Hemp is a versatile plant with many uses that has been around for thousands of years. The plant is highly adaptable andwill cultivate in almost any soil. It has excellent remediation properties and has shown to be relatively consistent when itcomes to crop yields. The aim of this literature survey is to examine how hemp can be used to be considered asustainable energy crop in Sweden through database searches and interviews. Hemps characteristics as an energy cropand its remediation properties is evaluated and compared with other plants that are used in Sweden. The result showsthat hemp is a competitive crop when used for solid fuel and that a closed-loop solution is achievable. Further studiesare needed for a closed-loop solution to be possible when using hemp as a biogas crop, mainly for establishing asustainable waste treatment.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiama 2011–2012 metais Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Agronomijos fakulteto Agrobiotechnologijos laboratorijoje tirtų veiksnių, lemiančių sėjamosios kanapės dediferenciacijos indukciją hipokotilių ir skilčialapių kultūroje, tyrimų rezultatai. Darbo objektas – 10 dienų eksplantai auginti MS terpėje su skirtingais augimo reguliatorių kiekiais. Darbo metodai: Sėjamosios kanapės sėklos plautos po tekančiu vandeniu 1 val., 15 min. sterilintos 0,2 % kalio permanganato tirpale, 2 min. laikytos 70 % etanolio vandeniniame tirpale, 9 min. 10 % natrio hipochlorite ir 3 kartus po 5 min. mirkytos distiliuotame vandenyje. Sterilios sėklos daigintos ant MS maitinamosios terpės be augimo reguliatorių, papildytoje 10 g l-1 sacharozės ir 8 g l-1 Difco-Bacto agaru. MS terpėje su skirtingais augimo reguliatorių kiekiais auginta po 60 eksplantų. Kas keturias savaites eksplantai perkelti į šviežią tos pačios sudėties maitinamąją terpę. Vertintas kaliaus susidarymo dažnis (%), šaknų formavimosi dažnis (%), šaknų kiekis iš eksplanto (vnt.) bei ūglių formavimosi dažnis (%). Darbo rezultatai. Įvertinus sėjamosios kanapės kaliaus indukcijos tyrimų rezultatus nustatyta, kad sėjamosios kanapės izoliuoti hipokotilio audiniai nedideliu dažniu geba formuoti kalių ir terpėje be augimo reguliatorių. Naudojant vienos grupės (auksiną arba citokininą) augimo reguliatorių didžiausias kaliaus formavimosi dažnis gautas terpėje, papildytoje 0,5 mg l-¹ α... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master work presents the results of factors affecting Cannabis sativa L. dedifferentiation process in vitro. Research was investigated at the Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2011 - 2012. Investigation in vitro was carried out with Cannabis sativa L. hypocotyls and cotyledons explants. Object of the work – 10 days explants grown in MS medium with different growth regulators concentrations. Method of the work – Cannabis sativa L. seeds were washed under running water for 1 h and surface sterilized with 0.2 % potassium permanganate for 15 min. sterilized and for 2 min. in 70 % ethanol, then sterilized in 10 % sodium hypochlorite for 9 min. and rinsed 3 times for 5 min. with sterile distilled water. Sterile seeds sprouted on MS nutrient medium without growth regulators, supplemented with 10 g l-1 sucrose and 8 g l-1 Difco Bacto-agar. MS medium with different growth regulators concentrations were grown 60 explants. Every four weeks, explants were transferred to the same composition fresh medium. The callus formation frequency (%), root formation frequency (%), root number of the explant (units) and the frequency of shoot formation (%) were evaluated. The results of the work – Cannabis sativa L. hypocotyls tissues with low frequency can form callus and without growth regulators in the medium. Using a single group of growth regulators (auxin or cytokinin) highest callus formation frequency obtained in the medium... [to full text]

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami sėjamosios kanapės eksplanto tipo ir maitinamosios terpės sudėties poveikio mofogenezei in vitro tyrimų rezultatai. Darbo objektas – sėjamosios kanapės stiebo ir lapkočio segmentai. Darbo metodai: Sėjamosios kanapės eksplantai auginti MS, B5 ir White maitinamosiose terpėse, papildytose įvairiais augimo reguliatorių deriniais. Vertintas kaliaus susiformavimo dažnis (%), ūglių susiformavimo dažnis (%) ir šaknų susiformavimo dažnis (%). Darbo rezultatai. Sėjamosios kanapės morfogenezės procesas didžiąja dalimi priklauso nuo bazinės maitinamosios terpės sudėties. Izoliuoti stiebo segmentai intensyviausiai kalių indukavo bazinėje B5 maitinamojoje terpėje, o lapkočio segmentai − B5 maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje 1,0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR arba 1,0 mg l-1 KIN + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR. Pridėtinių ūglių formavimasis intensyviausiai vyko bazinėje B5 maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje 1,0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR (iš stiebo segmento audinių) ir 1,0 mg l-1 KIN + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR (iš lapkočio audinių). Izoliuoti stiebo segmentai didžiausiu dažniu šaknis formavo B5 maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje 1,0 mg l-1 KIN + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR, o lapkočio segmentai − 1,0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0,5 mg l-1 NAR. Tirti stiebo segmentai pasižymėjo didesne geba formuoti kalių, pridėtinius ūglius ir šaknis nei izoliuoti lapkočio segmentai. / The master work presents the effect of explants type and medium composition on morphogenesis in vitro of hemp. Object of the research – stem segments and leafstalk of hemp. Research methods. To study hemp morphogenesis in vitro hypocotyls and leafstalk were used as explants. Explants were placed on MS, B5 and White media supplemented with different combinations of growth regulators. The percentage of callus formation, shoot induction and root formation were evaluated. Research results. The current study indicates that there is strong medium composition effect on morphogenesis in vitro of hemp. From tested media most intensive callus genesis was observed on B5 medium, but from leafstalk – on B5 medium with 1.0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA or 1.0 mg l-1 KIN + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. The growth regulators combination 1.0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA on B5 media was the most suitable for stem segments shoots induction while growth regulators combination 1.0 mg l-1 KIN + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA promoted the highest frequency of shoots induction from leafstalk segments. The highest root formation frequency was observed on the same basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 KIN + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA from stem segments, but from leafstalk – on B5 medium with 1.0 mg l-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. Generally, the stem segments exhibited a higher morphogenic response than leafstalk of hemp.

El cànem (Cannabis sativa L.) és un cultiu que desperta en l'actualitat un gran interès per ser font de múltiples productes industrials renovables i tenir el perfil adequat per ajudar a establir sistemes agrícoles sostenibles, a més de ser un cultiu respectuós amb el medi ambient. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és estudiar agronòmicament diferents aspectes el cànem. En particular es pretén: i) estudiar l'efecte d'algunes tècniques culturals (adob nitrogenat, dosi sembra i data collita, així com culti-var) en el creixement del cultiu i la producció del cànem i ii) quantificar el possible efecte beneficiós del cànem com a precedent cultural del blat. Es van dur a terme tres assaig de camp des de l'any 1995 al 1999 a Merlès (42o N, 1o 99' E; 525 m d'altitud; 700 mm), als secans frescals del nord-est d'Espanya on cànem i blat es cultiven habitualment en rotació, en un sòl franc-arenòs i bàsic (pH=8,2; M.O.=1,7%). La densitat de cultiu del cànem va decréixer entre naixença i collita, més intensament a mida que adob N i dosi de sembra van augmentar. La densitat a naixença i l'autoaclarida van variar amb l'any, fet que pot resultar en una fibra de qualitat variable en secà. Adob N i dosi de sembra van afectar el creixement, rendiment i partició de la biomassa. El rendiment de biomassa (8814 kg ha-1) es va incrementar amb el N, si bé la dosi N òptima va variar amb l'any i la collita (30-50 kg N ha-1) i va ser superior per al cultiu per a gra i fibra, respecte al cultiu només per a fibra. El rendiment de biomassa i gra va decréixer a l'augmentar la dosi de sembra, mentre que la proporció de tija a la biomassa i de fibra cortical a la tija es van incrementar, si bé no justifiquen l'ús de dosis elevades, i uns 30 kg llavor ha-1 serien adequats per a la producció de gra i fibra en les condicions de l'assaig. Les culti-vars espanyoles Delta 405 i Delta-Llosa van tenir un rendi-ment de gra superior a Futura77 (francesa), però no es van diferenciar per als altres paràmetres. La presència de plantes mascle va ser important (10-35%), malgrat tractar-se de cv. monoiques.El cànem seria un bon precedent per al blat. L'efecte rotació -increment de rendiment de gra del blat rere cànem respecte al blat monocultiu- va ser de 1368 kg ha-1(47%) de mitjana, el qual va sorgir de l'increment del número d'espigues m-2 i del pes de 1000 grans. L'efecte rotació es va estendre al segon any de blat rere cànem (156 kg ha-1) i es va esvair per al tercer any de blat rere cànem, on rotació i monocultiu van mostrar rendiments similars. L'efecte rotació va variar amb l'adobat aplicat al cànem precedent. No adobar-lo, o reduir-ne dràsticament la dosi N, va disminuir el rendiment del cànem, va limitar l'increment de rendiment del següent blat i no va reduir el N nítric residual en el sòl després de la collita del cànem, ni a filloleig ni després de la collita del següent blat. És a dir, el N nítric residual que va deixar el cànem no seria el responsable de l'efecte rotació, sinó que suggereix relacionar-se amb la quantitat de fulla caiguda al sòl, a través d'algun dels seus components, a més de l'augment de l'estabilitat dels agregats del sòl que va originar el cànem. Tanmateix, aquest treball no va permetre explicar completament com el cànem va incrementar el rendiment del blat. A diferència del blat, el cànem es va adaptar bé al monocultiu, ja que va mostrar resultats similars al cànem en rotació.Es conclou que el cànem és un cultiu apropiat per als secans frescals, donat que va ser un bon precedent del blat, la producció de fibra va ser força estable i va destacar per tenir un rendiment de gra superior al que obtenen al centre i nord d'Europa, a més de no necessitar fitosanitaris i ajudar a suprimir les males herbes. I més en uns moments en què es parla de sostenibilitat, de rotacions de cultius i de reducció de fitosanitaris. No obstant, encara queda molt per investigar, com per exemple el motiu de l'increment de rendiment del blat rere cànem i si es poden obtenir culti-vars de cànem més ben adaptades a les condicions Mediterrànies. / El cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L) es un cultivo que despierta gran interés en la actualidad por ser fuente de múltiples productos industriales renovables y tener el perfil adecuado para ayudar a establecer sistemas agrícolas sostenibles, siendo un cultivo respetuoso con el medio ambiente. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar agronómicamente diferentes aspectos del cáñamo. En particular se pretende: i) estudiar el efecto de algunas técnicas culturales (abono nitrogenado, dosis siembra y fecha cosecha, así como cultivar) en el desarrollo del cultivo y la producción del cáñamo y ii) cuantificar el posible efecto beneficioso del cáñamo como precedente cultural del trigo. Se llevaron a cabo tres ensayos de campo desde el año 1995 al 1999 en Merlès (Barcelona; 42º N, 1º 99' E; 525 m altitud; 700 mm), en los secanos frescales del nordeste de España donde cáñamo y trigo se cultivan habitualmente en rotación, en un suelo franco-arenoso y básico (pH= 8,2; M.O.=1,7%). La densidad de cultivo del cáñamo disminuyó entre la nascencia y la cosecha, de forma más intensa al aumentar la dosis de N y de siembra. La densidad a nascencia y el autoaclareo variaron con el año, lo que puede resultar en una fibra de calidad variable en secano. Abono N y dosis de siembra afectaron al crecimiento, rendimiento y partición de la biomasa. El rendimiento de biomasa (8814 kg ha-1) se incrementó con el abono N, aunque la dosis óptima varió con el año y el momento de la cosecha (30-150 kg N ha-1) y fue superior para el cultivo para grano y fibra, respecto al cultivo solo para fibra. El rendimiento de biomasa y grano decreció al aumentar la dosis de siembra, mientras que la proporción de tallo en la biomasa y de fibra cortical en el tallo incrementaron, si bien no justifican el uso de dosis de siembra elevadas, y unos 30 kg semilla ha-1 serían adecuados para la producción de grano y fibra en las condiciones del ensayo. Los cultivares españoles Delta 405 y Delta-Llosa presentaron un rendi-miento de grano superior a Futura 77 (francesa), pero no se diferenciaron para el resto de parámetros. La presencia de plantas macho fue importante (10-35%), a pesar de ser cultivares monoicos.El cáñamo sería un buen precedente para el trigo. El efecto rotación -incremento de rendimiento de grano de trigo después de cáñamo respecto al trigo monocultivo- fue de 1368 kg ha-1 (47%) de media, el cual surgió del incremento del número de espigas m-2 y del peso de 1000 granos. El efecto rotación se extendió al segundo año de trigo después de cáñamo (156 kg ha-1) y desapareció para el tercer año de trigo después de cáñamo, donde rotación y monocultivo presentaron rendimientos similares. El efecto rotación varió con el abono aplicado al cáñamo precedente. No abonarlo, o reducir drásticamente la dosis de N, disminuyó el rendimiento del cáñamo, limitó el incremento del rendimiento del siguiente trigo y no disminuyó el N nítrico residual en el suelo después de la cosecha del cáñamo, ni en el ahijado ni después de la cosecha del siguiente trigo. O sea, el N nítrico residual que deja el cáñamo no sería el responsable del efecto rotación, sino que sugiere estar relacionado con la cantidad de hoja caída al suelo, a través de alguno de sus componentes, además del aumento de la estabilidad de los agregados del suelo que originó el cáñamo. Sin embargo, este trabajo no permitió explicar completamente como el cáñamo incrementó el rendimiento del trigo. A diferencia del trigo, el cáñamo se adaptó bien al monocultivo, dado que mostró resultados similares al cáñamo en rotación.Se concluye que el cáñamo es un cultivo apropiado para los secanos frescales, ya que fue un buen precedente del trigo, la producción de fibra fue bastante estable y tuvo un rendimiento de grano superior al que obtienen en el centro y norte de Europa, además de no necesitar fitosani-tarios y ayudar a suprimir malas hierbas. Y más aún en estos momentos en los que se habla de sostenibilidad, de rotaciones de cultivos y de reducción de fitosanitarios. No obstante, aún queda mucho por investigar, como por ejemplo el motivo del incremento de rendimiento del trigo y si se pueden obtener cultivares de cáñamo mejor adaptados a las condiciones mediterráneas. / Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently awakening great interest as a source of many renewable industrial products with a suitable profile to fit into sustainable farming systems, being an environmentally friendly crop. The main aim of this thesis was to study some hemp features agronomically. The specific objectives were: i) to study the effect of some cultural techniques (nitrogen fertilization, seeding rate, harvest date and cultivar) on crop development and hemp production and ii) to quantify the possible beneficial effect of hemp as a cultural precedent to wheat. Three field trials were carried out between 1995 and 1999 in Merlès (420 N, 10 99' E; 525 m above sea level; 700 mm average rainfall) in rainfed Temperate Mediterranean areas of northeastern Spain, where hemp and wheat are traditionally grown in rotation, in a sandy-loam, basic soil (pH=8.2; O.M.=1.7%).Plant density of hemp decreased between emergence and harvest especially when N dose and seeding rate increased. Plant density at emergence and self-thinning varied according to the year, which may result in a variable fibre quality under rainfed conditions. N fertilization and seeding rate affected growth, and yield and partitioning of biomass dry matter. The biomass yield (8814 kg ha-1) increased with N fertilizer, although the optimum N rate varied with the year and harvest date (30-150 kg N ha-1) and was higher when hemp was grown for seed and fibre rather than fibre alone. Both biomass and grain yield decreased when seeding rate increased, while proportion of stem in the biomass and bark fibre in the stem increased. Nevertheless, this does not justify using high seeding rates and about 30 kg seed ha-1 should be adequate for seed and fibre production. The Spanish cultivars Delta 405 and Delta-Llosa produced higher seed yield than Futura 77 (French), but no significant differences were found for other parameters. The male plants ratio was important (10-35%) although cultivars used are monoecious.Hemp is a good precedent for wheat. The rotation effect, expressed as the increase in grain yield of wheat after hemp compared to wheat monoculture, was 1368 kg ha-1 (47%) on average, which came from an increase in the number of spikes m-2 and from 1000 kernel weight. The rotation effect extended to a second year of wheat after hemp (156 kg ha-1) and disappeared in the third year of wheat after hemp, where rotation and monoculture showed similar yields. The rotation effect varied with the fertilizer applied to hemp. Non-fertilizing or drastically reducing the N rate applied to hemp decreased hemp yield, limited the yield of the following wheat and did not reduce residual soil NO3- after hemp harvest, at tillering or after the harvest of the following wheat. Thus, the residual soil NO3- left by hemp should not be responsible for the rotation effect, but seems to be related to the amount of leaf left in the soil through some of its components, apart from the increase in the stability of soil aggregates caused by hemp. However, this study did not allow a complete explanation of how hemp increased the yield of wheat. Unlike wheat, hemp proved to be well adapted to monoculture, since no significant differences with hemp rotation were found.It is concluded that hemp is a suitable crop for the rainfed Temperate Mediterranean areas as it was an excellent precedent to wheat, the production of fibre was quite stable and it gave higher grain yields than those obtained in the centre and north of Europe, moreover, hemp does not need biocides and helps to suppress weeds. It is even more appropriate nowadays when it is agreed that farming systems should become more sustainable, using appropriate crop rotations and applying less biocides. Nevertheless, there is still much research to be done, such as the cause of the increase in wheat yield after hemp and whether it is possible to obtain hemp cultivars better adapted to Mediterranean conditions.

This thesis is focused on analysis of genetic variability of Cannabis sativa L. and sequencing of the candidate genome sequences in selected varieties of Cannabis. In total there were 28 genotypes of hemp were analyzed with 23 microsatellite markers.107 alleles were found whose size ranged from 100 to 360 bp. Uniform marker was detected (CAN1660). The diversity index (DI), the polymorphic information content (PIC) and the probability of identity (PI) were calculated for every microsatellite marker. Similarity dendrogram was constructed on base of statistical evaluation. The specific primer for the patrial sequences of cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDA) gene and the specific complete for the sequences of tethrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCA) gene were used for the sequences study. Gained sequences were compared by BLAST. Most sequences had 100% match with sequences in the available databases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the sequences of CBDA synthase. One sequences that did not belong to the genus Cannabis was detected. All obtained sequences will be inserted into the NCBI database and access number will be assigned.

<p>U okviru ovog rada izvr&scaron;eno je ispitivanje različitih procesa ekstrakcije herbe industrijske konoplje. Za ekstrakciju određenih bioaktivnih jedinjenja primenjene su klasične tehnike ekstrakcije, maceracija i Soxhlet ekstrakcija, dok su od savremenih metoda primenjene ultrazvučna ekstrakcija, mikrotalasna ekstrakcija, ekstrakcija vodom u subkritičnom stanju i ekstrakcija ugljendioksidom u superkritičnom stanju. Praćenjem uticaja ulaznih promenjivih (procesnih parametara) na odabrane izlazne promenjive (sadržaj bioaktivnih jedinjenja ili antioksidativnu aktivnost) za svaku tehniku ekstrakcije pojedinačno utvrđeni su optimalni uslovi ekstrakcije. Nakon izvr&scaron;enog poređenja odabrana je najadekvatnija tehnika ekstrakcije za pripremu tečnog ekstrakta koji će biti transformisan u suvi ekstrakt primenom metode su&scaron;enja raspr&scaron;ivanjem. Prilikom dobijanja suvog ekstrakta ispitan je uticaj različite koncentracije nosača na kvalitet ekstrakata i efikasnost su&scaron;enja. Dobijeni ekstrakti su okarakterisani u pogledu fizičkih i hemijskih osobina. Sadržaj kanabinoida u tečnim ekstraktima suve herbe industrijske konoplje ispitanih u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je bio u opsegu od 0,4314 mg/mL CBD-a i 0,0364 mg/mL THC-a (u optimalnom ekstraktu dobijenom maceracijom) do 1,0420 mg/mL CBD-a i 0,0430 mg/mL THC-a (u optimalnom ekstraktu dobijenom mikrotalasnom ekstrakcijom). U ekstraktima koji su nepolarnog karaktera i koji su dobijeni primenom Soxhlet ekstrakcije sadržaj CBD-a i THC-a je bio 64,40 i 2,90 mg/g, dok je primenom superkritične ekstrakcije dobijen sadržaj CBD-a i THC-a u opsegu od 76,1193 do 163,1111 mg/g i od 4,1746 do 6,5803 mg/g. Tečni ekstrakti dobijeni primenom vode i etanola kao ekstragensa bili su bogati flavonoidima i fenolima, a utvrđeno je i da imaju značajnu antioksidativnu aktivnost, dok su ekstrakti dobijeni Soxhlet ekstrakcijom i ekstrakcijom ugljendioksidom u superkritičnom stanju bili bogati lipofilnim jedinjenjima i terpenima. Ovako dobijeni ekstrakti predstavljaju visokovredne proizvode koji imaju veliki potencijal za upotrebu u farmaceutskoj industriji.</p> / <p>Various extraction processes of the aerial parts of industrial hemp were examined. From classic extractions, maceration and Soxhlet extraction were applied, while from novel methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, subcritical water extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were applied. By monitoring the influence of the input variables on the selected output variables for each extraction, the optimal extraction conditions were determined separately. After a comparison of all the extraction processes tested, microwave-assisted extraction was selected to prepare the liquid extract for spray drying. The effect of different carrier concentrations was examined during the preparation of the dry extract. The extracts obtained were characterized in terms of physical and chemical properties. The content of cannabinoids in liquid extracts of dry Cannabis sativa herba examined ranged from 0.4314 mg/mL for CBD and 0.0364 mg/mL for THC in the optimum extract obtained by maceration to 1.0420 mg/mL for CBD and 0.0430 mg/mL for THC in the optimum extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction. The CBD and THC content in extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction was 64.4000 mg/mL and 2.9000 mg/mL, respectively, while the highest content of CBD and THC in the supercritical carbon dioxide extract was 163.11 and 6.5803 mg/g. In addition to cannabinoids, the liquid extracts obtained were rich in phenols and flavonoids, and have considerable antioxidant activity, while the extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide were rich in lipophilic compounds and terpenes. The extracts mentioned above are high value products which have great potential for implementation in the pharmaceutical industry.</p>

Les procédés industriels de transformation des grandes productions végétales génèrent des quantités importantes de coproduits qui peuvent très souvent trouver une valorisation en tant que sources de molécules à valeur ajoutée pour l'agrochimie. Les travaux de thèse se polarisent sur une matière première originale : le chanvre (Cannabis sativa L.), plante riche en une lignine particulière, de caractéristiques différentes de celle du bois et beaucoup plus accessible. Le procédé de défibrage du chanvre (Cannabis sativa L.) génère 30% de fibres pour 70% de co-produits lignocellulosiques : chènevotte (50%) et poudre organique (20%) lesquels ont été étudiés ici comme sources potentielles d'acides hydroxycinnamiques (AHC) tels que les acides férulique (AF) et p-coumarique (ApC). Leur répartition structurale dans la matrice lignocellulosique a été évaluée analytiquement par hydrolyses séquencées. L'AF est majoritairement éthérifié à la structure lignocellulosique, et ce pour les deux matières, tandis que l'ApC est principalement sous forme estérifiée dans la poudre organique et lie en proportions équivalentes par des liaisons ester et éther dans la chènevotte. Le fractionnement des coproduits du chanvre pour l'obtention d'extraits et raffinats performants en acides phénoliques a été étudié par extraction assistée par micro-ondes et extraction thermo-mécano-chimique en extrudeur bi-vis. Ces méthodes ont toutes deux permis d'intensifier l'extraction des AHC. Pour la chènevotte, un solvant hydro-alcoolique alcalin conduit aux rendements optimaux en ApC en réacteur micro-ondes et en AF par extrusion bi-vis tandis que, pour la poudre organique, ce même solvant est le plus efficace pour extraire les deux acides phénoliques par extrusion bi-vis. L'enrichissement en AHC des extraits par adsorption sur différents solides microporeux a été étudié. La zéolithe *BEA (beta) a démontré un fort potentiel tant pour l'adsorption d'AHC de solutions modèles que pour ceux contenus dans les extraits issus des schémas de fractionnement. / The industrial transformation of common cultivated crops generates significant amounts of by-products that can often be valorized as a source of value- added molecules for biochemistry. The present work focuses on an original raw material: hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), rich in a particularly, more accessible, lignin having different characteristics than that of wood. Hemp defibering process (Cannabis sativa L.) generates 30% fibers and 70% lignocellulosic by-products: hemp shives (50%) and hemp dust (20%) which were studied in this work as a potential source of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) such as ferulic (FA) and p-coumaric (pCA) acids. Their structural distribution in the lignocellulosic matrix was analytically evaluated by multistage hydrolysis. FA is mostly etherified to the lignocellulosic structure, while pCA is mainly esterified in hemp dust and equally bound through ester and ether linkages in hemp shives. Biorefinery of hemp by-products, to obtain extracts and raffinates which are rich in phenolic acids, was studied by using microwave-assisted extraction and thermo-mechano-chemical extraction using twin-screw extruder. Both methods have helped to intensify the extraction of HCA. For hemp shives, alkaline-hydro alcoholic solvent lead to the optimum yields of pCA by microwave extraction and of FA by twin-screw extrusion, while for hemp dust, the same solvent is the most effective for the extraction of both phenolic acids using twin-screw extraction. The enrichment of HCA extracts by adsorption on different microporous solids has been investigated. The zeolite *BEA (beta) showed a high potential of HCA adsorption from both model solutions and extracts obtained from fractionation.

This diploma thesis deals with fractionation of protein from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) meal according to their solubility of the hemp varieties - Fedora 17 and Uso 31. The content of nitrogenous substances and protein content in the hemp meal of these studied varieties ranged from 23,6 % (Uso 31) to 31,5 % (Fedora 17) and from 100,1 mg.g-1 (Uso 31) to 130,7 mg.g-1 respectively. The fractionation of hemp protein (Fedora 17, Uso 31) confirmed that the main hemp protein fraction is an albumin fraction, with its relative abundance - 20,5 % of protein. As a next step, the spectra of hemp proteins were determined. The use SDS-PAGE analysis revealed albumin proteins in area of 7,4 53,6 kDa. In the globulin fraction was revealed by SDS-PAGE basic subunits of the major protein edestin in the area 19-21 kDa and acidic subunits in the area 34 kDa.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19379号 / 農博第2149号 / 新制||農||1037(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4959(農学部図書室) / 32393 / 新制||農||1037 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 髙野 俊幸, 教授 杉山 淳司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in securing a more sustainable livelihood for the world's growing population. An expanded cultivation of multifunctional and environmentally smart crops like industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can thus be part of the solution in meeting the increasingly high demands of sustainable development. However, earlier research indicates that the global cultivation of industrial hemp is hindered, and that hemp is an underutilized resource relative to its potential benefits. During the 20th century hemp cultivation was banned in large parts of the world. Sweden lifted the ban in 2003, later than most other European countries. In 2017, Swedish hemp cultivation was by far one of the smallest in the European Union. This study thus aims to analyze the position of industrial hemp in Sweden – by using the theoretical framework of political ecology – to investigate which social and societal structures and processes that dictates the access to and the control of industrial hemp in Sweden today. A historical analysis of power relations as well as ideological and cultural contexts – with significance for the cultivation of hemp – is done to make the relationship between Cannabis sativa L. and Swedish society appear more clearly. The material for the analysis has been collected through a literature search and qualitative method using in-depth interviews with Swedish authorities and a national hemp association. The study discusses the relationship between hemp and human society, which is found to be characterized by a complex interconnectedness.  Furthermore, the study shows that Swedish industrial hemp production is negatively affected by, among other things, cultivation bans, strict regulations, government controls, drug conservatism, and group as well as state conformity. Through a more progressive policy, industrial hemp is expected to become a positive contributing factor to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and to a growing fossil-free bio-based industry.