Este trabalho tem por finalidade avaliar o desempenho energético do sistema de condicionamento de ar com distribuição pelo piso (Underfloor Air Distribution System UFAD) em ambientes de escritório, considerando diferentes possibilidades de arquitetura do sistema e seus modos de operação com ciclos economizadores. Por meio de simulação computacional, as avaliações foram realizadas para o clima da cidade de São Paulo ao longo de um ano metereológico típico, mantendo as condições de conforto térmico no ambiente. O programa de simulação selecionado como ferramenta foi o EnergyPlus 2.1.0.023, visto que modelos numéricos nele implementados representam adequadamente o sistema UFAD e os ciclos economizadores. Como referência para o desenvolvimento dos modelos de simulação foi utilizada uma câmara de testes representativa de um ambiente de escritórios. Esta câmara foi desenvolvida por Leite (2003) para avaliação do conforto térmico propiciado pelo sistema UFAD. As curvas de distribuição de temperatura resultantes das simulações foram similares às curvas resultantes das medições executadas por esta autora. As simulações foram realizadas para duas arquiteturas diferentes do circuito de ar (com e sem desvio do ar de retorno) combinados com três diferentes modos de operação relacionados à vazão do ar exterior. A análise dos dados climáticos da cidade de São Paulo demonstra que a tomada de ar exterior pode ser majorada com a utilização de ciclos economizadores, reduzindo o consumo de energia do sistema. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam uma estreita relação entre arquitetura do sistema, controle dos ciclos economizadores, e dados climáticos, revelando que a combinação entre esses parâmetros pode reduzir em 34,5% o consumo de energia elétrica do sistema UFAD na cidade de São Paulo. / The purpose of this research is to evaluate the energy performance of the Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) system at office buildings, considering different air loops design and economizer cycles while keeping thermal comfort for the weather data of São Paulo city, Brazil. Simulations were held using the EnergyPlus software version 2.1.0.023, since its numerical models can well represent UFAD systems and economizer cycles. One chamber representing an office room was used as reference for the simulation models. This chamber was developed by Leite (2003) to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the UFAD system. The curves of temperature distribution obtained from simulation were similar to those experimentally obtained by Leite (2003). Simulations were performed for two different air loops (with and without return air bypass) combined with three different outside air controls. The São Paulo weather data analysis demonstrates that the outside air flow can be increased with the use of economizer cycles, reducing electric energy consumption of the UFAD system. The results of this research indicate that there is a tight relationship between the system air loop design, economizer cycle control and weather data, which reveals that the combination between these parameters can reduce about 34,5% the electric energy consumption of UFAD system at São Paulo city.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:05:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Gomes Casagrande.pdf: 1917905 bytes, checksum: e718bea85f7b6f30f9d853432b991194 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Ao mesmo tempo em que foram desenvolvidos no Brasil programas com a meta de racionalização do sistema energético nacional, motivados principalmente pelas crises enfrentadas pelo país, como o racionamento de 2001, estudos a respeito do comportamento do clima em escala mundial apresentaram avanços expressivos, acilitados pela evolução tecnológica e computacional. Entre as estratégias para contenção do desperdício da energia produzida está o consumo pelas edificações, uma vez que a adoção de sistemas construtivos adequados pode reduzir o consumo final de eletricidade. Tal constatação constitui um dos preceitos da arquitetura bioclimática, que preconiza a necessidade de adaptação do edifício ao clima local, sendo, para isso, imprescindível a compreensão dos fenômenos climáticos. Desta forma, o princípio que conduziu esta pesquisa foi o comportamento variável do clima, consenso para grande parte dos climatologistas, e suas consequências para as demandas energéticas futuras, particularmente durante o ciclo de vida planejado para cada edifício. Investigar o impacto das mudanças projetadas para o clima ao longo do século XXI no desempenho termoenergético de edificações comerciais artificialmente climatizadas localizadas em diferentes cidades do Brasil foi o principal objetivo deste estudo. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em quatro etapas, iniciando-se por uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática central mudanças climáticas bem como os temas correlacionados, com especial ênfase para a associação entre conforto térmico e a questão energética. Na segunda etapa foram estabelecidos os mecanismos para preparação de arquivos climáticos futuros, incluindo-se a seleção de cidades para representação das diferentes condições geográficas do território brasileiro. Posteriormente foi efetuado o recorte do objeto, com a indicação dos parâmetros de controle e das variáveis em análise, designandose as características do edifício que não serão afetadas por intervenções futuras: percentual de abertura nas fachadas, dispositivos de proteção solar e orientação das maiores fachadas. A etapa final foi dedicada às simulações, realizadas no programa DesignBuilder a partir da configuração dos 192 modelos paramétricos. Os resultados da aplicação da metodologia, analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente, reproduziram, de forma generalizada, um aumento no consumo de 10,7% em 2020, 16,9% em 2050 e 25,6% em 2080, em relação ao consumo atual. Apesar da significância desse aumento, inclusive para o planejamento energético nacional, aumentos mais expressivos foram registrados em estudos internacionais, reforçando a necessidade de consideração dos fenômenos regionais na preparação de dados climáticos futuros neste tipo de pesquisa. Em Recife, a variação de parâmetros construtivos não provocou diferenças tão significativas nas taxas de aumento do consumo quanto nas outras cinco localidades, sendo que Brasília apresentou as maiores taxas de aumento. Considerando-se os edifícios de todas as cidades, a presença de dispositivos de proteção solar foi a variável com maior impacto para diminuição do consumo, e o edifício orientado a Leste e Oeste, com grandes aberturas desprotegidas, apresentou consumo significativamente superior aos outros modelos, atual e futuramente. Por fim, ao contrário da maioria dos resultados mensais observados, em Porto Alegre ocorreu uma diminuição no consumo em alguns meses de 2020 e 2050, ocasionada possivelmente pela diminuição dos períodos de utilização da climatização artificial para aquecimento / At the same time that programs were developed in Brazil with the goal of the national energy system rationalization, mainly motivated by the crisis faced by the country as in the rationing of 2001 studies of the climate s behavior on a global scale showed significant advances, facilitated by technological and computational development. One of the strategies for containment the waste energy produced is the energy consumption by buildings, since the adoption of appropriate constructive systems can reduce the final electricity consumption. This was a principle of bioclimatic architecture, which recommends an adaptation of the building to the local climate conditions, and for that, it is essential to understand the climate system. Therefore, the principle that guided the development of this research was the variable behavior of the climate, which is consensus for most climatologists, and its consequences for the future energy demands of buildings, particularly along the planned life cycle for each building. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of projected changes to the climate over the twenty-first century in the thermo energetic performance of commercial buildings artificially acclimatized located in different cities of Brazil. The methodological procedures were divided into four stages, initiating with an extensive literature review on the central theme climate change as well as related topics, with special emphasis on the relationship between thermal comfort and energy issue. In the second step mechanisms for preparing future climate files were established, including the selection of cities for representation of different geo-climatic conditions of the Brazilian territory. After that the definition of the object was performed, indicating the control parameters and variables in the analysis, assigning the characteristics of the building that will not be affected by future interventions window wall ratio, solar shading and orientation of the largest facades. The final step was dedicated to the simulations, performed in the program DesignBuilder from the configuration of the 192 parametric models. The results of applying the methodology, analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, reproduced in generalized way an increase in energy consumption in buildings by 10.7% in 2020, 16.9% in 2050 and 25.6% in 2080, compared to current consumption. Although the significance of this increase, including the national energy planning, most significant increases were recorded in international studies, reinforcing the need for consideration of regional climate events in the preparation of future climate data in this type of research. In Recife, the variation of constructive parameters did not cause as significant differences in the rates of increase in consumption as the other five locations, and Brasilia had the highest rates of increase. Considering the buildings of all the cities, the presence of solar shading was the variable with the greatest impact on reducing energy consumption, and the building oriented east and west, with large unprotected openings, showed energy consumption significantly superior to other models, in all cities and periods. Finally, unlike most of monthly results observed, in Porto Alegre occurred a decrease in energy consumption in some months of 2020 and 2050, possibly caused by the reduction in time use of artificial air conditioning heating

Este trabalho tem por finalidade avaliar o desempenho energético do sistema de condicionamento de ar com distribuição pelo piso (Underfloor Air Distribution System UFAD) em ambientes de escritório, considerando diferentes possibilidades de arquitetura do sistema e seus modos de operação com ciclos economizadores. Por meio de simulação computacional, as avaliações foram realizadas para o clima da cidade de São Paulo ao longo de um ano metereológico típico, mantendo as condições de conforto térmico no ambiente. O programa de simulação selecionado como ferramenta foi o EnergyPlus 2.1.0.023, visto que modelos numéricos nele implementados representam adequadamente o sistema UFAD e os ciclos economizadores. Como referência para o desenvolvimento dos modelos de simulação foi utilizada uma câmara de testes representativa de um ambiente de escritórios. Esta câmara foi desenvolvida por Leite (2003) para avaliação do conforto térmico propiciado pelo sistema UFAD. As curvas de distribuição de temperatura resultantes das simulações foram similares às curvas resultantes das medições executadas por esta autora. As simulações foram realizadas para duas arquiteturas diferentes do circuito de ar (com e sem desvio do ar de retorno) combinados com três diferentes modos de operação relacionados à vazão do ar exterior. A análise dos dados climáticos da cidade de São Paulo demonstra que a tomada de ar exterior pode ser majorada com a utilização de ciclos economizadores, reduzindo o consumo de energia do sistema. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam uma estreita relação entre arquitetura do sistema, controle dos ciclos economizadores, e dados climáticos, revelando que a combinação entre esses parâmetros pode reduzir em 34,5% o consumo de energia elétrica do sistema UFAD na cidade de São Paulo. / The purpose of this research is to evaluate the energy performance of the Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) system at office buildings, considering different air loops design and economizer cycles while keeping thermal comfort for the weather data of São Paulo city, Brazil. Simulations were held using the EnergyPlus software version 2.1.0.023, since its numerical models can well represent UFAD systems and economizer cycles. One chamber representing an office room was used as reference for the simulation models. This chamber was developed by Leite (2003) to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the UFAD system. The curves of temperature distribution obtained from simulation were similar to those experimentally obtained by Leite (2003). Simulations were performed for two different air loops (with and without return air bypass) combined with three different outside air controls. The São Paulo weather data analysis demonstrates that the outside air flow can be increased with the use of economizer cycles, reducing electric energy consumption of the UFAD system. The results of this research indicate that there is a tight relationship between the system air loop design, economizer cycle control and weather data, which reveals that the combination between these parameters can reduce about 34,5% the electric energy consumption of UFAD system at São Paulo city.

The work presented in this Doctoral dissertation concerns the ability of heavy timber structures to passively reduce the fluctuations of the indoor temperature and of the indoor relative humidity, through the dynamic process of heat and moisture storage in wood. We make the hypothesis that the potential offered by the hygrothermal inertia of heavy timber structures is significant, and that it could provide a passive way of regulating the indoor climate. This ultimately could results in a decrease of the energy demand from the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning systems. In this Thesis, the author tries to characterise and quantify the significance of the hygrothermal inertia providing by the heavy timber constructions. The experimental studies contain an in-situ measurement campaign carried out at the Vetenskapsstaden building located in Stockholm and erected in 2001. The results from the test campaign show that a heavy timber construction may contribute to buffer the indoor temperature. A direct quantification of the moisture stored in the wood structure is measured regarding the year-to-year indoor humidity fluctuations. It was however hardly possible to directly quantify the moisture storage potential offered by the structure regarding the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations because of the low sensitivity of the measuring technique used. In regard to the limitations noticed during the in-situ measurements, laboratory measurements were launched to develop new methods to determine the day-to-day hygric performances of wood exposed indoor. A new method based on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging technology was developed and is intended to provide information about the Moisture Buffer Value measured according to a NORDTEST protocol, and about the moisture distribution in wood with high spatial resolution. The Moisture Buffer Value of untreated Scots pine measured with this method is in accordance with the gravimetric method provided by the NORDTEST protocol. The Moisture Buffer Value of coated Scots pine was also investigated and it is normally assumed that any coatings will decrease the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure. The results show however that for specific coating such as waterborne alkali silicate coating, the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure may on the contrary be improved. At last, numerical simulations were carried out. They were based upon the extension of a modular simulation environment IDA ICE 3.0, with the implementation of a specific model for heat and moisture transport in a wood. The results obtained pinpoint the highly synergetic effects between the indoor moisture loads, the ventilation rate, the outdoor climate and the moisture interactions with the structure. The outcomes also show that the Moisture Buffering Capacity of a heavy timber structure is appreciable. The structure is able to even out substantially the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations for a certain range of ventilation rate. / QC 20100825

Microbial growth is a major cause of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems. The implications of mold growth range from unacceptable musty smells and defacement of interior finishes, to structural damage and adverse health effects, not to mention lengthy litigation processes. Mold is likely to occur when a favorable combination of humidity, temperature, and substrate nutrient are maintained long enough. As many modern buildings use products that increase the likelihood of molds (e.g., paper and wood based products), reported cases have increased in recent years. Despite decades of intensive research efforts to prevent mold, modern buildings continue to suffer from mold infestation. The main reason is that current prescriptive regulations focus on the control of relative humidity only. However, recent research has shown that mold occurrences are influenced by a multitude of parameters with complex physical interactions. The set of relevant building parameters includes physical properties of building components, aspects of building usage, certain materials, occupant behavior, cleaning regime, HVAC system components and their operation, and other. Mold occurs mostly as the unexpected result of an unforeseen combination of the uncertain building parameters. Current deterministic mold assessment studies fail to give conclusive results. These simulations are based on idealizations of the building and its use, and therefore unable to capture the effect of the random, situational, and sometimes idiosyncratic nature of building use and operation. The presented research takes a radically different approach, based on the assessment of the uncertainties of all parameters and their propagation through a mixed set of simulations using a Monte Carlo technique. This approach generates a mold risk distribution that reveals the probability of mold occurrence in selected trouble spots in a building. The approach has been tested on three building cases located in Miami and Atlanta. In all cases the new approach was able to show the circumstances under which the mold risk could increase substantially, leading to a set of clear specifications for remediation and, in for new designs, to A/E procurement methods that will significantly reduce any mold risk.

Zero energy houses and (near) zero energy buildings are among the most ambitious targets of society moving towards an energy efficient built environment. The "zero" energy consumption is most often judged on a yearly basis and should thus be interpreted as yearly net zero energy. The fully self sustainable, i.e. off-grid, home poses a major challenge due to the dynamic nature of building load profiles, ambient weather condition and occupant needs. In current practice, the off-grid status is accomplishable only by relying on backup generators or utilizing a large energy storage system. The research develops a risk based holistic system design method to guarantee a match between onsite sustainable energy generation and energy demand of systems and occupants. Energy self-sufficiency is the essential constraint that drives the design process. It starts with information collection of occupants' need in terms of life style, risk perception, and budget planning. These inputs are stated as probabilistic risk constraints that are applied during design evolution. Risk expressions are developed based on the relationships between power unavailability criteria and "damages" as perceived by occupants. A power reliability assessment algorithm is developed to aggregate the system underperformance causes and estimate all possible power availability outcomes of an off-grid house design. Based on these foundations, the design problem of an off-grid house is formulated as a stochastic programming problem with probabilistic constraints. The results show that inherent risks in weather patterns dominate the risk level of off-grid houses if current power unavailability criteria are used. It is concluded that a realistic and economic design of an off-grid house can only be achieved after an appropriate design weather file is developed for risk conscious design methods. The second stage of the research deals with the potential risk mitigation when an intelligent energy management system is installed. A stochastic model based predictive controller is implemented to manage energy allocation to sub individual functions in the off-grid house during operation. The controller determines in real time the priority of energy consuming activities and functions. The re-evaluation of the risk indices show that the proposed controller helps occupants to reduce damages related to power unavailability, and increase thermal comfort performance of the house. The research provides a risk oriented view on the energy self-sufficiency of off-grid solar houses. Uncertainty analysis is used to verify the match between onsite sustainable energy supply and demand under dynamic ambient conditions in a manner that reveals the risks induced by the fact that new technologies may not perform as well as expected. Furthermore, taking occupants' needs based on their risk perception as constraints in design evolution provides better guarantees for right sized system design.

A Post-Occupancy Energy Analysis of the Gwinnett Environmental and Heritage Center conducted with the view of recommending optimizations that result in energy savings.

This thesis consists of two parts. The first part is on fractional factorial design, and the second part is on computer experiment. The first part has two chapters. In the first chapter, we use the concept of conditional main effect, and propose the CME analysis to solve the problem of effect aliasing in two-level fractional factorial design. In the second chapter, we study the conversion rates of a system of webpages with the proposed funnel testing method, by using directed graph to represent the system, fractional factorial design to conduct the experiment, and a method to optimize the total conversion rate with respect to all the webpages in the system. The second part also has two chapters. In the third chapter, we use regression models to quantify the model form uncertainties in the Perez model in building energy simulations. In the last chapter, we propose a new Gaussian process that can jointly model both point and integral responses.

Orientador: Vanessa Gomes da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delbin_Simone_M.pdf: 10464476 bytes, checksum: 61cbf976e94f0f8bce337aa955688411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nos cursos de graduação de Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Brasil, conforto ambiental, eficiência energética e projeto arquitetônico são normalmente tratados como áreas distintas de conhecimento, o que se reflete na qualidade ambiental e no consumo energético dos ambientes construídos. Fica clara então a necessidade de inserção de alguma ferramenta ou método que possa ser aplicado em ensino e acabe com a lacuna entre tópicos teóricos de conforto ambiental e a prática de projeto. Como uma tentativa de mudar este quadro, propõe-se um método de ensino de simulação de conforto ambiental de edifícios que possa ser utilizado em cursos graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. O primeiro passo do trabalho foi selecionar uma ferramenta adequada à simulação de conforto térmico e eficiência energética para as primeiras fases de projeto e de fácil utilização em ensino. Adaptou-se a metodologia de projeto típica para utilização em ensino. Um arquivo climático para Campinas foi então selecionado. Como pré-teste, foi realizado um experimento com alunos do curso de graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Unicamp. Os projetos elaborados pelos alunos durante uma disciplina de projeto foram simulados como em uma consultoria. Os alunos envolvidos no experimento foram acompanhados durante a disciplina de projeto seguinte. Uma disciplina dedicada à utilização de uma ferramenta de simulação foi elaborada, com base em estudos de outras metodologias de ensino de simulação. A disciplina foi oferecida como eletiva aos alunos da graduação do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Unicamp, a fim de testar a resposta dos alunos à ferramenta e de definir o melhor momento para inserção no currículo. A disciplina foi dividida em dois blocos: o primeiro, revisou conceitos de conforto e os introduziu no contexto do programa de simulação previamente selecionado (ECOTECT). Além disso, foram apresentados os fundamentos da metodologia de simulação (simplificação do modelo, zoneamento do edifício e etapas do processo de simulação). Neste período, os alunos desenvolveram pequenas simulações a cada aula. No segundo bloco de aulas, os alunos realizaram duas simulações mais complexas. Os resultados desta disciplina demonstram que os alunos aprenderam os comandos do programa com facilidade, porém prevalece alguma dificuldade com a simplificação do modelo e escolha dos materiais construtivos. A disciplina de simulação próxima ou no mesmo semestre que a primeira disciplina de conforto térmico, pode auxiliar na fixação do conteúdo aprendido e na utilização de simuladores nas disciplinas seguintes de conforto, maximizando o benefício de utilização destas ferramentas de projeto / Abstract: In architectural design teaching at undergraduate fevel in Brazil, environmental comfort and energy efficiency have been traditionally kept as separate knowledge domains, which reflect on the poor quality and high consumption of the built environment. It is proved then the necessity of insertion of a methodology or tools to be applied in education. As a way to overcome these problems, this research aims to establish a building simulation teaching methodology. Building simulation provides better design solutions and outcomes in energy efficiency designo Besldes, it consolidates the acquired knowledge and test concepts on student's designs. As a first step for the development of this research a tool was selected, then the typical simulation methodology was adapted for teaching purposes. A climatic data file for Campinas was also selected. As a preparation, an experimental research was carried out in the specific design discipline dedicated to thermal comfort and bio-climatic architecture. Students had their design similated in a consultancy formal The students involvedin the experiment were followed in the next design studio. The first outcome showed that a computerized design studio is necessary for this issue. A discipline dedicated to teaching building simulation was elaborated based on traditional building simulation teaching methodology. It was offered as an elective discipline to undergraduate students of the Architectural course at Unicamp, as a way to test students with the simulation toei afld to define when to introduce simulation into the curriculum. Students enrolled in the simulation course were interested in learning practical methods to analyze their projects. The course was based on two major blocks. The first one revisedcomfort subjects and also introduced students to the previous selected simulation toei (ECOTECT) and the simulation methodology (modeling, zoning, steps of the simulation process). In this period, students carried out simple simulations in each dass. During the second block they developed two more complex simulations. The results of this course indicated that students learned easily how to operate the simulation tool, but did not internaHze comfort concept and therefore had some difficulty on handling model simplification and choosing material data. A major reason appears to be lack of request implementation of comfort concepts in subsequent design studios. The simulation course should be at the same semester students are exposed to comfort concepts, or very dose to it. These way students would be capable of using the toei to help on learning comfort issues, and also use it in the following comfort disciplines / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.