in the area.</p><p>The model result indicates that the original source for most of the nitrate is some large mink farms situated on the slope of a hill south of the well. Calculation shows that it takes the water 25 years to flow from the farms to the well. There is also a probable contribution of nitrate from the agriculture in the vicinity of the well. But an extensive drainage system brings most of the water from the cultivated area into the Baltic Sea.</p><p>Conclusions are that a large amount of mink farms placed in a small area contributes to the high content of nitrate in the well. Further examinations are needed to show which measures should be taken in order to diminish the content of nitrate in the well.</p> / <p>En brunn som förser Hörvik med dricksvatten har en hög halt av nitrat. Hörvik ligger på Listerlandet i västra Blekinge. Vatten med för hög nitrathalt är hälsovådligt för människor i allmänhet och spädbarn i synnerhet.</p><p>Området som omger brunnen består till största delen av dränerad jordbruksmark med några större djurgårdar för broiler och mink. Brunnen är bergborrad och går djupare än de flesta andra nitratpåverkade brunnar i Sverige. Berggrunden i området domineras av kalkberg med ett relativt högt vattenflöde.</p><p>Ett projektarbete utfördes för att ta reda på ursprungskällan till nitratet. I arbetet skapades en grundvattenmodell som skulle simulera vattenflödena i området och sedan spåra en partikels väg till brunnen för att ta reda på den mest troliga källan. GMS Modflow och Modpath är de dataverktyg som användes.</p><p>Valideringen av modellen visar att den fungerar tillfredsställande och kan användas för fortsatta undersökningar av grundvattenförhållanden i området.</p><p>Modellresultat tyder på att ursprungskällan för den största delen av nitratet är några stora minkfarmar som ligger på en sluttning upp mot Listers huvud söder om brunnen; dock har det tagit ca 25 år för vattnet att ta sig från ursprungskällan till brunnen. Jordbruket i närheten av brunnen bidrar sannolikt med en del nitrat, men en omfattande dränering leder den större delen av vattnet från jordbruksområdet ut i Östersjön.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att ett stort antal minkfarmar i ett begränsat område är en bidragande orsak till brunnens höga nitrathalt. Vidare undersökningar bör visa vilka åtgärder som behövs för att minska nitrathalten i brunnen.</p>

A thermal conductive heating (TCH) pilot test was conducted at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in West Trenton, New Jersey in 2009 in collaboration with TerraTherm, Inc., the Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center and the United States Geological Survey. The NAWC site was historically used as a jet engine testing facility from the mid-1950s to the late 1990s. During this time, the subsurface was contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) which was a common solvent used at the facility. The pilot test consisted of 15 heater/extraction wells installed to a depth of 16.8 m in weathered mudstone and operated for 102 days. Rock core samples were taken pre- and post-remediation to measure the initial TCE concentrations and evaluate the effect the TCH pilot test had. The data collected during the pilot test was used to create a two-dimensional (2D) finite difference model using TMVOC. TMVOC is part of the TOUGH 2 family of codes and is a numerical model that is capable of simulating multiphase flow, heat transfer and transport of volatile organic compounds in three-dimensional heterogenous porous media or fractured rock. The 2D model was used as a screening model to investigate TCE removal from the rock matrix when heating for 100 days with a similar heating pattern to what was employed at the NAWC site. The numerical domain incorporated three primary fractures with competent bedrock in between. As the test pilot was conducted in the weathered bedrock zone, a sensitivity analysis was first completed on the matrix permeability to help to match the TCE removal from the pilot test. The pilot test had a 63.5% removal of TCE from the study area compared to 67% from the baseline model. A limited sensitivity analysis was completed which investigated how the matrix porosity and rate of energy application would have on the success of TCE removal from the rock matrix. It revealed that the TCE removal increases with increased matrix porosity and increased rate of energy application. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-02 22:32:05.274

This thesis focuses on the geochemistry of secondary minerals, mainly calcite but also others such as fluorite and Ca/Al silicates, precipitated throughout the last 1.5 billion years in fractures of crystalline rock, SE Sweden. The work was based on previous reconnaissance studies and has been possible thanks to access to high-quality drill cores and associated mapping data provided by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB). Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) and occasionally other metals were determined in a variety of secondary minerals from fractures (mainly open systems) and veins (mainly sealed systems) and in primary minerals from the bedrock. Stable-isotope composition was measured in the secondary minerals. The overall aim was to define the sources, uptake and fractionation of REEs in calcite, and a few other co-genetic minerals, precipitated throughout the geological history under conditions ranging from hydrothermal to low temperatures. Collectively, the findings of the individual studies show that there is no easy and straightforward control of REE abundance and fractionation in calcite and other minerals in fractures and veins in crystalline bedrock settings. For example, the REE features in calcite vary extensively within sub-generations of single vein-precipitating events, on micro scale in transects across individual veins, and unsystematically over the geological history characterised by successively decreasing temperatures of mineral formation. Although the REE content in, and release from, the crystalline bedrock can have an influence on REE distribution in calcite and other minerals, it is of overall minor importance within a given bedrock domain. The main advantage of determining REEs in secondary minerals in fractures and veins in crystalline rock is therefore, as revealed in this work, to assess the character and evolution of the conditions (including features of the paleofluids) during confined mineral-precipitating events.

Thesis advisor: John C. Hepburn / The bedrock geology of the Maynard quadrangle of east-central Massachusetts was examined through field and petrographic studies and mapped at a scale of 1:24,000. The quadrangle spans much of the Nashoba terrane and a small area of the Avalon terrane. Two stratigraphic units were defined in the Nashoba terrane: the Cambrian to Ordovician Marlboro Formation and the Ordovician Nashoba Formation. In addition, four igneous units were defined in the Nashoba terrane: the Silurian to Ordovician phases of the Andover Granite, the Silurian to Devonian Assabet Quartz Diorite, the Silurian to Devonian White Pond Diorites (new name), and the Mississippian Indian Head Hill Igneous Complex. In the Avalon terrane, one stratigraphic unit was defined as the Proterozoic Z Westboro Formation Mylonites, and one igneous unit was defined as the Proterozoic Z to Devonian Sudbury Valley Igneous Complex. Two major faults were identified: the intra-terrane Assabet River fault zone in the central part of the quadrangle, and the south-east Nashoba terrane bounding Bloody Bluff fault zone. Petrofabric studies on fault rocks in two areas indicated final motion in those areas: the sheared Marlboro Formation amphibolites indicated dextral transpressive NW over SE motion, and the Westboro Formation Mylonites indicated sinistral strike-slip motion. Fracture characterization of entire quadrangle where attributes (orientation, trace length, spacing, and termination) of fractures and joints were used to identify dominant sets of fractures that affect the transmissivity and storage of groundwater. Orientations of SW - NE are dominant throughout the quadrangle and consistent with regional trend. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

An understanding of the dominant processes controlling streamwater chemistry is critical for the development of a regional water quality model. The relative importance of a variety of catchment characteristics in determining streamwater chemistry in the English Lake District is investigated in this thesis. Fifty-five streams were sampled on a bimonthly basis over the period May 1996 through March 1997. Rock samples were analysed using X-ray fluorescence analysis. The major- and trace element geochemical data was used to classify the suite into six rock types. The geochemical data was also used to establish weathering patterns, which suggested that greywackes and lithic arenites weather the easiest, andesites and dacites exhibit heterogeneous weathering and the metamorphosed slate and granite are the most resistant to weathering. Forty-one (75%) of the streams can be considered sensitive to acidification on the basis of their alkalinity and thirty-eight (69%) can be considered sensitive to acidification on the basis of their calcium concentrations. Statistical analyses showed that flow-weighted concentrations of alkalinity and base cations were lowest in the catchments with resistant bedrock, thin or peaty soils, at high altitudes or receiving relatively high loads of sulphur and nitrogen deposition. A multiple regression model incorporating some of these factors provided a fairly good approximation of alkalinity concentrations on a spatial (R2 value of 56%) and temporal scale (R2 value of 49%). The predicted alkalinity was within 50 Ileq rl of the observed (simulated) values for 77% of the sites. Although the model has a fairly good predictive capability, its spatial and temporal applicability outside the study area is an unknown quantity. To satisfy the needs of policy makers and the hydrological community, the model needs to predict alkalinity with a high degree of accuracy in a variety of study areas. This has not been tested as yet, however, the variables used in the final model are not unique to the Lake District or the 1990's and therefore the model may prove to be an extremely useful tool indeed.

The Bear River Range, in north-central Utah, contains a variety of geomorphic elements influenced by the geologic setting and events. Controlling factors of the geologic setting include: (1) a syncline (west) and an anticline with a crestal graben (east) within the part of the mountain range studied, and an adjacent graben valley along the west side of the range; and (2) bedrock of Precambrian and Paleozoic age in the core of the range, predominantly of shallow-marine carbonates and covered in the graben by shaly and conglomeratic rocks of early Cenozoic age, with fanglomerates and lake deposits of later Cenozoic age. Geologic events contributing to geomorphic development include: (1) (?) Bull Lake and Pinedale glaciation; ( 2) various levels of Lake Bonneville; and (3) Hypsithermal climatic conditions. The eighteen canyons along the western front of the Bear River Range in Utah, in sequence from north to south, are: High Creek, Oxkiller Hollow, Cherry Creek, City Creek, Nebo Creek, Smithfield, Birch, Dry (North), Hyde Park, Green, Logan, Dry (South), Providence, Millville, Blacksmith Fork, Hyrum, Paradise Dry, and East. An attempt was made to relate gradient changes along longitudinal canyon profiles to lithologies, attitudes, or other structural controls. The only consistent gradient change is a steepening of the gradient downstream from outcrops of Swan Peak Formation. A pronounced asymmetry in cross-valley profiles probably results from micro-climatic differences that cause north-facing slopes to be steeper than southfacing slopes despite close similarities in structure and lithology across canyons. Several canyons which do not cross the syncline axis have no measurable discharge. Water from these drainages apparently moves along the strike or down the east-dipping rocks of the western limb of the Logan Peak syncline to emerge as springs added to the surface flow in cross-axial canyon streams. Leakage is probably concentrated in the Lodgepole and Great Blue Formations. Minor geomorphic elements within the Bear River Range result from glacial, periglacial, and fluvial processes, and landslides. Periglacial action has produced both nivation and patterned diamicton. Glacial features are present in Logan Canyon and its tributaries, Birch, Providence, and the South Fork of Smithfield canyons. In addition to these previously mapped glacial areas, High Creek Canyon was subjected to glacial modification in the upper reach of South Fork tributary, and Leatham Hollow (Blacksmith Fork Canyon ), in the upper reach of its major southern tributary. Nivation modified the heads of Smithfield, Green, Cottonwood, and Dry (South) canyons by carving cirques floored by rock debris. Evidence for glacial action downstream from these cirques is absent. Patterned diamicton sites are widely distributed within the range. There is no consistent relationship to exposed lithologies or physical setting. The apparent relationship of slope aspect, elevation, and solar radiation suggests an origin by a temperature-dependent process, for near-identical temperatures were calculated for all patterned diamicton sites. Based, in part, on a reconstruction of Pleistocene temperatures, the patterned diamicton sites probably are a form of patterned ground resulting from frost action during glacial episodes. Alluvial fans lie at the mouths of many tributary canyons. Based on degree of soil development and relations to features of known age, a sequence of fan development is recognized. Alluvial fans formed prior to Wisconsinan time and repeatedly thereafter during interglacial and glacial periods. Many of the fans formed after the Pleistocene under the favorable conditions that existed during the Hypsithermal interval. Landslides in the study area are commonly old, inactive features. Only a few sites are recent in age, or currently active. Slopes with a west-component aspect are more prone to movement than other aspects. The most frequently disturbed lithology consists of Tertiary formations which are often conglomeratic. A wide range of slope inclinations have landslides, but the dominant slope is 20 to 24 percent. The main elevation range for landslides is between 6, 000 to 6, 999 feet. Quaternary stream alluvium and Lake Bonneville deposits are found along the eastern margin of Cache Valley and in the lower reaches of most canyons. This material has been deposited since the Provo phase of Lake Bonneville. In several places, lake or stream terraces are mapped.

Groundwater is an important water resource that must be protected from potential contamination due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial production and agriculture. It is necessary to understand the presence, movement, and persistence of contaminants in aquifers to develop adequate protection plans. Fractured bedrock aquifers with thin overburden cover are very sensitive to contamination, and little is known about transport processes from the ground surface to depth in this setting. Thus, this research was undertaken to improve the understanding of anthropogenic impacts on water quality in a natural fractured bedrock aquifer with minimal overburden protection. This was accomplished through a field-based investigation conducted in an agricultural setting near Perth, Ontario, Canada. The temporal and spatial variations of several contaminants and indicators (including nitrate, E. coli and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) were examined. A unique infiltration tracer experiment was also conducted to simulate the transport of solutes from the ground surface to wells. Results showed that nitrate concentrations were consistent on a daily scale, but varied monthly. In contrast to nitrate, greater bacterial (E. coli) variability was observed daily. E. coli was not identified in some locations for several months. The temporal variability of concentrations is an important consideration for those consuming groundwater in this setting, as concentrations may be acceptable one month while unsuitable another month (or even another day for fecal bacteria). Annual groundwater monitoring will likely not capture maximum concentrations and thus may not protect human health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (flame retardants), which had not been previously measured in groundwater, were detected in the study aquifer at concentrations greater than observed in surface water bodies. It is evident that additional surveys of PBDE concentrations in groundwater are warranted. The infiltration tracer experiment showed that solute transport from the ground surface through thin soil to wells in fractured bedrock can be extremely rapid (on the order of hours) although very complex. This is an important consideration for private and municipally owned drinking water systems that draw water from shallow bedrock aquifers. The results of this research demonstrate that protecting water at the source is imperative in order to preserve water quality in sensitive fractured bedrock aquifers with minimal overburden cover. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-25 21:37:21.418

This study, concentrating on the Ouachita Mountain Range in western-central Arkansas, extends prior work on treethrows and their influence on soil development in the region by supplying a method of determining hotspots of bedrock mining by treethrow. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the abiotic and biotic factors that are highly correlated with the rate of bedrock detachment found in uprooted rootwads from three study sites within the Ouachita National Forest. The produced logistic regression models suggest topographic factors, tree specific characteristics, as well as the local geology and soil characteristics all have a significant effect upon the probability of bedrock mining activity by treethrow throughout the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas. This methodology has demonstrated that the forcing mechanism that causes the uprooting event intrinsically changes the relationship between the abiotic and biotic factors that control bedrock mining. Finally, the computed probabilities of bedrock being mined were geographically assigned to the appropriate environmental setting using a geographic information system to identify areas of highest odds of mining, hotspots, and lowest odds of mining highlighted.