Today it is possible to create veneers that are aesthetically and functionally satisfying, but there are some factors that may compromise the aesthetic results.  The aim of this study was to investigate influence of cement shades and ceramic thickness on the colour of ceramic veneers, but also to study how well try-in pastes match with their corresponding cements. PubMed was used to search for papers using MeSH-terms and keywords. 144 titles and abstracts were read, 29 full texts were read and 24 papers were used in the analysis. All of the studies were in vitro. In 20 studies, it was found that the cement shade influences the colour of the ceramic veneer. Two studies reported that the cement shade had no influence on the colour of ceramic veneers, and two did not draw any conclusions regarding the influence of cement shade. Twelve studies compared different thicknesses of the veneers; all of them found that the thicknesses had an influence on the colour of the veneers. Two out of four studies found no compatibility between try-in pastes and their corresponding cements, while two studies found compatibility for some try-in pastes. The shades of cement and thicknesses of ceramic veneers can influence the colour of the ceramics. The colour of try-in pastes does not always show a similarity with their corresponding cement.

The broader technical objective of this work is to develop a strategy for using the biopolymer lignin in a wide variety of surfactant applications through polymer grafting. These applications include emulsion stabilizers, dispersants and foaming agents. The scientific objective of the research performed within this thesis is to understand the effect of molecular architecture and polymer grafting on the interfacial activity at the air-liquid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interface. Research has focused on designing of these lignopolymers with controlled architecture using polyethylene glycol, poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide grafts. The interfacial activity for all polymer grafts has been tested at all three interfaces using a broad range of techniques specific to the interface. Results have shown that the hydrophobicity of the lignin core is responsible for enhanced interfacial activity at the air-liquid and liquid-liquid interface. Conversely, improved hydrophilicity and “electrosteric” interactions are required for higher interfacial activity of the lignin at the liquid-solid interface. The high interfacial activity of the polymer-grafted lignin observed in the air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces not only resulted in viscosity reduction but also strength enhancement at the liquid-solid interface. The broader implication of this study is to be able to predict what chemical functionalities need to be adjusted to get the desired viscosity reduction.

Tout au long d'un puits géothermique basse énergie (jusqu'à 2000 mètres de profondeur), du ciment est utilisé dans les espaces annulaires entre les tubages et les formations géologiques environnantes. Son rôle est de garantir les étanchéités, la tenue mécanique des couches et la protection du tubage. La qualité et la tenue dans le temps de ces ciments sont importantes. Compte tenu du gradient géothermique, des circulations d'eau chargée en éléments chimiques au sein de l'aquifère et des fortes contraintes dues à la profondeur, l'hydratation du ciment est susceptible d'être influencée significativement. En effet, ces facteurs peuvent à long terme contribuer à une dégradation prématurée du puits. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les effets des conditions environnementales des puits géothermiques (la température, la pression et les concentrations en NaCl) sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des pâtes de ciment en passant par une étude microstructurale poussée. Pour cela, plusieurs coulis de ciment ont été échantillonnés sur un chantier géothermique en Ile de-France. Sur ce chantier, le coulis ciment de classe G et le coulis de ciment allégé en bentonite sont utilisés tout au long du puits. Les pâtes de ciment durcies réalisées en laboratoire ont été étudiées en utilisant une méthodologie basée sur des mesures non destructives (vitesse du son, fréquence de résonance, perméabilité) et destructives (module de Young, résistance à la compression, conductivité thermique). Les propriétés thermiques et physico-mécaniques des pâtes de ciment durcies issues de ces mesures ont été couplées à des observations microstructurales par diffraction de rayon X, par microscopie électronique à balayage et par porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure. Les résultats ont montré que les analyses microstructurales sont corrélables avec les propriétés physico-mécaniques et qu'elles sont de bons indicateurs de l'état de ces ciments dans les puits. Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie de mesure fiable. En effet, les nombreux essais réalisés et leurs analyses ont permis de déterminer les relations qui permettent de prédire la résistance à la compression des pâtes de ciment d'un puits géothermique. Enfin et quels que soient les paramètres environnementaux appliqués, des relations empiriques ont pu être proposées. Ces dernières, en reliant les résultats de méthodes non destructives avec ceux de méthodes destructives permettront de déterminer les propriétés des pâtes de ciment d'un puits géothermique sans passer par des essais destructifs / In low energy geothermal wells (up to 2000 meters deep), cement is used in the annular space, between the casing and surrounding geological formations. Its role is to ensure the zonal isolation, the mechanical strength of the layers and the protection of the casing. The quality and stability over time of these cements are important. Given the geothermal gradient, water circulations loaded in chemical elements in the aquifer and strong confining stresses due to the depth, cement hydration is likely to be significantly influenced. Indeed, these factors may in the long term contribute to premature degradation of the well. The objective of this work is to examine the effects of environmental conditions of geothermal wells (temperature, pressure and concentrations of NaCl) on the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes and microstructural inverstigations. Several grouts were sampled on a geothermal project in Ile de France. On this project, the class G cement grout and cement with bentonite grout are used throughout the well. Hardened cement pastes prepared in the laboratory were studied using a methodology based on non-destructive (ultrasonic wave velocity, resonance frequency, permeability) and destructive measurements (Young's modulus, compressive strength, thermal conductivity). Thermal and physico-mechanical properties of hardened cement pastes from these measures were coupled with microstructural observations by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that the microstructural analyses concur with the physico-mechanical properties and are good indicators of the state of the cement in the well. This thesis proposes a reliable testing methodology. Indead, many tests and analyses provide relationships that predict the compressive strength of cement pastes a geothermal well. Finally, and irrespective of the environmental conditions applied, empirical relationships have been proposed. These link relations the results of non-destructive methods with those from destructive tests and can be used to determine the properties of cement pastes without carrying out destructive tests in geothermal wells

Erosion on the slopes of mine tailings represents one of the most important environmental problems arising from the disposal of mine tailings. Tailings dam erosion is the main source of pollution that contaminates agricultural land and streams around mining areas. There is an urgent need to reduce erosion of the slopes of mine tailings in-order to limit further devastation of natural ecology. The present study investigates the possible use of cement to reduce erosion of the slopes of mine tailings dams. The pinhole erosion test was used to measure erodibility of tailings stabilized with cement. The strength properties of cement-stabilized tailings have been evaluated by the unconfined compression test. Conbex and ordinary Portland cement have been used for tailings stabilization, with contents of 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10% by mass. It has been established that cement can be used to reduce erosion of the slopes of mine tailings dams. At least 3% by mass cement is required to produce zero erosion loss. The resistance of tailings to erosion can be enhanced by increasing compaction density, curing period and cement content. Ordinary Portland cement produced higher strengths and erosion resistance than Conbex, although Conbex may be useful for stabilizing fine tailings. Cement-stabilized tailings could be used to make bricks and rubble for use in reducing erosion of the slopes of mine tailings dams. As little as 10% of cement is necessary to produce unconfined compressive strengths of 1600- 2600 kPa.

This thesis investigates the use of nanotechnology in an extensive literature search in the field of cement and concrete. A summary is presented. The research was divided into two categories: (1) nanoparticles and (2) nanofibers and nanotubes. The successes and challenges of each category is documented in this thesis. The data from the literature search is taken and analyzed using statistical prediction by the use of the Monte Carlo and Bayesian methods. It shows how statistical prediction can be used to analyze patterns and trends and also discover optimal additive dosages for concrete mixes. / by Jonathan Glenn. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

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Bone cement surgery is a new technique widely used in medical field nowadays. In this thesis I analyze 48 bone cement types using their content of 20 elements. My goal is to ?find a method to classify new found bone cement sample into these 48 categories. Here I will use multinomial logistic regression method to see whether it works or not. Due to the lack of observations, I generate enough data by adding white noise in proper scales to the original data again and again, and then I get a data set of over 100 times as many points as the original one. Then I use purposeful variable selection method to pick the covariates I need, rather than stepwise selection. There are 15 covariates left after the selection, and then I use my new data set to fit such a multinomial logistic regression model. The model doesn't perform that good in goodness of ?fit test, but the result is still acceptable, and the diagnostic statistics also indicate a good performance. Combined with clinical experience and prior conditions, this model is helpful in this classification case.

Les mousses de ciment présentent d'intéressantes propriétés : une faible densité, une faible consommation de matière première et une bonne résistance thermique. Certaines propriétés finales de la mousse dépendent de sa morphologie. Pour mieux comprendre cette dépendance, on veut créer des échantillons de mousse de ciment avec une structure bien contrôlée. On crée des échantillons de mousses de ciment composés de bulles de même taille, en choisissant la quantité d'air, de ciment, d'eau et de tensioactif. Pour ce faire, on mélange d'une part une mousse aqueuse de morphologie contrôlée, stabilisée par des tensioactifs, et d'autre part une pâte de ciment. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier comment conserver cette structure jusqu'à la prise du ciment. Tout d'abord, nous étudions d'interaction entre tensioactifs et pâte de ciment. Certains tensioactifs ne sont pas compatibles avec la solution alcaline présente dans la pâte de ciment et ne permettent pas de produire une mousse dans ces conditions. Parmi les tensioactifs compatibles avec la solution interstitielle de ciment, certains s'adsorbent sur les grains de ciment. Cette adsorption change les interactions entre grains de ciment et par conséquent, la contrainte seuil de la pâte. A faible concentration en tensioactif, la monocouche de molécules adsorbée rend les grains de ciment hydrophobes, ce qui produit une attraction hydrophobe entre grains et une augmentation de la contrainte seuil de la pâte. A forte concentration en tensioactif, les micelles adsorbées engendrent une répulsion stérique entre les grains de ciment et une chute de la contrainte seuil. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions l'effet des bulles d'air sur la contrainte seuil d'une pâte de ciment aérée, lorsque celle-ci contient moins de 40% d'air. Les mesures sont normalisées par la contrainte seuil de la pâte interstitielle afin d'être comparées à la littérature. Lorsque le tensioactif utilisé s'adorbe peu sur les grains de ciment, les résultats sont semblables à ceux de la littérature obtenus sur des fluides à seuil modèles. En revanche, lorsque le tensioactif utilisé a une grande affinité avec les grains de ciment, la contrainte seuil normalisée est bien au-dessus des prédictions. Notre hypothèse pour expliquer ce résultat est une modification des propriétés de surface des bulles à cause de l'adsorption des grains de ciment rendus partiellement hydrophobes par le tensioactif. Ensuite, nous nous focalisons sur la stabilité des mousses de ciment avant la prise, pour une fraction d'air de 83%. On s'intéresse tout d'abord à trois séries de mesures, en gardant pour chacune le rapport eau-sur-ciment et la taille des bulles constante. Pour chacune des trois séries, seule la contrainte seuil de la pâte de ciment est changée par l'addition de superplastifiant ou d'une grande quantité de tensioactif anionique. On obtient alors un résultat inattendu : la meilleure stabilité est observée pour des tailles de bulles relativement faibles. La comparaison avec les mesures des propriétés rhéologiques de la mousse fait penser que la bonne stabilité aux faibles contraintes seuil est due à la réorganisation des grains de ciment en un réseau granulaire plus dense. Pour aller plus loin sur l'étude de la stabilité des mousses, nous avons ensuite fait varier la taille des bulles, la rapport eau-sur-ciment et la quantité de tensioactif. Nous avons pu définir un critère de stabilité pour l'ensemble de ces mousses qui dépend de la contrainte seuil interstitielle de la pâte de ciment confinée par les bulles et de la taille des bulles. Pour finir, nous mesurons la résistance en compression de mousses de ciment et leur vitesse d'imbibition afin de corréler ces propriétés à leur structure / Cement foams advantages compared to normal concrete is their low density, low material need and thermal insulation properties. To better understand how the morphology of the cement foam affects its properties, we create solid cement foam with well controlled structure. This involves two steps: the creation of the fresh cement foam with chosen structure, and the stability of this structure up to cement hardening. Our cement foam fabrication protocol allows us to obtain fresh cement foams samples with very well controlled parameters. For each sample, all the bubbles have the same size, and we can select the content of air, water, cement and surfactant. This technique consists in mixing a well-controlled precursor aqueous foam stabilized by surfactant, with a cement paste prepared separately. First, we study the interaction of surfactants and cement paste. Some surfactants cannot stabilize foam in cement paste highly alkaline solution. Some others, mainly anionic surfactants, adsorb on cement grains surface, which modifies interactions between cement grains and consequently the yield stress of the cement paste. At low surfactant concentration, cement grain surface becomes hydrophobic and yield stress increases due to hydrophobic attraction between cement grains. At high surfactant concentration, adsorbed micelles create a steric repulsion between cement grains and make yield stress of cement paste drop. In a second chapter, we study the effect of bubbles on the yield stress of aerated cement paste. To compare the results with the literature, the measured yield stress is normalized by the yield stress of the suspending cement paste, i.e. taking into account the effect of surfactant. For a surfactant with low affinity to cement grains surface, results are consistent with literature, whereas reduced yield stress is much higher than expected when surfactant strongly adsorb on cement grain surface. This effect is attributed to the change of the bubble surface properties due to the adsorption of hydrophobic cement grains at the air-liquid interface. Then, we focus on cement foam stability, at air content 83%. We first study three series of experiments at given water-to-cement ratio and bubble size. For each series, the yield stress of the cement paste is changed by addition of superplasticizer or high amount of anionic surfactant. Unexpectedly, the best foam stability is obtained for relatively low yield stress. Rheological measurements on the fresh cement foams allowed us to understand this improved stability as a consequence of the reorganization of cement grains into denser packing. In a second part on stability, we study the influence of bubble size, water-to-cement ratio and surfactant content. A stability criterion is defined from the bubble size and the interstitial cement paste yield stress. Eventually, we observe that cement foam structure affects water imbibition velocity and mechanical resistance to compression of hardened cement foams

Este trabalho propõe contribuir no desenvolvimento do processo de extrusão para a produção de compósitos cimentícios, mediante metodologia que possibilite a obtenção de formulações extrudáveis utilizando cimento Portland de alta resistência inicial, sílica ativa, calcário, polpa de celulose de eucalipto, fibras de polipropileno e aditivos. Para isso, foram caracterizadas as matérias-primas como subsidio para as discussões. O efeito dos diferentes componentes da formulação no comportamento reológico da mistura foi avaliado utilizando reômetro extrusor. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos compósitos elaborados com combinações de calcário, sílica ativa e cimento foram modeladas estatisticamente com o propósito de estimar o comportamento das matrizes. A demanda de água dos sistemas cimentícios foi determinada experimentalmente e utilizada na extrusão das matrizes. Selecionada uma matriz, suas propriedades mecânicas e físicas foram modeladas, estatisticamente, com diferentes teores de polpa celulósica de eucalipto e fibras de polipropileno. As formulações com características desejadas foram avaliadas ao envelhecimento acelerado por 200 ciclos de imersão-secagem. Finalmente foi analisada a reprodutibilidade utilizando o módulo de Weibull para as formulações selecionadas. O estudo reológico constatou que as fibras de polipropileno apresentam os maiores aumentos nos valores dos parâmetros reológicos se comparados com os efeitos do calcário, sílica ou celulose de eucalipto, repercutindo em maiores pressões de extrusão. O incremento do modificador reológico hidroxipropilmetilcelulose reduz no compósito cimentício o módulo de ruptura mesmo que durante o processamento, promova o incremento da pressão de extrusão. Os modelos estatísticos empregados para modelar a matriz reforçada foram de maior complexidade e com menor coeficiente de determinação se comparados com os utilizados na modelagem das matrizes. O preço de mercado do fibrocimento é aproximadamente 64% menor do que os determinados utilizando unicamente os valores das matérias-primas e aditivos do fibrocimento extrudado no presente estudo. / This work intends to contribute in the development of the extrusion process for the production of cementitious composites, through methodology that makes it possible to obtain formulas using high resistance Portland cement, silica fume, limestone, eucalyptus pulp, polypropylene fibers and admixtures. With this intention, the raw materials were characterized as a support for the discussions. The effects of the different components of the formula on the rheological behavior of the mixture were evaluated using an extrusion rheometer. The physical and mechanical properties of the composites elaborated with the combinations of limestone, silica fume and cement were modeled statistically with the purpose of estimating the behavior of the matrix. The water demand of the cementitious systems was determined experimentally and used in the matrixes extrusion. After the Matrix Selection, their mechanical and physical properties were modeled statistically, with different pulp eucalyptus and polypropylene fibers quantities. The formulas with the expected characteristics were evaluated to the accelerated aging for 200 wet-drying cycles. Finally the reproducibility was analyzed using the Weibull module for the selected formulas. The rheological studies verified that the polypropylene fibers demonstrate the largest increase in the values of the rheological parameters when compared with the effects of the limestone, silica fume or eucalyptus pulp, inducing larger extrusion pressures. The increment of the rheological modifier hydroxypropyl methylcellulose decreases the module of rupture in the cementitious composite, and simultaneously during the process it promotes the increment of the extrusion pressure. The statistical models used to reinforce the matrix modeling were of large complexity and with smaller coefficient determination when compared to matrixes used for modeling. The fiber cement market price is approximately 64% smaller than the raw materials and admixtures used in extruded fiber cement in this study.

Cement has been selected for wastes immobilization as a simple, low temperature and low cost process for decades. The mechanical and immobilization properties of cement are mainly decided by cement hydration process, especially in the first 24 hours. Previous methods for studying the cement hydration are those include isothermal calorimetry, continuous monitoring of chemical shrinkage, in situ quantitative X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Few available in-situ imaging methods were successfully used for net rate study of cement hydration. In this Ph.D. research, innovative imaging techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (XCT) combined with 2D SEM-BSD analysis were combined to study the microstructure and phase change of cement or cement & SrCl2 mixture during hydration. Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) were applied to study the chemical volume shrinkageand drying shrinkage of cement samples during hydration. The effects of SrCl2 simulating the radioactive nuclide from nuclear waste on cement hydration were studied by XRD and ICP-AES techniques. These studies verified that the hydration net rate could be characterised by XCT imaging techniques and the volume shrinkage of cement or cement& SrCl2 mixture during hydration could be characterised by the DVC and DIC techniques.