Permeability is that physical property of a porous medium that controls the flow of fluids through that medium. The flow of methane and water may be induced by the excavation of a mine opening in methane-bearing strata. Methane flow into a mine opening constitutes one of the biggest hazards in the coal mining industry. It is poisonous to humans and can ignite at concentrations as low as 5 % per volume and create explosions in the presence of coal dust from mining. If the flow of methane and/or water into the mine opening becomes blocked by an impervious layer, excessive pressures may develop, particularly in the roof strata of the mined seam, which can lead to roof falls. In order to characterize the flow of methane and water into and around the openings in a mine, that was plagued by roof falls suspected of being the result of excessive fluid pressure build-up, a large scale laboratory investigation of the permeability of the roof sediments of the working coal seam in the area was undertaken. The permeability was measured under atmospheric conditions by means of a modified Ohle permeameter, and under triaxial conditions with the aid of a modified Hoek cell. The permeability of the sediments towards methane and water was measured. Nitrogen was used as a control because it is much less reactive than methane towards the sediments used in this project. It was found that the permeability decreases with increasing gas pressure, in the case of gas being the permeating fluid, and increased with increasing water pressure, in the case of water being the permeating fluid. In some instances anomalous plots of permeability versus reciprocal mean gas pressure were obtained. These were attributed to the effects of methane adsorption or the Klinkenberg effect, and a possible method to determine which of the two processes is dominant is discussed. To characterize the flow in the roof strata of the coal seam being mined, the permeability was correlated to fades type. The different fades types were numbered from 1 to 14 with increasing grain size for ease of correlation. Due to the variable nature of the sediments, even in a fades type, no single permeability could be obtained for a fades type. Instead permeability ranges were obtained for each fades type. The definition of the lower and upper limits for each range were found to be dependant on the number of tests done on samples for that fades type. Nonetheless a relationship of increasing permeability with increasing grain size was found in the coarser grained fades (facies type 8 and higher). For the fIner grained fades types the permeability was found to decrease with increase in grain size. A graph could be constructed for use in predicting possible hazardous zones by identifying the fades type and then reading the permeability range that can be expected off the graph. Due to the variable nature of the sediments, the graph is, at this time, only applicable to the areas where the samples were obtained. A permeability prediction graph for all localities would be an ideal but is beyond the scope of this project. Such a graph, and the methods discussed have a wide range of applications in the coal mining and methane gas exploitation industries. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.

The stratigraphy and sedimentology of Mesozoic carbonate platform-margins cropping out in southern Italy are investigated. New strati graphic data are presented from northern and eastern slopes of the Apennine carbonate platform, based on locallycorrelated field sections. Thin-section petrography is used to demonstrate the spatial and temporal distribution of derived lithoclasts. Results indicate that southern Apennine platforms underwent repeated erosion during Cretaceous time and possible reasons for this are discussed. Petrographic studies also provided outline sediment parageneses for slopes and platforms, with special reference to the detailed geochemistry of secondary dolomite formation on the eastern margin of the Apulian platform, whose growth is indicated by proton microprobe microanalysis to have been influenced by redox changes. The sedimentary facies and sediment geometries of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary slope sediments mapped in the Frosolone area are discussed in a case-study. Cross-sections showing geometries of key beds are presented, and depositional controls are discussed. Outcrop data suggest an Early to Middle Jurassic age of basin formation of this sector of the Lagonegro-Molise basin. A further case study from the Mesozoic slope in the Gran Sasso shows sediment geometries at reflection seismic scale, and relates them to possible depositional control by relative sea-level fluctuations. Finally, data from southern Apennine platforms and basins are combined in a tentative sequence stratigraphic framework for the Middle Cretaceous. The results of onedimensional subsidence modelling are presented in order to separate and describe the signals of local tectonics and relative sea-level fluctuations affecting the southern passive-margin of Mesozoic Tethys.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, 1987. / Col. folded map in pocket of v. 1. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial das imagens do sensor ASTER, utilizando a região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (SWIR), para discriminação espectral de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes na região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, complementando produtos existentes de mapeamento geológico. As rochas carbonáticas servem de matéria-prima para produção de cimento, que atualmente apresenta forte demanda dado o crescimento de obras civis devido à expansão da infraestrutura do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este crescimento no consumo oferece desafios às companhias produtoras, tornando-se de vital importância a identificação de novas áreas para exploração de insumos para a indústria civil. Neste sentido, o carbonato tem sofrido grande pressão com relação a sua produção pois é a principal matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do cimento. Imagens do sensor Aster vem sendo utilizadas na área da geologia com êxito, discriminando litologias e minerais como quartzo, óxido de ferro e calcita. Na região do intervalo de ondas entre 2,235-2,285 μm e 2,295-2,365 μm , as bandas 7 e 8 do sensor ASTER na região do SWIR, mostram-se adequadas para a identificação de minerais de calcita e dolomita. Como metodologia, foram aplicadas as técnicas de razões de bandas para separação de calcários e dolomitos e para a classificação espectral, foi utilizada a técnica SAM. Tornou-se como referência para a classificação espectral amostras de áreas de rochas carbonáticas aflorantes e espectros da biblioteca espectral da USGS. As classificações espectrais obtiveram resultados significativos na discriminação espectral das áreas carbonáticas, no entanto as técnicas de razões de bandas não obtiveram resultados suficientes para a discriminação de calcários e dolomitos. Para trabalhos futuros sugere-se a realização de trabalho de campo para a coleta de espectros, através da espectrorradiometria dos afloramentos dos carbonatos. / This work had as main objective to evaluate the potential of ASTER images using the region of shortwave infrared (SWIR), for spectral discrimination of carbonate rocks outcropping in the northwestern part of the State of Rio de Janeiro region, complementing existing products geological mapping . The carbonate rocks serve as raw material for cement production, which currently presents strong demand given the growth of civil works due to the expansion of the State of Rio de Janeiro's infrastructure. This growth in consumption offers challenges to production companies, making it vitally important to identify new areas for exploration of inputs for civil industry. In this sense, the carbonate has undergone great pressure with respect to its production as it is the main raw material used in cement production. Aster images sensor is being used in the field of geology successfully discriminating lithologies and minerals such as quartz, iron oxide and calcite. In the interval between waves from 2.235 to 2.285 m and 2.295 to 2.365 μm region, the bands 7 and 8 in the ASTER SWIR region are adequate for identifying minerals calcite and dolomite. As a methodology, techniques of reasons for separation of bands of limestones and dolomites and the spectral classification were applied, the SAM technique was used. Became as reference samples for the spectral classification of areas of outcropping carbonate rocks and spectra from the USGS spectral library. The spectral classifications obtained significant results in the spectral discrimination of the carbonate areas, however the techniques of reasons bands did not achieve sufficient results for the discrimination of limestones and dolomites. For future work is suggested to conduct fieldwork to collect spectra by spectroradiometry outcrops of carbonates

Orientadores: Sandro Guedes de Oliveira, Lúcia Duarte Dillon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T17:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abreu_ElitaSelmarade_M.pdf: 3986219 bytes, checksum: 3254aa4fe691af01904819c1fb348ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O principal propósito dessa dissertação é estudar modelos de meio efetivo de física de rochas que conecte as propriedades petrofísicas e as propriedades elásticas, assim como a sua aplicação na investigação dessas propriedades em rochas carbonáticas. Inicialmente será feita uma introdução a alguns modelos de física de rochas para meio efetivo, conhecidos como modelo de Voigt-Reuss-Hill, modelo de Kuster & Toksöz, modelo Diferencial de Meio Efetivo e relação de Gassmann, com objetivo de estabelecer os parâmetros que serão medidos e utilizados no desenvolver do trabalho. Após essa parte introdutória, baseado no modelo de Xu-Payne, foram realizadas uma série de análises de atributos geométricos, como a distribuição de tipos de poros, obtidas através de lâminas petrográficas com intuito de descrever a correlação entre as propriedades petrofísicas e elásticas e assim poder calibrar o modelo teórico utilizado na predição dessas propriedades. Dessa forma, o modelo calibrado passa a desempenhar um papel mais condizente com o sistema poroso da rocha permitindo uma melhor correlação entre os parâmetros elásticos e petrofísicos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a utilização da informação de lâminas petrográficas, na parametrização do modelo, torna o método mais robusto na predição e conexão das propriedades elásticas e petrofísicas de rochas carbonáticas, tornando confiável a mudança de escala rocha-perfil, bem como possibilitando a predição qualitativa de propriedade permo-porosas a partir da velocidade da rocha / Abstract: The main purpose of this dissertation is to study rock physics effective models that connect the petrophysics and elastic properties as well as its application on the investigation of these properties on carbonate rocks. Firstly, we make an introduction to some rock physics of effective models as: Voig-Reuss-Hill, Kuster&Toksöz, Differential Effective Medium, Gassmann¿s Relation, aiming at establishing the parameters that will be measured and used latter. After this introductory part and based on the Xu-Payne model, several geometric factors analysis was done like pore types distribution, obtained by thin sections, with the intention of describing the correlation between the petrophysics and elastic properties. In this way, the model becomes more compatible with the rock porous medium, allowing a better correlation between the petrophysics and elastic parameters. Our results show that using the thin section information on the model parametrization, the predictability and connectivity of petrophysics and elastic properties applied to carbonate rocks become more robust, making trustable the upscale rock-well log and also enabling the permo-porosity properties prediction, in a qualitative way, through the velocity measurements / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física

Avec l’augmentation de la pression de confinement, le comportement mécanique des calcairespasse d’un comportement fragile à un comportement ductile. Le régime fragile estcaractérisé par une compaction élastique suivie d’une dilatance macroscopique due à despropagations de fissures. Lorsque les fissures coalescent, la rupturemacroscopique est reliéeà une chute de contrainte. Le régime ductile est caractérisé par une compaction élastiquesuivie d’une déformation macroscopique diffuse. La déformation est accommodée par uneplasticité intracristalline (dislocations, macles) et/ou une fracturation des grains. L’objectif decette thèse est d’examiner expérimentalement les paramètres influant sur le comportementmécanique des calcaires de porosité intermédiaire et de modéliser ce comportement. Lesexpériences ont été réalisées sur le calcaire de Tavel (porosité de 14.7%). / The mechanical behaviour of limestones is brittle at low confining pressure and becomesductile with the increase of the confining pressure. The brittle behaviour is characterisedby a macroscopic dilatancy due to crack propagation, leading to a stress drop when crackscoalesce at failure. The ductile behaviour is characterised by a a diffuse deformation due tointra-crystalline plasticity (dislocation movements and twinning) and microcracking. The aimof this work is to examine the influence of temperature, pore fluid, strain rate, and time onthe mechanical behaviour. Triaxial deformation experiments were performed on white Tavellimestone (porosity 14.7%). The macroscopic behaviour is then modelled.Constant strain rate triaxial deformation experiments and stress-stepping creep experimentswere performed. Elastic wave velocities were inverted in term of axial crack densities. Themechanical behaviour is brittle for constant strain rate deformation experiments performed atPc · 55 MPa. In this case, inelastic deformation is due to cracks propagation. For Pc ¸ 70 MPa,elastic compaction is followed by an inelastic compaction. Porosity collapse is due to intracrystallineplasticity and micro-cracking. After some inelastic compaction, volumetric strainturns to dilatancy because crack nucleate at dislocation pile-ups and their contribution to thestrain becomes predominant compared to plastic pore collapse. In the brittle regime, watersaturationdecreases the differential stress at the onset of crack propagation and enhancesmacroscopic dilatancy. Temperature decreases the confining pressure at the brittle-semibrittle(ductile) transition. A model describing the macroscopic behaviour is derived from (1) a crackpropagation law, (2) a plasticity law for a porous medium, and (3) a law for nucleation of newscracks due to local dislocation pile-ups. The model predicts the volumetric strain, the stresstensor, and the evolution of damage, as a function of applied deformation. Theoretical resultsare in good agreement with experimental observations.

D.Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Les carbonates microporeux sont caractérisés par une importante hétérogénéité de faciès (texture, composition) qui se traduit généralement par une très grande variation des (1) propriétés physiques (porosité, perméabilité, vitesses acoustiques), et (2) du comportement mécanique. Ces hétérogénéités rendent souvent difficile les prédictions en termes de stockage géologique, de qualité de porosité ou perméabilité des réservoirs d'eau souterraine ou d'hydrocarbures lors de l'exploration ou production. Cette étude intégrée apporte de nouveaux éléments de réflexion quant aux facteurs de contrôles microstructuraux sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des roches carbonatées microporeuses.(1) Une centaine d'échantillons de carbonates a été prélevée tous les 2m environ le long du forage EST205 au niveau de la plate-forme oxfordienne de Meuse/Haute-Marne. Un objectif appliqué de ce travail, vise à mieux contraindre les variations verticales des propriétés pétrophysiques et pétrographiques qui régissent en grande partie les circulations aquifères actuelles dans cette formation. D'un point de vue fondamental, un résultat majeur est la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de rock-typing pour les réservoirs microporeux, et l'établissement d'un lien entre matrice micritique et les propriétés physiques. Les propriétés de transport (perméabilité, conductivité électrique) sont grandement influencées par la réduction ou l'augmentation progressive de la microporosité intercristalline selon le type de matrice micritique considéré. L'augmentation des vitesses d'ondes acoustiques peut être vue comme le reflet d'une cimentation progressive des particules de micrites, qui rend l'ensemble de la matrice plus rigide et cohérente. La dispersion des valeurs de vitesses est expliquée grâce à la théorie de la poroélasticité. Les calculs réalisés avec les équations de Biot-Gassmann [Biot, 1956 ; Gassmann, 1951] mettent en évidence une population de microcracks (crack porosity), qui affecte les vitesses de propagation des ondes. Enfin, une origine possible des niveaux poreux oxfordiens est une dissolution précoce des particules de micrites via la circulation d'eau météorique sous saturée par rapport à la calcite, lors de courtes phases d'émersion de la plate-forme.(2) La vitesse de propagation des ondes P dans la formation de l'Oolithe Blanche (Grainstone Oolithique, Jurassique Moyen, Basin de Paris) est très largement contrôlée par la structure de l'espace poreux (porosité annulaire ou uniforme dans les grains ; Type A) et par la présence ou l'absence d'un ciment isopaque autour des grains (Type B) (Makhloufi et al., 2013 ; Casteleyn et al., 2010, 2011). Plusieurs essais de déformation triaxiale ont été réalisées sur des échantillons de Type A et B afin d'investiguer le rôle de telles microstructures sur la réponse mécanique des roches carbonatées poreuses. Cette étude est essentielle à la compréhension générale de l'Oolithe Blanche, qui présente un fort potentiel géothermique et représente une cible potentielle pour la séquestration de CO2.Les échantillons comparés présentent des textures et faciès équivalent (porportion de ciment de blocage, granulométrie), ainsi que des propriétés pétrophysiques très similaire (porosité, perméabilité) ; afin que le paramètre microstructural soit le seul à varier.Deux comportements distincts sont mis en évidence :Type A: les échantillons avec une microporosité uniforme dans les grains ont un comportement ductile, tandis que les échantillons à porosité annulaire sont caractéristiques du domaine fragile.Type B: les échantillons avec des ciments isopaques autour des grains ont un comportement fragile. En revanche, les échantillons dépourvu de tels ciments présentent un comportement mécanique relevant plus du domaine ductile.Ces résultats montrent que les structures de porosité et les ciments jouent un rôle important sur la réponse mécanique des roches carbonatées microporeuses. / This integrated study provides significant insight into parameters controlling (1) the acoustic and reservoir properties of microporous limestone and (2) the mechanical behavior of such rocks. This work improves the knowledge of the relationships among rock physic and rock mechanic on one hand, and the microstructural content on the other hand.(1) Petrophysical properties measured from laboratory and logging tools (porosity, permeability, electrical conductivity and acoustic properties) have been coupled with thin section and SEM observations on the EST205 borehole from the Oxfordian limestone aquifer of the Eastern part of the Paris Basin. A major achievement is the establishment of the link between micrite microtexture types (particle morphology and nature of inter-crystal contacts) and the physical response. Fluid-flow properties are enhanced by the progressive augmentation of intercrystalline microporosity and associated pore throat diameter, as the coalescence of micrite particle decreases between relatively coarser tight morphologies and microporous morphologies. The slow increase of P-wave velocity can be seen as a reflection of crystal size and growing contact cementation leading to a more cohesive and stiffer micrite microtexture. By applying poroelasticity theory on our samples, we show that velocity dispersion can be a very useful tool for data discrimination in carbonates. Finally, a possible origin of high porous levels in neritic limestones is a mineralogical dissolution of carbonates through freshwater-related diagenesis during subaerial exposure time.(2) Regarding rock mechanic, conventional triaxial experiments were performed on samples from the Oolithe Blanche formation (Middle Jurassic Limestone, Paris basin) to investigate the effect of different microstructural parameter on the mechanical behavior of microporous carbonate rocks. Type A samples display two different microporosity distributions within the grains (uniform versus rimmed microporosity) and type B samples are based on the presence/absence of an isopachous cement around the ooids. This work is of primary importance since the Oolithe Blanche formation, a deep saline aquifer, is a possible target for CO2 sequestration and geothermal production in the center of the Paris Basin. Experiments were performed under saturated state with respectively two sets of experimental conditions: (1) a 5 MPa pore pressure and a 28 MPa confining pressure with a temperature of 55°C for Type A carbonates to mimic in-situ conditions in the Center of the Paris Basin; and (2) a 0.5 MPa pore pressure and a 1.5 MPa confining pressure for Type B samples. Sample types have similar facies and composition (oolithic microporous grainstone with a 500µm average grain size), and porosity ranges from 17% to 20%. Permeability values are also very similar and range from 10-2 mD to 10-1 mD.(1) Type A samples with a rimmed porosity display a typical behavior of the brittle failure regime with stress-strain curves reaching a peak (138 MPa) beyond which strain softening was recorded, and strain localization on a shear fracture. (2) Type A samples with a uniform porosity display a ductile behavior with no localization of the deformation.(2) Type B samples with isopachous cement show a brittle behavior with stress drop (16 MPa to 18 MPa) and localization on a shear fracture. When isopachous cements are absent, a more ductile type of behavior is observed. Our set of data suggests that those two microstructural parameters have a significant control on the mechanical behavior of carbonate rocks.

Orientador: Rosângela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dominguez_LuciaGarcia_M.pdf: 8169227 bytes, checksum: 3b6d0e210f4dc8a2db3d9f8b9f93f6c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A capacidade de armazenamento de hidrocarbonetos no reservatório depende do tipo de rocha e da estrutura dos poros. Uma das propriedades rocha-fluido mais estudadas é a permeabilidade relativa, ou seja, a medida da resistência ao escoamento que um fluido apresenta na presença de outro. A permeabilidade relativa é essencial para a avaliação dos processos de recuperação de hidrocarbonetos e previsão do escoamento multifásico de fluidos através do reservatório. A permeabilidade relativa depende de outros parâmetros que têm sido estudados por especialistas durante os últimos anos, como saturação dos fluidos, molhabilidade, tensão interfacial, estrutura porosa, temperatura, heterogeneidades e vazão de deslocamento. Em relação ao efeito da vazão de deslocamento na permeabilidade relativa, muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas sem conseguir um acordo. Por tanto, a principal motivação deste estudo é a falta de conformidade na literatura. O foco do trabalho é encontrar se existe dependência da permeabilidade relativa com a vazão e avaliar este efeito em óleos de diferentes viscosidades. Foram realizados quinze testes de deslocamento em regime transiente a temperatura e vazão constantes. Os experimentos de laboratório foram executados com três plugues, cortados a partir de uma amostra única de rocha carbonática e saturados com três óleos de viscosidades diferentes, respetivamente. Foram utilizadas três vazões diferentes para cada amostra, que correspondem aos valores mínimo, máximo e intermediário de acordo o critério de dos Santos et al (1997) que visa balancear as forças viscosas, capilares e gravitacionais. Estas vazões foram variadas começando pela maior e diminuindo até a menor e posteriormente revertendo o ciclo, para observar se a sequência seguida influencia nos resultados. A análise dos resultados foi realizada mediante o método de Johnson-Bossler-Naumann para calcular as permeabilidades relativas ao óleo e à água. Sob as condições dos testes realizados, observou-se que as saturações e permeabilidades dos pontos terminais bem como as curvas de permeabilidade relativa, dependem da vazão. Além disso, pode-se observar que as variações foram diferentes dependendo da viscosidade do óleo utilizado. Deste modo, o óleo de menor viscosidade sempre se comportou de modo contrário ao de maior viscosidade e a mistura dos outros dois teve um comportamento intermediário. Este comportamento tem sido atribuído, nos óleos mais viscosos, a um aumento no ângulo de contato e consequente diminuição do número capilar em resposta à vazão mais elevada. Já nos óleos menos viscosos, a vazão não altera significativamente o ângulo de contato e, portanto, o número capilar aumenta com a vazão. Estas diferenças na variação do número capilar, dependendo do óleo utilizado, podem gerar as tendências diferentes nos resultados e explicar o desacordo na literatura / Abstract: The storability of hydrocarbons in the reservoir is dependent upon the rock formation and the pore structures. One of the main important rock-fluid property is the relative permeability, a measure of the flow resistance of one fluid in the presence of another one into the rock. Relative permeability depends on other parameters which have been studied by researchers during the years like fluid properties and saturation, wettability, interfacial tension, porous structure, temperature, heterogeneity and flow rate. Many researchers have focused on flow rate influence in relative permeability curves without obtaining agreement. Therefore, the main motivation for this study is the lack of conformity in the literature. The focus of the work is to find whether there is dependence of relative permeability with the flow and evaluate this effect in oils of different viscosities. Fifteen transient displacement tests were performed at constant temperature and flow rate. The laboratory experiments were performed with three plugs, cut from a single sample of carbonate rock and saturated with three fluids of different viscosities, respectively. Three different flow rates were used for each sample, corresponding to the minimum, maximum and intermediate according to dos Santos et al criterion (1997) which aims to balance the viscous, capillary and gravitational forces. These flow rates were varied starting with the largest and decreasing to the smallest, and subsequently reversing the cycle, to see if the next sequence influences the results. Experimental results were analyzed using JBN method (Johnson-Bossler-Naumann) to calculate oil and water relative permeability curves. Under the studied circumstances, it was observed that the end point saturations and permeabilities and the relative permeability curves depend on the flow rate. Moreover, variations were different depending on the viscosity of the oil used. Thus, the lower viscosity oil will always behave in a contrary manner to the higher viscosity and the mixture of the other two had an intermediate performance. This behavior has been attributed, for more viscous oils, to an increment in contact angle and thus diminution in the capillary number in response to the higher flow. Nevertheless in lower viscous oils, the flow rate does not alter significantly the contact angle and thus the capillary number increases with flow rate. These differences in the variation of the capillary number depending on the oil used may generate the differences on the results trends and explain the disagreement in the literature / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestra em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo