EU electricity markets are facing fundamental challenges as a result of the EU goal to increase the share of the renewable energy sources. This policy negatively influences profitability of the conventional producers known theoretically as "missing money" problem. As the conventional plants are crucial to offset the variability of renewable, this policy puts the stability of the whole grid at risk in long-term under the current electricity market design. The thesis tests and confirms the hypothesis that there is currently a "missing money" effect on the German energy market through a dynamic programming model. Secondly, three types of the capacity remuneration mechanisms (CRMs) are implemented (capacity payments, strategic reserve and capacity auction) in order to deal with "missing money" which mostly eliminates the missing money problem depending on the setting. The most effective CRM seems be the capacity auction model as the price is set dynamically by the market players and not arbitrarily by central regulator. The thesis further supports the creation of the demand flexibility scheme due to the expected low costs. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

[pt] Com a modificação estrutural do setor de produção, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil, serviços caracterizados como ancilares, que sempre foram oferecidos de forma integrada com o fornecimento de energia elétrica, sem que fossem remunerados especificamente, devem hoje ser tratados e remunerados de forma independente. A necessidade de otimizar custos, em função dos novos ambientes comerciais, muitas vezes competitivos, tem feito com que os agentes geradores vejam o fornecimento de reserva de potência operativa e a regulação de freqüência como novas oportunidades de prestação de serviços. Com isto, novos custos e responsabilidades foram criadas, o que reforça a necessidade de remuneração desses serviços ancilares. Devem-se valorizar os benefícios por eles agregados ao sistema elétrico, representados pelo aumento da confiabilidade e da qualidade da energia. Assim, questões que merecem ser tratadas cuidadosamente são a determinação dos preços a serem pagos pelos consumidores pelos serviços, a determinação correta da participação de cada agente e a necessidade de mecanismos justos de distribuição dos recursos financeiros recebidos por estes serviços entre os agentes que realmente os forneceram. Neste trabalho desenvolve-se uma estrutura de remuneração dos serviços de reservas operativas e regulação de freqüência, baseada no benefício por eles determinado, premiando-se a eficiência e permitindo-se a recuperação dos custos incorridos. Através de estudos de casos com dados reais verifica-se a consistência da proposta de remuneração, comparando os seus resultados com valores já praticados, e analisando o seu impacto sobre as atuais tarifas de energia elétrica. / [en] Nowadays, with the structural modification of the electric energy industry around the world, including in Brazil, services characterised as ancillary, that always were offered bundled with energy supply, without specific remuneration, should be dealt with independently. The need for cost optimisation, caused by the new commercial environment, sometimes competitive, has made the generating agents to understand operating reserves and frequency regulation as a new opportunity of providing services. Furthermore, new costs and obligations have been created, thus reinforcing the need for these ancillary services to be remunerated. It is necessary to recognise the benefits aggregated to the electric system by ancillary services, represented by improvement of reliability and energy quality. In this way, issues that deserve to be carefully treated are i) the prices to be paid by consumers, ii) the participation of each agent that really provided the service, and iii) the fairness of the mechanism for distribution of the financial resources among the providers. In this work it is developed a structure for the remuneration of operating reserves and frequency regulation, based on the benefit of this services, awarding efficiency and allowing the recuperation of incurred costs. Through study-cases with actual data, it is verified the consistency of the proposal, by comparing its results with values in practice, and by analysing its impact over current electric energy tariffs.