The well-known CAPM (capital asset pricing model) model in finance states that return is a function of risk. The more risky a stock is, the higher the return is expected to be. One way of modeling this relationship between stock return and stock risk is with the Security Market Line. The Security Market Line is the regression line between the returns of stocks in the market and their risks, as measured by the Beta Coefficient. However, in our empirical research, this model does not fit as well as it should. This report uses historical data to examine when this financial theory does not fit the historical data and the possible factors that might affect the validity of this model from a statistical perspective. / text

Η εργασία έχει ως σκοπό την παρουσίαση του Υποδείγματος Αποτίμησης Περιουσιακών Στοιχείων Capital Asset Pricing Model, CAPM, καθώς και να αξιολογήσει την αποτελεσματικότητά του όταν η ισορροπία της αγοράς διαταράσσεται όπως είναι η περίοδος από το 2007 και μετά για την ελληνική οικονομία. Στη μελέτη μας θα παρουσιάσουμε το υπόδειγμα του CAPM, θα δώσουμε κάποια ιστορικά στοιχεία ως προς την εξέλιξή του, και θα προσπαθήσουμε να ελέγξουμε την ισχύ του ερμηνεύοντας τη συμπεριφορά περιουσιακών στοιχείων που διαπραγματεύονται στο Χρηματιστήριο Αθηνών την περίοδο 2001-2013. Η μελέτη μας γίνεται με την ανάλυση της γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης χρησιμοποιώντας το οικονομετρικό εργαλείο w-views. Τα δεδομένα της έρευνας είναι οι αποδόσεις επιμέρους κλαδικών δεικτών και οι αποδόσεις του γενικού δείκτης, ο οποίος λαμβάνεται ως ο δείκτης τους χαρτοφυλακίου της αγοράς. Ως περιουσιακό στοιχείο χωρίς κίνδυνο θεωρούμε το επιτόκιο τους εξαμηνιαίου εντόκου γραμματίου. Η πρώτη ενότητα της εργασίας έγκειται στο να παρουσιάσουμε το υπόδειγμα και την σχέση του με την αποτελεσματικότητα της αγοράς, αλλά και να δώσουμε πληροφορίες για τα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από τις παραβιάσεις της απλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης. Η δεύτερη ενότητα παρουσιάζει την ιστορία του Χρηματιστηρίου Αξιών Αθηνών προκειμένου να γίνει αντιληπτό το περιβάλλον στο οποίο κινούμαστε και τέλος το τρίτο μέρος αποτελεί το ερευνητικό μέρος της εργασίας, στο οποίο παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος συλλογής δεδομένων, η έρευνα και τα αποτελέσματά της. / This paper aims to present the Capital Asset Pricing Model - CAPM, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness in periods when market balance is disturbed as the years from 2007 to 2013 for the Greek economy. In our study we will present CAPM, provide some historical data, and try to check the efficiency by interpreting the bahanior of asset traded on the Athens Stoch Exchange in the period from 2001 to 2013. Our study uses linear regression analysis and the econometric tool e-views.Our data are the yields of individual sectoral indices and the yields of the General Index, which is taken as the indicator of the market portfolio. As an asset without risk we consider the 6-months Treasury Bill rate. The fisrt unity of this paper is to present the model and it's relationship with the efficiency of the market. The second section presents the history of the Athens Stock Exchange in order to understand the enviroment in which we move and finally the third part is the research part, in which we present data collection, research and results. From the results we come to the conclusio that the theory of CAPM is not in effect for the particular sectors of this period.

The diploma thesis focuses on the design of suitable stock exchange indices for portfolio diversification. The essence and principle of functioning of financial markets and investment funds is presented. According to suitable indicators, stock exchange indices are analyzed and compared with the market. Suitable indices are verified by means of correlation analysis and subsequently recommended to diversify the portfolios of investment funds managed through the investment company.

The master's thesis is focused on Stock portfolio optimalization on Czech capital market. The analysis of each stock, estimation and portfolio optimalization proposal are included. In the practical part the Fundamental analysis is applied. The portfolio optimalization is estemated by portfolio theory which is consist in the relationship between stock price and market trends represents by PX Index and expressing correlation of them by beta coefficient.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SERGIO LUIZ NASCIMENTO.pdf: 981514 bytes, checksum: 2b19c2940a97c73dc593c53833e64185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-06 / In the contemporary moment, there is an intense movement of financial capital, either because of mergers and acquisitions of companies, is the natural expansion of capitalism itself, thus leading organizations to seek alternative financing at lower costs, when it considered rates interest charged by financial institutions. Concurrent with this, monetary authorities seek to reduce circumstantially interest rates that drive the economy in order to to attract new investment in production and still preserve those existing. So even paradoxical, the reduction in interest rates promulgated by the authorities, does not display the same reduction rate from those practiced by the market. This leads individuals, whether or not investment managers to seek alternative investments that provide monetary gains in excess of those which are based on rates set by monetary authorities. Combining the search for resources by organizations and the pursuit of higher monetary gains by investors, the stock market becomes a relevant alternative. In order to achieve the best results in this environment, no need to use templates and other tools that provide the best balance between risk and return given that every investor emits at least some risk aversion. Several instruments are available to perform these relationships, however, many of them not available to the investor on the condition of an individual. And by this point, the model developed by Edwin Elton and Martin Gruber appears as an alternative to any investor, whether by their construction, whether for its operation. / Atualmente, nota-se uma intensa movimentação de capitais financeiros, seja por conta de fusões e incorporações de empresas, seja pela expansão natural do próprio capitalismo, levando então as organizações a buscarem alternativas de financiamento com menores custos, isso quando consideradas as taxas de juros praticadas por instituições financeiras. Concomitantemente a isso, autoridades monetárias, circunstancialmente buscam a redução das taxas de juros que norteiam a economia, no intuito de se atrair novos investimentos produtivos e ainda preservar aqueles existentes. De maneira até paradoxal, a redução das taxas de juros promulgada por autoridades, não exibe a mesma proporção de redução daquelas praticadas pelo mercado. Este aspecto leva os indivíduos, sejam eles gestores de investimentos ou não, a buscarem alternativas de investimentos que proporcionem ganhos monetários superiores àqueles que são fundamentados nas taxas estabelecidas pelas autoridades monetárias. Conciliando a busca de recursos por organizações e a busca por maiores ganhos monetários por parte dos investidores, o mercado de capitais se torna uma alternativa relevante. De modo a conseguir os melhores resultados nesse ambiente, há necessidade de se utilizar modelos e outros instrumentos que propiciem a melhor relação entre risco e retorno, haja vista que todo investidor emite ao menos alguma aversão ao risco. Vários são os instrumentos disponíveis para realizar essas relações, entretanto, muitos deles não acessíveis ao investidor na condição de pessoa física. E mediante esse aspecto, o modelo desenvolvido por Edwin Elton e Martin Gruber surge como alternativa a qualquer investidor, seja por suas características construtivas, seja por sua operacionalidade.

More than once professional and academic people from the business world have noted than the Business valuation is in most of the cases, an art to manage numbers with the intention of some established objectives. No doubt, there is something certain in this phrase, but to do this we need a deep knowledge of the related difficulties and problems to assign the real value to an on going company. The objective of this article is to examine different aspects of business valuation through the use of future outputs. We will explain some of the reasons why we chose this method and we will mention the way we quantify the related variables. / Académicos y profesionales del mundo de los negocios han señalado, más de una vez, que la valoración de empresas es, en gran medida, un arte para manejar los números a partir de unos objetivos definidos. Sin duda, algo de cierto puede haber en esta afirmación; sin embargo, realizar esta actividad requiere del conocimiento profundo de las dificultades y problemas asociados para asignarle el valor real a una empresa en marcha. Este artículo tiene como objeto examinar diversos aspectos de la valoración de empresas mediante la aplicación del método de los rendimientos futuros. Se explica alguna de las razones por las cuales se elige este método y se aborda la forma en la que se cuantifican las variables que intervienen.

Diploma thesis focuses on the issue of an appropriate selection of securities and the subsequent establishment of a portfolio of these securities. Follow detailed discussion about analysis of portfolio and investor’s preferences. Below is a description of the CAPM model, its assumptions and usage of this model to build a portfolio. Then there is the actual calculation of characteristics of securities traded on the Prague Stock Exchange and on the basis of these calculations is made the proposal of several portfolios and their evaluation.

This master‘s thesis is focused on creating an application, which would suggest an optimal portfolio of shares from SPAD Stock Market Praha. The application is based on the CAPM model, which is also described in this paper. There is a calculation of securities characteristics and specific portfolio diversification is suggested. The application also allows a user to simulate investments based on his requirements.

In this doctoral thesis is suggested the methodics for determination the risk structure depending on the corporate life cycle with considering the sector sensitivity to the economic cycle. The share of the operational and financial risk is calculated using the beta coefficient, in which the selected measuring quantities are included. The phases of the corporate life cycle are identified according to the quadrants of the Boston matrix and the sector sensitivity to the economic cycle is determined using the Spearman´s rank correlation coefficient describing the relation between the gross domestic product and sales of the sector. The methodics is applicable for both managers and investors.

[pt] O Bitcoin surgiu no fim da década passada. Desde então, emergiu uma nova classe de ativos: as criptomoedas. O ecossistema das moedas digitais vem avançando a passos largos, seja pelo surgimento de novas moedas, pelo nível de capitalização, pela escalada de investidores ou pelo expressivo desempenho em 2017. Dado o quadro, as criptomoedas se consolidam a cada dia como uma alternativa de investimento, tornando-se de vez uma rota do mercado financeiro. Por consequência, surge a necessidade de avaliar e estimar medidas de risco para esses ativos. Este estudo estimou os coeficientes Beta das quatorze maiores criptomoedas da economia – de acordo com o nível de capitalização – em relação à índices teóricos, com o fito de auxiliar os gestores de portfólios no apreçamento e na formatação de estratégias. Através de uma regressão de retornos passados destas moedas sobre os retornos dos índices de criptoativos, de ações e de uma cesta de moedas contra o dólar americano, estimou-se o Beta dos ativos. A partir das análises, concluiu-se que o Bitcoin possui elevada sensibilidade aos índices de criptomoedas, mesma condicionante para o Ethereum, porém com correlação mais branda aos referenciais, bem como ao próprio Bitcoin. Quantos às demais moedas, estas não exprimiram fator de risco associado aos índices de criptomoedas, visto os baixos coeficientes. Quando analisados os criptoativos em relação aos índices acionários e de moedas contra o dólar, constatou-se que os coeficientes foram iguais a zero. Portanto, o desempenho das criptomoedas, na janela de tempo estudada, possui relação involuntária às oscilações destes índices. / [en] Bitcoin has risen at the end of the last decade. Since then, a new class of assets emerged: the cryptocurrencies. The cryptocurrencies scenario has been advancing rapidly, by the emergence of new currencies, by the level of capitalization, either by the increase of investors or by its significant performance in 2017. Given the situation, cryptocurrencies keep consolidating itself every day as an investment alternative, becoming a permanent route for the financial market. Consequently, it becomes necessary to estimate risk measures for these assets. This study estimated the Beta coefficients of the largest cryptocurrencies – according to its capitalization level – in relation to theoretical indexes, in order to assist portfolios managers in pricing. Through a regression of past returns of virtual currencies on the returns of the cryptocurrencies indexes, stocks and a portfolio of currencies against the US dollar, the digital assets beta was estimated. From these analyses, it was possible to conclude that Bitcoin is significantly sensitive to cryptocurrencies indexes, the same condition for Ethereum, but with a softer correlation to the references, as well as Bitcoin itself. With respect to the other currencies, they did not express a relevant risk factor associated with cryptocurrencies indexes, due to low coefficient values. When analyzing the cryptocurrency in relation to the stock and currency indexes against the US dollar, it was noted that the coefficients were zero. Therefore, the digital currencies performance of this study, in the given timeframe, has an involuntary relation to the fluctuations of those indexes.