This thesis deals with the attitudes of students of two secondary schools to marihuana, alcohol use and their users. Attitudes to alcohol, marihuana and to their users are topics frequently discussed in connection with changing perception of these two substances. This trend can be best seen in adolescents during the period of late adolescence which is the period of secondary school studies. The main aim of the thesis is to find out which factors influence the attitudes of students to alcohol and drug use and if there are any differences concerning those factors between the observed schools. These factors come from theoretical considerations which are subsequently tested in research. As the research showed, the students' attitudes to marihuana and alcohol use, and also to alcohol users are primarily influenced by significant others, among which belong mainly peers and their parents or their own experience. While the individuals form their attitudes to alcohol primarily according to their parents, in case of marihuana, the individuals, who have experience with it, follow mainly their peers and their own experience. Those individuals also tend to be more positive towards other marihuana users. There have not been found out any significant differences concerning the attitudes to marihuana and alcohol...

This thesis focuses on the issue of cannabis legalization in Colorado. Legislation adopted at the federal level prohibits production, distribution and consumption of cannabis. Through public ballot initiatives, use of cannabis for non-medical purposes was legalized on the state level. This approach represents a fundamental change in drug policy and, in the future, it could affect federal drug policy regarding cannabis. This thesis uses the example of Colorado to illustrate the inconsistency in the legal approach to cannabis between some of the U.S. states and the federal government. By describing and analyzing the control measures in Colorado, this thesis aims to identify various regulatory risks, which might cause conflicts with the federal government. The thesis points to the liberal aspects of the regulation in Colorado and confronts the discrepancy with the directive of the federal government to establish a strong regulatory framework that is consistent with federal priorities in the area of law enforcement. The thesis contains a set of recommendations that contribute to reducing potential negative effects. Even though the federal government did not interfere with state's cannabis legalization, these recommendations could prevent a possible clash with the federal government, which still de jure...

Although cannabis is widely consumed by humans for the intoxicating effects that are mediated by delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pre-clinical models of THC self-administration have been difficult to establish. We hypothesized that THC may have reinforcement enhancing effects comparable to other drugs (e.g., nicotine and caffeine), which are also widely consumed by humans but difficult to establish as primary reinforcers in non-human animals. To investigate whether THC is a reinforcement enhancer, male (M, n=8) and female (F, n=8) rats were shaped to self-administer a reinforcing saccharin (SACC) solution (0.2% w/v) in standard operant chambers equipped with infrared beams to monitor locomotor activity. At baseline, we found a significant sex difference for active lever responses and reinforcers earned (F

El uso del cannabis se encuentra controlado por el régimen de fiscalización de drogas de Naciones Unidas, el cual se encuentra formado por la Convención Única de Estupefacientes de 1961 en su versión enmendada por el Protocolo de 1972, el Convenio sobre Sustancias Psicotrópicas de 1971 y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Psicotrópicas de 1988. De acuerdo con estos textos normativos, los Estados signatarios deben tomar medidas tendientes a garantizar el acceso a las drogas para fines exclusivamente médicos y científicos, impidiendo su uso indebido. Sin embargo, en tres países del mundo –Estados Unidos, Uruguay y Canadá– se ha regulado el acceso al cannabis con fines recreativos y, según la Junta Internacional de Estupefacientes (JIFE), esto constituye una grave violación a los tratados y pone en riesgo la integridad del régimen de fiscalización. Cuestionando esta asertiva, analizaremos las posibilidades y limitaciones de la flexibilización de las políticas sobre drogas y haremos una propuesta sobre cómo los Estados Miembros de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) podrían regular el uso lúdico del cannabis amparados por el multilateralismo y el Derecho Internacional.

Several avenues of investigation through which the 'labyrinths' of schizopsychotic diagnosis may be examined, are offered by the consideration of the 'beacons' of symptom-profiles and biomarkers. Neurodevelopmental issues and risk assessment, neurocognitive factors of predictive necessity, supersensitivity in neurotransmitter systems, the implications of prodromal expressions of the disorder, functional dysconnectivity arising from prefrontal to diverse regional patterns and circuits with a neurodevelopmental origin, and heritable gene characteristics are viewed against the backdrop of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The associations between adolescent-adult use of cannabis, on the one hand, and, alternatively, the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, e.g., GRIK4 and NPAS3, and mental retardation, on the other hand, with the symptom-profiles of schizopsychosis provide further evidence of emerging biomarkers of biological inheritance factors. The involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, particularly in prefrontal region, with regard to functional integrity of cognitive systems is reviewed. It would appear that considerations of these disorders imply that one essential hub around which much of the neuropathology revolves may be observed in the various expressions of the cognitive and structural insufficiency.

Many South African psychiatrists, and particularly those working in psychiatric hospitals with Black and Coloured patients, have the firm clinical impression that in many of these patients acute psychotic illness is associated with the abuse of cannabis. Most of the previous work in this field had been done by clinicians of Eastern countries where the use of cannabis has been endemic for thousands of years. However, those workers were handicapped because they lacked both the sophisticated techniques for standardized psychiatric evaluation and the availability of an assay to confirm cannabis use. It was decided to investigate acute psychoses in Cape Coloured males admitted to Valkenberg Hospital with the following aims: i. To identify a cohort of acutely psychotic patients who had recently been using cannabis and to compare them with a matched control group who were free of any drugs. The recently available EMITR immunochemical analytical technique was used for the detection of urinary cannabinoids. To exclude the contribution of other psychotropic agents to the aetiology of the psychoses, gas chromatography was performed to detect ethanol and thin-layer chromatography to screen for other psychotropic agents. ii. To assess the comprehensive mental state of patients on admission and then again after a 7-10 day period the Present State Examination (PSE), a well validated and standardized diagnostic instrument, was used. iii. To determine serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (indicators of muscle damage) in view of the published reports of elevated levels in psychotic patients.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology & Special Education at the University of Zululand, 2007. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cannibas use on the adolescent's development. This was achieved by means of a literature study and an emprical investigation. The literature study found that the use of cannabis by the adolescent affects his physical, psychological (cognitive and affective), social and normative development.

abstract: Marijuana legalization will likely result in increased marijuana consumption with uncertain social and health impacts. This thesis looks to share user perspectives on marijuana, specifically addressing how users represent marijuana risks, benefits, and uncertain or unknown dangers. Data were collected from an online social-media forum that initiated the discussion by prompting readers to reflect on marijuana risks in a context of growing accolades concerning its benefits. Grounded theory and thematic analysis were both utilized to identify consistent themes or patterns across user comments. It was found that users identified both benefits and risks of marijuana, while some users had disputes about certain known risks (such as impaired driving) or uncertain or unknown dangers (such as reduced dream activity). Despite disagreements about the degree of risk associated with a particular activity (such as driving and dreaming), this thesis found risks and benefits were discussed in relatively narrow ways that suggest more education is needed around the full spectrum of the effects of various strains, including benefits, risks, and uncertainties. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Communication 2019

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19379号 / 農博第2149号 / 新制||農||1037(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4959(農学部図書室) / 32393 / 新制||農||1037 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 髙野 俊幸, 教授 杉山 淳司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.