La sobriété énergétique du bâti devient aujourd’hui un élément clé en phase de conception. L’intégration en amont d’outils numériques, notamment la réalité virtuelle (RV). Nous a conduit, dans cette recherche, à nous concentrer sur les résultats de simulations thermiques visualisées dans un environnement virtuel. La contribution est portée sur la représentation et la perception dans un EV de ces données issues de simulation. Nous nous limitons à la caractérisation de l’efficacité énergétique en processus de conception. Cette étude vise la prédiction des performances thermiques dans des systèmes de réalité virtuelle. Les problématiques de formats de données et de flux de travail entre la modélisation classique CAO (Conception Assistée par Ordinateur), les simulations thermiques, et la visualisation immersive sont également traitées. Il existe plusieurs outils logiciels dédiés à la représentation de simulations thermiques en EV et le premier enjeu de ces travaux fut de sélectionner l’outil approprié. De nombreux modeleurs CAO, logiciels de simulation thermique et outils de RV sont disponibles ; ils diffèrent notamment par leurs approches (fonctionnalités et environnement logiciel). La problématique d’interopérabilité (formats d’échange entre les outils logiciels) requiert de bâtir un flux de travail structuré. Les difficultés d’intégration entre outils CAO et outils de simulation, et les barrières au transfert vers des systèmes de réalité virtuelle sont également décrits. Il est apparu pertinent d'utiliser le Building Information Model (BIM) de plus en plus utilisé parmi les acteurs de l’architecture, ingénierie et construction (AIC). Puis nous avons poursuivi par l’évaluation des tendances actuelles en matière de représentation de données thermiques issues de simulation dans un EV, par la création de méthode de transfert de données de sorte à les intégrer au flux de travail. Après un état de l’art sur la simulation thermique et une évaluation des travaux connexes, nous décrivons l'application, la méthode et les outils pour parvenir à nos objectifs. Une proposition de procédé de transfert de données et de présentation de données en EV est formulée et évaluée. Le flux d’échanges de données s’effectue en trois phases, de sorte à optimiser les passages entre la CAO, le calcul thermique et la réalité virtuelle. La représentation des données dans l’EV est réalisée grâce à une visualisation immersive et interactive. Une expérimentation a été conduite de sorte à évaluer des sujets : Le scénario consistait en une visualisation interactive de données thermiques selon 4 modalités en environnement virtuel. L’interface développée pour l’interaction a été voulue intuitive et conviviale. L’application contient un modèle 3D réaliste du projet (salle Gunzo) dans deux configurations : état actuel et état rénové. Les données thermiques sont restituées selon plusieurs métaphores de représentation. L’expérimentation développe une approche qui associe au scénario de rénovation virtuelle une configuration matérielle/logicielle. Les résultats obtenus se concentrent sur la visualisation, l'interaction et le retour subjectif des utilisateurs. Quatre métaphores de visualisation sont testées et leur évaluation porte notamment sur deux critères : leurs capacités à restituer les résultats de simulation thermique ; le degré d’interaction et la perception de l’utilisateur des impacts de ses actions. L’évaluation subjective révèle les préférences des utilisateurs et montre que les métaphores de représentation ont une influence sur la précision et l’efficience de l’interprétation des données. Ces travaux montrent que les techniques de représentation et de visualisation de données de simulation ont un effet sur la pertinence de leur interprétation. La méthode décrite spécifie les modalités de transfert de la donnée depuis la phase conception jusqu’aux outils et systèmes de RV. Sa souplesse lui permet d’être transposée à tout type de projet (…) / The importance of energy efficiency as well as integration of advances in sustainable buildingdesign and VR technology have lead this research to focus on thermal simulation results visualized in avirtual environment (VE). The emphasis is on the representation of thermal building simulation (TBS)results and on the perception of thermal data simulated in a VE. The current application of the designprocess through energy efficiency in VR systems is limited mostly to building performance predictionsand design review, as the issue of the data formats and the workflow used for 3D modeling, thermalcalculation and VR visualization.Different applications and tools involved to represent TBS in VE are become the challenge ofthis work. Many 3D modeller, thermal simulation tools and VR tools are available and they are differ intheir function and platform. Issues of data format exchange, appropriate tools and equipments from thissituation require an interoperability solution that needs to be structured in a workflow method.Significances and barriers to integration design with CAD and TBS tools are also outlined in order totransfer the model to VR system. Therefore, the idea then is to use Building Information Model (BIM)extensively used in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) community. It then continued toevaluate the current trends for TBS representation in VE, to create data transfer method, and tointegrate them in the workflow. After a review in thermal simulation and an evaluation of related works,we specify the application, method and tools for our objectives.An application of a method of data transfer and presentation of data in VE are formulated andtested. This effort conduct using a specific data workflow which performed the data transfer through 3phases. This relies on the smooth exchange of data workflow between CAD tools, thermal calculationtools and VR tools. Presentation of data in VE is conducted through immersive visualization andintuitive interaction. An experiment scenario of a thermal simulation in VR system was created tointeractively visualize the results in the immersion room and tested by some respondents. The systeminclude with friendly interface for interaction. It presents a realistic 3D model of the project (Gunzoroom) in existing condition and renovated version, and their TBS results visualized in somevisualization metaphor. In the experiment, the method which bundled in an application brings togetherwithin a couple of virtual scenario and a software/hardware solution. The obtained results concentrateon visualization, interaction and its feedback. Some visualization metaphor are tested and evaluated topresent more informative TBS results where the user can interact and perceive the impact of theiraction.Evaluation of the application prototype showed various levels of user satisfaction, andimprovements in the accuracy and efficiency of data interpretation. The research has demonstrated it ispossible to improve the representation and interpretation of building performance data, particularly TBSresults using visualization techniques. Using specific method, the data flow that starts from the designprocess is completely and accurately channelled to the VR system. The method can be used with anykind of construction project and, being a flexible application, accepts new data when necessary,allowing for a comparison between the planned and the constructed.

Detta examensarbete utreder lönsamheten i en systemlösning för termiskt akviferenergilager tillsammans med ny VVS-teknisk lösning i fastigheterna kv Hästskon 9 och 12 vid en föreslagen framtida helrenovering. Dessutom utreds förutsättningar för miljöklassning i energi- och miljöcertifieringssystemet Miljöbyggnad avseende energianvändning, dagsljuskomfort, solvärmelast och termisk komfort för om- och tillbyggnadsförslaget med målsättning på nivå GULD. Genom att utnyttja akviferen under fastigheterna kvarteret Hästskon 9 och 12 idag kan man åstadkomma mycket låg energianvändning med en säsongsenergiverkningsgrad via kylmaskiner för värme- och kylaförsörjning på 5,6. En LCC-kalkyl visar att det finns en energikostnadsbesparing för fastighetsägaren Vasakronan omkring 3,65 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation om den beskrivna akviferlösningen används. Det ger en återbetalningstid om cirka 4,5 år på investeringen som måste göras. Energiklassning i Miljöbyggnadssystemet för befintliga fastigheter är troligtvis möjlig utan andra åtgärder än akviferlagersystemet, men då med BRONS eller möjligtvis SILVER nivå. Vid ett framtida om- och tillbyggnadsförslag får fastighetsägaren cirka 13 000 m² ytterligare uthyrbar lokalyta för handelslokaler och kontor. Trots detta kan energianvändningen minska ännu mer tack vare en säsongsenergiverkningsgrad via kylmaskiner för värme- och kylaförsörjning på 7,0 då SEB:s datakylanläggning kvarstår med värmeåtervinning på fastigheternas värmesystem, värme- och kylsystem byggs om för låg värmebärartemperatur och hög köldbärartemperatur, luftbehandlingssystem optimeras för låg fläktelenergi och hög värmeåtervinningsgrad, glaslösningar väljs med hänsyn till begränsad solinstrålning och byggnadens klimatskärm tilläggsisoleras i viss omfattning. Energikostnadsbesparingen ökar då ytterligare framåt 4,8 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation. Även om SEB:s datakylanläggning faller bort vid en ombyggnad finns ändå möjligheten att självständigt försörja fastigheten med egenproducerad värme via ytterligare en värmepump, vilket avlägsnar beroendet av SEB IT:s datahall för värmeproduktion och ändå ger en energikostnadsbesparing på 4,25 MSEK per år jämfört med dagens situation. Vid en sådan lösning blir den specifika energianvändningen enligt BBR 2012:s definition endast cirka 30 kWh/m² Atemp, år. Denna siffra är mycket lägre än nybyggnadskraven i BBR 2012 och i klass med nyproducerade byggnader med borrhålsenergilager. Utifrån analysen av Miljöbyggnadssystemets indikatorer för energianvändning, solvärmelast, dagsljuskomfort och termisk komfort bedöms det möjligt att klassa kvarteret Hästskon 12 och 9 vid om- och tillbyggnad i klass GULD med vissa förändringar av om- och tillbyggnadsförslaget. För att uppnå klass GULD med hänsyn till dagsljuskomfort och solvärmelast krävs särskild anpassning av glasning på S-huset, M-husets fasad mot Malmskillnadsgatan, samt en stor ljusgård i H-huset för att släppa in tillräckligt mycket dagsljus samtidigt som man åstadkommer effektiv solavskärmning. / This thesis investigates the viability of a system solution for aquifer thermal energy storage along with new HVAC technical solutions in real estates Hästskon 9 and 12 at a proposed future renovation. It also explores opportunities for certification in the Swedish energy and environmental certification system Miljöbyggnad (Environmental Building) regarding energy consumption, daylight comfort, solar heat load and thermal comfort for the renovation and extension proposal of Hästskon 12 with the goal of the GOLD level. By exploiting the aquifer in the properties Hästskon 9 and 12 today, very low energy consumption is achievable with seasonal energy efficiency via chillers for heating and cooling supply of 5.6. The LCC analysis shows that there are energy cost savings for property owner Vasakronan of about 3.65 million SEK per year compared to the current situation, if the described aquifer thermal energy storage solution is used. This gives a payback time of approximately 4.5 years in the investment to be made. Certification in the Miljöbyggnad system for existing buildings is probably possible with the aquifer thermal energy storage, but with BRONZE or possibly SILVER level. In the future refurbishment and extension proposal, the property owner adds about 13 000 m² of additional rentable commercial premises and offices. Nevertheless, the energy use of the properties decreases further owing to a seasonal energy efficiency via chillers for heating and cooling supply of 7.0 when the data centre refrigeration equipment for tenant SEB persists with heat recovery on the properties' heating systems, heating and cooling systems are adapted for low heat carrier temperature and high brine water temperature, ventilation systems are designed for low fan electricity demand and high heat recovery rate, glass solutions chosen are based on limited solar radiation and the building envelope is additionally insulated to some extent. Energy cost savings are furthered to 4.8 million SEK per year compared to the current situation. Even if the data centre refrigeration equipment for tenant SEB is closed down in a future refurbishment scenario, there is possibility to independently supply the property with its own heat produced by an additional heat pump, which removes the dependence of tenant SEB's data centre for heat supply and yet provides an energy saving of 4.25 million SEK per year compared the current situation. Such a solution will result in specific energy with the BBR 2012 (Swedish building regulations) definition of only about 30 kWh / m² Atemp, year. This figure is much lower than new construction requirements of BBR 2012 and on par with virgin buildings with borehole energy storage system. Based on the analysis of the Miljöbyggnad system indicators for energy, solar thermal load, daylight comfort and thermal comfort it is possible to certify Hästskon 12 and 9 in a future refurbishment and extension at GOLD level with some changes in the refurbishment proposal. In order to achieve GOLD level with respect to daylight comfort and solar heat load, special adaptation of the glazing on the S building, M building's facade facing Malmskillnadsgatan, and a large atrium in the H-building is required to let in enough natural light while still providing effective solar shading.

[pt] A energia é o principal motor para o desenvolvimento econômico, sendo um elemento chave para o alcance das metas climáticas estipuladas até 2050. Entre as diversas maneiras relacionadas à mitigação dos impactos causados pelo uso ineficiente de energia das edificações, destacam-se a substituição de combustíveis fósseis por fontes de energia limpa e a redução do consumo energético pelo lado da demanda. Neste contexto, sistemas fotovoltaicos integrados a edificações surgem como uma solução arquitetônica promissora por atingir ambos os objetivos em uma só intervenção. Contudo, não há estudos relacionados ao impacto desta tecnologia no desempenho energético de edificações considerando o contexto climático brasileiro, sendo este então o escopo deste trabalho. A metodologia proposta envolve simulações com o software Rhinoceros, os plugins Ladybug e Honeybee, que realizam análises sob aspectos ambientais, e o Grasshopper, cuja função é realizar otimização mono-objetivo. Para edificações simuladas com apenas uma fachada fotovoltaica sendo implementada, foi possível obter a redução de até 14,39 porcento da demanda energética, considerando a geração adicionada à conservação de energia. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a redução da demanda de energia alcançou a marca de 24,04 porcento com quatro fachadas de fotovoltaica implementada. Apesar de alguns contextos climáticos se mostrarem mais vantajosos, ressalta-se que foram detectadas reduções na demanda energética em todas as cidades investigadas, sendo então a integração de sistemas fotovoltaicos orgânicos a edificações uma medida eficaz de conservação e geração de eletricidade. / [en] In a global context where climate change has been in evidence, research related to technologies which aim to reduce the damages caused by global warming have been increasing. Since energy is the engine to sustainable economic development, it is considered a key element to reach the goals set by the Paris Climate Agreement. The strategies to manage energy in a sustainable way can be divided in two fields: using clean energy, rather than fossil fuels like coal; and by reducing the energy demanded by consumers. In Brazil, buildings are responsible for 50.5 percent of the energy demand (Lira et al., 2019) and when analyzing commercial buildings, it is stated that HVAC systems take up to 40.3 percent of all the energy consumed (PROCEL, 2008). Such number is expected to increase up to three times until 2050 and is considered one of the blind spots of energy efficiency policies (IEA, 2018). Although Brazil has national energy efficiency policies, such as the Technical Quality Regulation for the Buildings Energy Efficiency Level – RTQ (acronym for the Portuguese term Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações) the use of HVAC systems and its energy demand is not emphasized and newer technologies such as solar energy are considered a bonus. Such gap is because the RTQ was first published in 2010, while the generation of photovoltaic energy was only regulated in 2012. Photovoltaic energy has a remarkable potential in Brazil, especially in the north and northeast regions due to its high irradiation levels (INPE, 2017). In on-grid systems, it is possible to lend the exceeded energy generated and have its compensation in a 1:1 proportion when needed, which not only reduces system losses, but also is able to increase the number of photovoltaic facilities. Another possibility is the partition of the energy generated by a photovoltaic system between multiple people in the same building which had consequently the incentive of building integrated photovoltaics. Building integrated photovoltaics, also known as BIPV, can be defined as the substitution of an element of the building envelope by another with photovoltaic cells. Recent studies have shown that building integrated photovoltaics are not only capable of generating energy, but due to thermal properties of solar cells compared to regular materials, there is also a reduction in HVAC demand, especially air-conditioning. Photovoltaic cells are usually integrated in windows, but can also be used in skylights, curtainwalls, shading devices and walls (Eisenschmid, 2008). Such variety is possible due to the development of new technologies, which are lighter and semi-transparent (Lynn, Mohanty and Wittkopf, 2012). One example is organic photovoltaic cells (OPV), which Brazil is one of the leading producers worldwide. Therefore, it is a technology with a considerable potential in the country not only due to its availability but also of skilled labor for installation and maintenance.

The diploma thesis is to bring knowledge from the field of energy and simulation evaluation of buildings. Further, there is an introduction to the issue of energy and environmental assessment, legislative documents. A brief procedure for creating an energy model in a simulation program, then setting the model. Evaluated results from DesignBuilder that are in the form of charts. And also the evaluation of the measured data in the form of graphs from Libuše object in Karlova Studánka.

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This Master’s thesis deals with the energy evaluation of existing buildings sports-recreational company complex in Brušperk. For this purpose provides a comparison of selected fuels as an energy source for the heating in terms of economy and their impact on the environment. In addition, provides an overview of existing legislation for elaboration of an energy audit. To complement shows the calculation of return on investment in solar panels on the roof of one of the objects. Calculation is based on the results of performed experimental measurement. Finally, the thesis presents a comparison of energy performance of buildings simulated in the Bsim software with reality.