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The study of surface and interface structure of thin film devices is becoming increasingly important in industrial applications today. In this thesis, the technique of grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GEXS) is developed and its validity examined for many different materials. In addition, the technique of Born wave analysis introduced by Lagally has been extended, showing that in certain cases surface roughness can be obtained without full simulations of the data. GEXS measurements performed on float glass revealed that the density of the tin and air sides were 2.7 ± 1 and 2.3 ± 1 g/cc respectively across the entire ribbon. For all samples studied a surface layer on the order of a few nanometers was in evidence. When similar measurements were made on container glass it was seen to be layer free. In addition, excellent agreement was found between the roughness deduced from the simulations and the Born wave analysis. In all samples, the surface roughness deduced from the diffuse scatter was less than that from the specular, indicating that a vertical density gradient was present. When x-ray scattering measurements were performed on CVD layers deposited on glass it was noted that two sets of Yoneda wings existed in the diffuse scatter. From these it was concluded that lateral density variations existed in the SnO(_2) layer which were on the order of 0.5mm in diameter. Furthermore, excellent specular simulations were obtained. These indicated that the control of both layer thickness and interface roughness between samples was on the Angstrom level. Specular and diffuse x-ray scattering measurements were performed on Cu/Co multilayers grown on sapphire using a Nb buffer. Here the effect of anomalous dispersion was employed in order to highlight the scattering from the Cu/Co interfaces. From these data Born wave analysis was used to characterise the roughness of the samples. It was found that little change took place for anneals of 45 minutes at temperatures up to 300 C. In addition, it would appear that the measured OMR bore no relationship to the component of uncorrelated roughness within the samples. GIXS measurements perfumed on Cu/Co multilayers grown on Si, using a Cu(_3)Si buffer, revealed an asymmetry in the diffuse scatter, which was attributed to terracing within the layers. Simulations were obtained to the data using a slight modification of the fractal model for several scattering vectors with a single set of parameters. From this, a model of step bunching has been proposed which allows the diffuse scatter to be described using such a fractal surface. Diffuse x-ray scattering studies performed on Al(_2)O(_3), which had been ground in different ways, indicted that the surface density as measured from the Yoneda wings followed the bearing area as measured from optical techniques. Comparisons performed between these results and those from optical microscopy and surface acoustic wave techniques allowed a model to be proposed which was consistent with all the findings. Finally, GIXS measurements were performed on GaAs which had been subjected to various polishing techniques. Simulations revealed that a nanometer scale surface layer was present on all samples. Born wave analysis was successfully applied to the diffuse scatter and the effect of surface layers on the deduced roughness was investigated. In addition, symmetric and asymmetric triple axis diffraction studies revealed that the distribution of strains was independent of the type of polishing used whereas the tilts were not. A model has been proposed in which the surface consists of unstrained mosaic blocks separated by cracks.

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This thesis will explore the integration of North Asian and Western ceramic practises, through a discussion of what it means to fuse these ceramic techniques and the resulting potential for metaphoric expression. / Many ceramics artists in the West have been drawn to North Asian philosophy and aesthetics at one time in their careers. My own work currently shares this intrigue in its attempt to replicate not only the glaze quality of pieces from the Song Dynasty (960 - 1280) in China and the Yi dynasty (1392 - 1910) in Korea but also the sophisticated simplicity that many of these objects possess. Through this research I intend to reinterpret this information via an investigation of the relationship that my studio works hold within the integration of these ceramic traditions. / The thesis will present alternatives to empirical thought in the presentation and articulation of expression. The 'East' has offered artists a world that sits outside of Western experience and thought. This study will look at the importance of one ceramic artist particularly, Bernard Leach, and consider the genalogy of influence in Australia since his writing of A potter's Book in 1940 and how the studio works are situated within that context. / This research has been realised through the production of a body of works, made predominantly in procelain, that suggest links to some North Asian ceramic traditions. I have combined this with references to erosion and rust, elements familiar in the landscape of the Australian backyard in attempting to convey metaphor for lived experience. / Thesis (MVisualArts) -- University of South Australia, 2004.

In this thesis, ferroelastic domain switching behaviour of lead zirconate titanate ceramics, as used in devices such as actuators, was studied. In particular, the effect of cyclic frequency and amplitude were assessed to develop a correlation between macrostructural changes and fatigue behaviour, both in the bulk and in crack-tip process zones. A variety of experimental methods were used. Raman scattering enabled the poling state of the ceramics can be determined. However, it could not distinguish between the different preferred orientations of in-plane c-domains. Conversely, neutron and X-ray diffraction technique can detect domain orientation distribution and the preferred direction of c-domains. In this study, neutron diffraction was used to probe domain switching behaviour in bulk samples while high spatial resolution X-rays were employed to analyse a switching zone near a crack tip. Under cyclic mechanical loading, domain switching and the accumulation of ferroelastic strain becomes saturated with increasing number of cycles. Moreover, time-dependent deformation was investigated. The results show that a domain forward-switching process occurs during creep deformation while a domain backward-switching process takes place during recovery. In addition, it was found that the frequency of applied stress affects the saturation of the ferroelastic strain while its magnitude has an influence on the level of strain accumulated. Under static mechanical loading, it was found that the size of the crack-tip zone where stress-induced domain switching occurs with increase in the stress intensity factor but the degree of domain switching around the crack tip changes only slightly. Under cyclic electrical loading, the results present a strong link between the frequency of the applied field, remnant polarisation, domain switching and the resultant crack growth. The results show that polarisation fatigue, the size of the switching zone, and the crack growth rate is greater at lower loading frequency. The quantitative analysis of the time dependent mechanism as well as the effect of loading frequency and amplitude on domain switching was achieved by applying viscoelastic models. Importantly, these models can be used to explain domain switching behaviour and domain wall movement under cyclic loading and link these processes to macroscopic deformation.

This thesis is based around detailed analysis of an assemblage of newly excavated material from the Paphos Theatre site in SW Cyprus. Before presenting the new work, the academic context into which it must fit is investigated. This process of re-evaluating past work sets up a framework within which the new material would be expected to fit. In fact, research on Late Roman Cyprus is not as advanced as might be expected after over seventy years of excavation. This is most particularly the case for fundamental principles like typology and chronology for the local ceramics and glass. A review of past and current excavations shows that the typology of Cypriot Red Slip ware is widely used around the Eastern Mediterranean as a dating tool for deposits containing this distinctive Fine ware. This makes it essential that it be confirmed to be a reliable and substantially correct construct. Unfortunately, a re-analysis of the foundations of the Cypriot red Slip ware typology and chronology reveals many uncertainties and establishes the necessity for new material from secure deposits to help refine current typologies. The artefact assemblage from Area Three at the Paphos Theatre provides just such an opportunity. A combination of a series of sealed deposits, a high density of artifacts and identifiable coins has enabled a comprehensive study to be achieved. A major collapse, probably an earthquake, sealed a paved street and drainage system in the trenches and this episode can be pinpointed to around the mid to late fifth century by the coin evidence. Most interesting is the fact that the dating suggested by the coins does not match the dating usually assigned to the associated pottery and glass. After establishing the reliability of the coin evidence, the study of the other artefacts offers new ideas about the dating and typology of the local Cypriot Red Slip ware, Cooking ware, Lamps and Glass. In fact an analysis of all the pottery from the site suggests that the chronology of Cypriot Red Slip ware and Cooking ware in particular needs to be pushed back to focus on a floruit in the fourth and fifth centuries. This is at least one hundred years earlier than current typologies that focus on the mid sixth to seventh centuries. This analysis provides some reliable fixed points, for both local pottery and glass, earlier in the Late Roman sequence upon which future work can be built.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1993. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf [30]).