This dissertation focuses on interpreting the spatial variations of seismic amplitude data as a function of rock properties for the Haynesville Shale. To achieve this goal, I investigate the relationships between the rock properties and elastic properties, and calibrate rock-physics models by constraining both P- and S-wave velocities from well log data. I build a workflow to estimate the rock properties along with uncertainties from the P- and S-wave information. I correlate the estimated rock properties with the seismic amplitude data quantitatively. The rock properties, such as porosity, pore shape and composition, provide very useful information in determining locations with relatively high porosities and large fractions of brittle components favorable for hydraulic fracturing. Here the brittle components will have the fractures remain opened for longer time than the other components. Porosity helps to determine gas capacity and the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR); composition contributes to understand the brittle/ductile strength of shales, and pore shape provides additional information to determine the brittle/ductile strength of the shale. I use effective medium models to constrain P- and S-wave information. The rock-physics model includes an isotropic and an anisotropic effective medium model. The isotropic effective medium model provides a porous rock matrix with multiple mineral phases and pores with different aspect ratios. The anisotropic effective medium model provides frequency- and pore-pressure-dependent anisotropy. I estimate the rock properties with uncertainties using grid searching, conditioned by the calibrated rock-physics models. At well locations, I use the sonic log as input in the rock-physics models. At areas away from the well locations, I use the prestack seismic inverted P- and S-impedances as input in the rock-physics models. The estimated rock properties are correlated with the seismic amplitude data and help to interpret the spatial variations observed from seismic data. I check the accuracy of the estimated rock properties by comparing the elastic properties from seismic inversion and the ones derived from estimated rock properties. Furthermore, I link the estimated rock properties to the microstructure images and interpret the modeling results using observations from microstructure images. The characterization contributes to understand what causes the seismic amplitude variations for the Haynesville Shale. The same seismic reservoir characterization procedure could be applied to other unconventional gas shales. / text

Tomorrow’s lightweight, high-performance composite systems will be made of structures built with materials that have unprecedented intrinsic properties for performing a wide range of functions, such as EMI shielding, thermal management, flame resistance, lightning strike protection, acoustic damping, and health-monitoring. Current structures require parasitic components, e.g., metal strips, copper wire meshes, strain gauges, and heat sinks to provide these functions. By eliminating parasitic components, future high-performance multifunctional systems can achieve the intended objectives, while maintaining optimum weight, reliability, cost, and fuel efficiency. With the continuing growth of polymer composites in industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and wind energy, research and development on lightweight, high-performance composites that possess extraordinary properties for future multifunctional systems has generated considerable interest and excitement. Recent advances in nanomaterial synthesis and functionalization have shown that tailored property combinations are possible with reduced parasitic content to achieve multifunctionality. Cyanate ester (CE), a class of high-performance thermosetting resins (high T [subscript g], >250°C), has received considerable attention due to its good mechanical properties, thermal stability, flammability properties, ease of process, and volatile-free curing process. Multiwall carbon nanotubes were selected due to their unique combination of excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The principal objective of this work is to determine the extent to which several different processing techniques will affect the MWNT dispersion and corresponding nanocomposite properties, such as thermal, flammability, mechanical, and electrical properties. A processing-structure-property relationship, as well as performance of this class of carbon-based CE nanocomposite, will be established. Therefore, a major scientific contribution of this study will be the development and characterization of a novel, multifunctional CE nanocomposite. Different mixing instruments, such as high shear mixer, ultrasonicator, planetary centrifugal mixer, etc. were used to disperse the nanotubes in the cyanate ester resin matrix. Microstructural morphology characterizations by SEM, STEM, and TEM show that various degrees of dispersions of MWNTs were obtained by the different mixing techniques. An attempt to quantify the MWNT dispersion was made. Electrical resistivity of samples processed by both stand mixer and three-roll mill passes the ESD requirement; however, the MWNT percolation thresholds by the two techniques are different. Thermal analysis shows that the addition of the Fe³+ catalyst or the coupling agent lowers the glass transition temperature and degrades the mechanical properties (e.g., storage modulus, tangent of phase angle delta) of the CE resin. On the other hand, processing techniques only affect the mechanical properties of the resin. Thermal stability of CE is only slightly affected by different processing techniques, as well as the addition of MWNTs. Much more significantly, flammability characterization shows that the incorporation of either the Fe³+ catalyst or the coupling agent substantially increases the peak heat release rate (PHRR) relative to the neat CE resin value. / text

The unwanted sound, noise, can lead to health problems, e.g. hearing loss and stress-related problems. A pre-knowledge of noise generation by machines is of great importance due to the ever-shorter product development cycles and stricter noise legislation. The noise from a machine radiates to the environment indirectly via the foundation structure and directly via the surrounding fluid. A fluid machine converts the energy from the fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. Examples of the fluid machines are internal combustion engines (IC-engines), pumps, compressors, and fans. Predicting and controlling noise from a fluid machine requires a model of the noise sources themselves, i.e. acoustic source data. In the duct systems connected to the fluid machines, the acoustic source interacts strongly with the system boundaries, and the source characteristics must be described using in-duct methods. Above a certain frequency, i.e. first non-plane wave mode cut-on frequency, the sound pressure varies over the duct cross-section and non-plane waves are introduced. For a number of applications, the plane wave range dominates and the non-plane waves can be neglected. But for machines connected to large ducts, the non-plane wave range is also important. In the plane wave range, one-dimensional process simulation software can be used to predict, e.g. for IC-engines, the acoustic in-duct source characteristics. The high frequency phenomena with non-plane waves are so complicated, however, that it is practically impossible to simulate them accurately. Thus, in order to develop methods to estimate the sound produced, experimental studies are also essential. This thesis investigates the acoustic in-duct source characterization of fluid machines with applications to exhaust noise from medium speed IC-engines.  This corresponds to large engines used for power plants or on ships, for which the non-plane wave range also becomes important. The plane wave source characterization methods are extended into the higher frequency range with non-plane waves. In addition, methods to determine non-plane wave range damping for typical elements in exhaust systems, e.g. after-treatment devices, are discussed. / <p>QC 20151119</p>

Vibrational spectroscopy is used to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms of model volatile organic pollutants with a variety of mineral oxides. Vapor phase adsorption processes are particularly important in the vadose zone of an aquifer, where void spaces are filled with air and vapor transport is significant. Gaining a better understanding of the interactions occurring at the oxide-air interface is critical in developing or improving remediation strategies. In this work, Raman and infrared spectroscopy are used to obtain molecularly specific information concerning model pollutant-oxide adsorption processes. The choices of pollutants are varied to include several classes of compounds. The interactions of azaarenes, aromatics, chlorinated aromatics, trichloroethylene, and tributyl phosphate are investigated with several mineral types. Pure mineral phases such as silica, alumina, hydrated iron oxide, and montmorillonite clay are used to provide a basis set of interactions, which can be extended to more complex systems in the future. Pollutantoxide interactions, including weak physisorption, hydrogen bonding, Bronsted acid-base, and Lewis acid-base, were identified in this work and varied depending on the specific pollutant-oxide system. This research provides surface adsorption information on environmentally relevant contaminants and the techniques may be utilized to verify the accuracy of pollutant fate and transport models and to improve remediation strategies for such pollutants.

No description available.

The basidiomycete cereal pathogens Ustilago hordei and U. maydis are closely related and possess genomes with a high degree of homology and synteny. I report on the disparity of the RNAi phenomenon between U. hordei and U. maydis. Using an RNAi expression vector I targeted both a GUS transgene and an endogenous mating-type gene and confirmed the presence of double-stranded (ds)RNA in transgenic cells of both species. However, down-regulation of the GUS gene and production of siRNAs were seen only in U. hordei. The biological effect was a reduction in GUS protein and activity, and reduced mating only in U. hordei. In support of this experimental evidence, homologs to Dicer and Argonaute were found in the U. hordei genome but not in the published U. maydis genome. Interestingly, preliminary U. hordei sequences reveal conservation and synteny in U. maydis in the regions spanning these loci, with the only noticeable difference being the lack of Dicer and Argonaute genes in U. maydis. U. maydis also appears to differ from U. hordei with respect to genes presumed to be involved in transcriptional gene silencing and also has far fewer transposons in its genome. Efforts to clone the avirulent gene UhAvr1 led to a locus containing a large number of small proteins predicted to be secreted. This locus appears to be heterochromatic and is orthologous to the largest cluster of secreted proteins in U. maydis. Other laboratories have reported that deletion of this cluster in U. maydis results in a dramatic reduction in virulence. Genetic evidence for an avirulence gene at this locus in U. hordei suggests that the locus may also be important for U. hordei. Differences between these two smut fungi at this locus and at others identified in this study point to key differences in gene regulation and genome evolution.

A systematic research study was carried out in order to characterize the rheology of concentrated slurries prepared from eight nickel laterites. The experiments were carried out using a rotational viscometer, and the behavior of the laterites was evaluated in terms of the apparent viscosity and yield stress obtained through flow curve modeling. An attempt was made to correlate the results obtained for the laterite samples with data obtained for model single mineral systems as well as for model mixed mineral systems. In combination with detailed mineralogical characterization of the laterite samples, all the rheological results allowed a rheology-based laterite classification system to be proposed. Accordingly, the laterite samples gave the following responses: the SAPSIL samples (high-quartz) generally producedl ow yield stress values, the SAPFE samples (high-iron) were characterized by intermediate to high yield stress values, while the SAP samples (saprolite) gave the highest yield stress values. Interestingly, these dominant rheological responses of laterites could actually be predicted based on rheological tests carried out on model mineral suspensions (particularly goethite and quartz). Since the rheology of fine mineral suspensions is largely determined by the surface properties (surface charge) of the particles, a series of electro-acoustic measurements were also performed on model minerals and laterite samples to analyze the surface charge characteristics of the tested samples. It was demonstrated that the current electro-acoustic theory developed for single mineral systems can readily be used for modeling the behavior of mixed mineral systems. The modeling and experimental data agreed exceptionally well when constituent minerals were of the same surface charge under given pH. Clear but rather small deviations between experiment and theory were observed under conditions when the minerals were oppositely charged. This observation strongly suggested that inter-particle aggregation was most likely responsible for the observed discrepancies. Overall, the results of this thesis show that laterite slurries exhibit a wide range of rheological responses due to highly variable mineralogy, differences in particle size distributions, and difference in the surface properties of the many constituent minerals. It also shows that the surface properties of the minerals relates to rheology.

The objective of this thesis is to explore the synthesis and characterization of high quality binary ZnTe nanowires with great potential for development of optoelectronic devices including high efficiency photovoltaic cells for energy conversion and high sensitivity photodetectors for green fluorescent protein bioimaging at single molecule level. To systematically explore the fabrication process for high quality nanowires, a chemical vapour deposition system was built for nanowire growth. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to optimize the reactor and growth parameters. The simulations were validated by experimental measurements. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements showed that high crystal quality with very low defects by single step growth was achieved. This single step growth technique makes a great improvement compared to the reported growth followed by annealing, which achieved equivalent crystal quality. This simplification could be of use in large scale synthesis of nanowires. The simulation results also showed that reactant species concentration is a key factor influencing the growth. A metal-organic chemical vapour deposition system was thus built to independently control reactant concentrations for ZnTe nanowire growth. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements of as-grown ZnTe nanowires showed a strong near band-edge emission. In addition, a deep level oxygen-related band was observed for the first time. From the detailed analysis of thermal quenching of the photoluminescence, it was shown that the deep level emission was partially from the intermediate band of the material. This is of great importance due to the theoretical absorption efficiency that is as high as 63% for intermediate band materials, which is more than two times of that of current single junction concentrators, and few materials possessing this property. Individual ZnTe nanowires, grown after optimization, were patterned and contacted, and their conductivity and photoconductivity were measured at room temperature. A single ZnTe nanowire serving as a photodetector was shown to have the highest reported visible responsivity of 360 A/W (at 530 nm), and a gain of 8,640 (at 3 V bias). The responsivity is roughly 18 times higher than that of silicon avalanche photodiodes. This demonstrates that ZnTe nanowires are strong candidates for single photon detection.

The long-term goal of this study is to improve the ability of designers and prosthetists to match the mechanical characteristics of prosthetic feet to patient specific parameters, including, needs, abilities and biomechanical characteristics. While patient measures of performance are well developed, there is a need to develop a practical method by which non-linear and time-dependent mechanical properties of the prosthetic component can be measured. In this study, testing methodologies were developed that separately evaluated the elastic and time-dependent properties. Three styles of feet were tested to span the range of designs of interest: a standard solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) foot, two energy return feet for active users and a new prosthetic foot designed to provide partial energy return. The first testing regime involved mechanically characterizing prostheses under conditions similar to gait. The heels and toes of four sample feet were loaded to peak forces based on their design mass at a series of angles and forces that the prosthetic system would go through during the gait cycle, based on the waveform in ISO 22675. Tangential stiffnesses of the samples were determined using numerical differentiation. The force-displacement responses of prosthetic feet reflect increasing stiffnesses with increasing loads and a decreasing pylon angle. Key features reflecting foot design are: the relative stiffness of the heel and toe and the displacement gap at midstance. Stable feet tend to exhibit lower heel stiffnesses and higher toe stiffnesses, whereas dynamics energy return (DER) feet tend to exhibit higher heel stiffnesses and lower toe stiffnesses. The differences in heel and toe loading at midstance suggest that DER feet can aid in the transition from heel to toe, providing a smooth rollover whereas SACH feet provide greater stability. A second testing regime examined the time-dependent properties of the heel and toe. A three-parameter reduced relaxation response of the form was able to capture the force-relaxation characteristics with RMS differences ranging from 0.0006 to 0.0119. In this model, A is the initial decay, B is the decay coefficient, a linear decay term, and τ is a time constant. While the model is practical for comparing various prostheses at a single load level, a fully non-linear model is required to model the time-dependent response at all loading levels. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-04-16 11:27:02.51 / Otto Bock® Dupont Niagara Prothetics and Orthotics International Health Technology Exchange (HTX) Ontario Centres of Excellence

The semiconductor alloy indium gallium nitride (InxGa1-xN) offers substantial potential in the development of high-efficiency multi-junction photovoltaic devices due to its wide range of direct band gaps, strong absorption and other optoelectronic properties. This work uses a variety of characterization techniques to examine the properties of InxGa1-xN thin films deposited in a range of compositions by a novel plasma-enhanced evaporation deposition system. Due to the high vapour pressure and low dissociation temperature of indium, the indium incorporation and, ultimately, control of the InxGa1-xN composition was found to be influenced to a greater degree by deposition temperature than variations in the In:Ga source rates in the investigated region of deposition condition space. Under specific deposition conditions, crystalline films were grown in an advantageous nano-columnar microstructure with deposition temperature influencing column size and density. The InxGa1-xN films were determined to have very strong absorption coefficients with band gaps indirectly related to indium content. However, the films also suffer from compositional inhomogeneity and In-related defect complexes with strong phonon coupling that dominates the emission mechanism. This, in addition to the presence of metal impurities, harms the alloy’s electronic properties as no significant photoresponse was observed. This research has demonstrated the material properties that make the InxGa1-xN alloy attractive for multi-junction solar cells and the benefits/drawbacks of the plasma-enhanced evaporation deposition system. Future work is needed to overcome significant challenges relating to crystalline quality, compositional homogeneity and the optoelectronic properties of In-rich InxGa1-xN films in order to develop high-performance photovoltaic devices. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-29 21:28:58.898