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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Détection et caractérisation de signaux transitoires : application à la surveillance de courbes de charge / Detection and characterization of transient signals : methodology and application for surveillance and diagnosis

Sanquer, Matthieu 15 March 2013 (has links)
L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en français / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais
182

Caracterização fisionômica de fragmentos vegetacionais do distrito de Rubião Júnior, minicípio de Botucatu, São Paulo

Silva, Izabel Cristina da [UNESP] 29 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ic_me_botib.pdf: 1331969 bytes, checksum: f1201a9301d7ac6b81a47e6dc153acfd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Realizou-se a caracterização, mapeamento e diagnóstico de fragmentos de vegetação remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e de Cerrado, localizados no âmbito do Jardim Botânico do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, situados no Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, e em seu entorno. foi utilizado diagrama de perfil para a caracterização do tipo vegetacional das áreas; listagem florística, realizada por levantamento expedito e consultas à literatura e ao material incorporado ao Herbário Irina Delanova de Gemtchujnicov (BOTU) do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP-Botucatu. Para o diagnóstico do estado de degradação de cada fragmento foi aplicado um protocolo de avaliação. No total foram descritos seis fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual quatro destes localizados no Jardim Botânico e dois no seu entorno. A fisionomia dos fragmentos não apresentou variações acentuadas, sendo que os aspectos mais evidentes foram a diferença na densidade da vegetação, sendo a Mata do Butignoli a mais densa com maior abundância de Eu/c'1Je edulis (palmito-juçara). Houve maior ocorrência de árvores mortas nas áreas do Jardim Botânico. As diferenças na densidade observadas entre os estratos provavelmente sejam decorrência da maior perturbação antrópica ocorrida nos fragmentos mais facilmente acessíveis, como é o caso das áreas do Jardim Botânico que são freqüentemente visitadas e utilizadas pela comunidade de estudantes e população em geral. A Mata do Butignoli e o Morro de Rubião Júnior são mais distantes e têm acesso dificultado pela topografia, o que pode justificar sua maior preservação no momento. Os quatro fragmentos de Cerrado, descritos no Distrito de Rubião Júnior, apresentaram variações, evidenciando que somente um deles apresenta-se mais estruturado... / This study performed a characterization, mapping and diagnosis of Semi-deciduos Forest and Cerrado vegetation remnants, located in the in the Biosciences Institute Botanical Garden area and its vicinities, in the State University of São Paulo, Botucatu, state of São Paulo. Profile diagrams were used for the vegetation type characterization. A floristic list was provided through expedite survey and study of literature and material collected by the Irina Delanova Gemtchujnicov herbarium ofBiosciences Institute ofUNESP-Botucatu. A evaluation protocol was used for degradation diagnosis. Six remnants of semideciduos forest were described, four located in the Botanical garden and two in its vicinities. The remnants physiognomy did not presented significant variation and the more evident aspects were the difference in vegetation density. The Butignoli remnant was the more dense and abundant in Euterpe edulis. The biggest incidence of dead trees was in the Botanicul Garden area. The difference in density observed was probably due to the anthropic action occurred in th~ more accessible remnants, like in the Botanical Garden area that are frequently visited and used by students and population. The Butignoli remnant and Rubião Junior Hill are more distant and are difficult to access due to the topography, what may explain its better preservation. The four Cerrado remnants described presented variations, evidencing that only one of them is more structured. There are evidences that the other remnants may be considered degraded. These remnants presented low floristic similarities, with few species in common, even though they are closely located. The remnants studied, although with cJear perturbations, are significant representatives of the original vegetation and need to be preserved because, besides their ecologic importance, they may serve as natural laboratories... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
183

Caracterização microestrutural de um aço médio carbono e baixa liga (com estrutura bainítica/martensítica) via microscopia óptica /

Souza, Gisélia Alves de. January 2008 (has links)
Resumo: Este trabalho investiga os constituintes de um aço médio carbono e baixa liga com estrutura bainítica/martensítica, obtida através de tratamento isotérmico em baixas temperaturas, a 336 ºC e 286 ºC (próximas à temperatura de transformação martensítica), utilizando-se da microscopia óptica e de processamento metalográfico com os reagentes nital, LePera, LePera Modificado e solução aquosa à base de metabissulfito de sódio, para análise qualitativa e quantitativa das fases presentes. O ataque químico com nital foi eficiente na identificação da fase bainita, revelada com coloração marrom escuro ou preta, porém tornou difícil a distinção entre as fases martensita e austenita retida. Da mesma forma, através do ataque químico LePera foi possível a observação da fase bainita na coloração marrom escuro ou preta e o constituinte martensita-austenita retida com tonalidade clara. O reagente LePera Modificado mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o reagente LePera, principalmente para estruturas constituídas quase que totalmente pela estrutura bainítica, apresentando maior nitidez na identificação da fase bainita, revelada na coloração marrom, e do constituinte formado pelas fases martensita e austenita retida (em tonalidade clara). O ataque químico com reagente à base de metabissulfito de sódio permitiu a caracterização da austenita retida (observada em tonalidade branca). Também utilizouse o reagente Contorno de Grão para revelar o contorno de grão da estrutura austenita, formada previamente na zona de austenitização. Uma combinação do reagente Contorno de Grão e reagente nital permitiu a visualização da nucleação e crescimento das ripas da bainita a partir dos contornos de grãos austeníticos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: caracterização microestrutural, bainita, martensita, AISI 4340. / Abstract: This work investigated the microstructures of the medium carbon and low alloy steel with mixed structure bainite/martensite, obtained through isothermal treatment in low temperatures (close to the temperature of martensitic transformation) to 336 ºC and 286 oC, by optical microscopy and metallographic methods with the etchings nital, LePera, LePera Modified and sodium metabisulfite reagent for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the present phases. The etching with nital was efficient in the identification of the bainite, revealed with brown darkness or black coloration; however it turned difficult the distinction between the martensite and retained austenite. In the same way, through the color tint etching with LePera reagent was possible the observation of the bainite in the brown darkness or black coloration and the martensite-austenite in the clear or straw-colored. Etching technique LePera Modified was more efficient than the LePera, mainly for microstructure constituted almost that totally for the bainitic structure, producing better color contrast in the identification of the bainite, revealed in the brown coloration, and the martensiteretained austenite (in white). The etching with sodium metabisulfite reagent allowed the characterization of the retained austenite (appears as small bright white particles). The Austenite Grain Boundary reagent was used to reveal the grain boundaries prioraustenite. A combination of the Austenite Grain Boundary reagent and nital reagent allowed the observation of the nucleation and growth of the laths of the bainite from the grain boundaries prior-austenite. / Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Coorientador: Tomaz Manbu Hashimoto / Banca: Olvério Moreira de Macedo Silva / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Mestre
184

Caracterização microestrutural e mecânica de aços bifásicos de ultra-alta resistência como médio teor de carbono

Nicoletti, José Claúdio. January 2004 (has links)
Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto / Banca: Alfeu Saraiva Ramos / Resumo: A redução de peso de componentes estruturais usados na fabricação de automóveis tem sido objeto de destaque na pesquisa e no desenvolvimento de novos aços. Isso devido as exigências dos principais mercados mundiais visando redução do consumo de combustíveis, ganho de energia e adequação perante as leis ambientais. Os aços bifásicos estão inseridos neste contexto por apresentarem uma combinação de boa conformabilidade associada a uma elevada resistência mecânica, justificada pela interação sinergística entre as fases ferrita e martensita, presentes na estrutura do material. Neste trabalho foi analisada a possibilidade de aplicação de três aços com médio teor de carbono, normalizados como aços 1045, 4340 e 300M, em substituição aos aços de baixo teor de carbono convencionalmente utilizados, visando a obtenção de aços com microestrutura bifásica de alta resistência. Os materiais foram tratados termicamente em diferentes temperaturas intercríticas (720oC, 740 oC e 760 oC) e por métodos convencionais de têmpera e revenimento. A caracterização mecânica foi realizada através de ensaios de tração, para estabelecer os valores de resistência e alongamento para cada condição de tratamento térmico, enquanto a caracterização microestrutural permitiu a avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa das fases presentes na estrutura. Os aços bifásicos apresentaram altos valores de resistência mecânica (acima de 1500 MPa) sem perda significativa no alongamento, e se mostraram extremamente eficientes para aplicações na fabricação de componentes estruturais usados na indústria automobilística. / Abstract: The reduction of weight of structural components used in the production of automobiles has been considered in the research and development of new steels. The demands of world markets in order to reduce consumption of fuels, due to the restrictions in the environmental laws. The dual-phase steels are inserted in this context for presenting a combination of good conformability associated to a high strength, explained by the interaction between the ferrite and martensite phases, presents in the microstructures. In this work the application of three steels with medium carbon content, or either, normalized as 1045, 4340 and 300M, in substitution to the conventional steels of low carbon steels, was analyzed aiming for the obtaining of high strength steels with dual-phase microestructure. The materials were treated in different intercritical temperatures (720°C, 740 °C and 760 °C) and for conventional methods of hardness and drawing back. The mechanical characterization was performed, using tensile tests to establish the strength values and elongation in each condition of heat treatment, while the microestructural characterization using light microscopy to quantity and quality the present phases in the structure. The results showed that the dual-phase steels presented high resistance values, reaching the higher values of strength without significant loss in the elongation, and they are shown extremely efficient for applications of several structural components used in the automotive industry. / Mestre
185

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic molecules for their use in health care industry

January 2018 (has links)
abstract: Amphipathic molecules consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, which make them surface-active molecules. The uniqueness of these compounds results in inducing low surface tension and self-assembly of the molecules inside a solvent which have been exploited in personal care, the oil industry and agriculture industry. Amphipathic molecules are also used in the healthcare industry as drug delivery systems and other bio-nanotechnology applications. In this thesis, a novel series of grafted siloxanes have been explored for their probable application in the healthcare industry. The siloxanes are grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and quaternary ammonium salt (QUAT). The effects of varying 1) molar ratios of QUAT to PEG and 2) PEG chain length on contact angle, surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and micelle assembly properties were studied. In contact angle experiments, the hydrophilicity of grafted siloxanes increased by grafting PEG and QUAT. The amphiphilicity increases and CMC decreases as the PEG chain length shortens. Adding QUAT also reduces CMC. These trends were observed in surface tension and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry experiments. A change in self-assembly behaviour was also observed in Dynamic Light Scattering experiments upon increasing the PEG chain length and its ratio relative to the quaternary ammonium in the siloxane polymer. These polymers have also been studied for their probable application as a sensitive 1H NMR spectroscopy indicator of tissue oxygenation (pO2) based on spectroscopic spin-lattice relaxometry. The proton imaging of siloxanes to map tissue oxygenation levels (PISTOL) technique is used to map T1 of siloxane polymer, which is correlated to dynamic changes in tissue pO2 at various locations by a linear relationship between pO2 and 1/T1. The T1-weighted echo spin signals were observed in an initial study of siloxanes using the PISTOL technique. The change in the ratio of QUAT to PEG and the varying chain length of PEG have a significant effect on the physical property characteristics of siloxane graft copolymers. The conclusions and observations of the present work serve as a benchmark study for further development of adaptive polymers and for the creation of integrated “nanoscale” probes for PISTOL oximetry and drug delivery. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2018
186

Improving our Understanding of Source Zones at Petroleum Impacted Sites through Physical Model Studies

January 2014 (has links)
abstract: Characterization of petroleum spill site source zones directly influences the selection of corrective action plans and frequently affects the success of remediation efforts. For example, simply knowing whether or not nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present, or if there is chemical storage in less hydraulically accessible regions, will influence corrective action planning. The overarching objective of this study was to assess if macroscopic source zone features can be inferred from dissolved concentration vs. time data. Laboratory-scale physical model studies were conducted for idealized sources; defined as Type-1) NAPL-impacted high permeability zones, Type-2) NAPL-impacted lower permeability zones, and Type-3) dissolved chemical matrix storage in lower permeability zones. Aquifer source release studies were conducted using two-dimensional stainless steel flow-through tanks outfitted with sampling ports for the monitoring of effluent concentrations and flow rates. An idealized NAPL mixture of key gasoline components was used to create the NAPL source zones, and dissolved sources were created using aqueous solutions having concentrations similar to water in equilibrium with the NAPL sources. The average linear velocity was controlled by pumping to be about 2 ft/d, and dissolved effluent concentrations were monitored daily. The Type-1 experiment resulted in a source signature similar to that expected for a relatively well-mixed NAPL source, with dissolved concentrations dependent on chemical solubility and initial mass fraction. The Type-2 and Type-3 experiments were conducted for 320 d and 190 d respectively. Unlike the Type-1 experiment, the concentration vs. time behavior was similar for all chemicals, for both source types. The magnitudes of the effluent concentrations varied between the Type-2 and Type-3 experiments, and were related to the hydrocarbon source mass. A fourth physical model experiment was performed to identify differences between ideal equilibrium behavior and the source concentration vs. time behavior observed in the tank experiments. Screening-level mathematical models predicted the general behavior observed in the experiments. The results of these studies suggest that dissolved concentration vs. time data can be used to distinguish between Type-1 sources in transmissive zones and Type-2 and Type-3 sources in lower permeability zones, provided that many years to decades of data are available. The results also suggest that concentration vs. time data alone will be insufficient to distinguish between NAPL and dissolved-phase storage sources in lower permeability regions. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014
187

Nanopartículas de curcumina: obtenção e caracterização / Nanoparticles of curcumin: preparation and characterization

Lívia Contini Massimino 26 January 2016 (has links)
Curcumina é um composto natural presente na Curcuma longa, que apresenta diversas atividades medicinais, porém sua baixa solubilidade limita sua aplicação médica. Para solucionar esse problema e viabilizar seu uso, diversas pesquisas no campo da nanotecnologia estão sendo feitas. Neste estudo foram obtidas nanopartículas de curcumina utilizando como solventes o etanol (E) e o clorofórmio (C), e através dos procedimentos de agitação magnética e sonicação. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas por espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS), potencial Zeta, microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e pelas espectroscopias no infravermelho (FTIR), no ultravioleta/visível (UV-Vis) e de fluorescência. Foram feitos ensaios de solubilidade, fotodegradação e citotoxicidade. As nanopartículas obtidas com o solvente E e pelos processos de agitação e sonicação foram denominadas de NEA e NES, e com o solvente C de NCA e NCS, respectivamente. Teste inicial de liberação in vitro foi feito para a amostra NCA dispersas em gelatina com posterior recobrimento com Eudragit S100®; esse teste foi feito em HCl (pH 2,0) e tampão fosfato (pH 7,5). A morfologia dessas membranas recobertas ou não com Eudragit S100® foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As nanopartículas tiveram um rendimento entre 60 e 78%. O resultado de DLS mostrou a obtenção de partículas nanométricas entre 189 e 248 nm para as NEA, NES e NCS e de 591 nm para NCA, com potencial Zeta acima de |25| mV para todas as amostras. As nanopartículas apresentaram uma fotodegradação mais lenta do que o produto comercial. As espectroscopias de FTIR, UV-Vis e fluorescência apresentaram bandas características da curcumina comercial, indicando que as nanopartículas têm as mesmas características químicas e físicas do bioativo. As nanopartículas mostraram um aumento na solubilidade de 37 a 56 vezes em relação à curcumina comercial. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade indicam que as nanopartículas não apresentaram toxicidade para a linhagem VERO, enquanto que para a linhagem HEp-2 ocasionaram morte celular. Assim, os procedimentos utilizados para o preparo das nanopartículas de curcumina foram eficientes, sendo que uso do solvente E mostrou ser o mais indicado para se obter nanopartículas. A morfologia por MEV das membranas de gelatina/NCA mostra um recobrimento uniforme com Eudragit S100®. Os testes iniciais de liberação in vitro mostraram que as nanopartículas de curcumina são protegidas pelo sistema em pH ácido e liberadas apenas quando em pH 7,5. / Curcumin is a natural compound present in Curcuma longa, which has several medicinal effects but due to its low solubility, its medical application gets constrained. To solve this problem and make it feasible to use, several studies are being made in the nanotechnology field. In this study curcumin nanoparticles were obtained using different solvents, ethanol (E) and chloroform (C), with two procedures, magnetic stirring and sonication. The nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), fluorescence spectroscopy. Solubility, photodegradation and cytotoxicity trials were made. The nanoparticles were named NEA and NES when prepared with E solvent, by magnetic stirring and sonication processes, and named NCA and NCS with C solvent, respectively. A preliminary in vitro release test was made with the NCA sample. It was dispersed in gelatin with the Eudragit S100® coating; this release test was done in HCl (pH 2.0) and phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The membranes with and without Eudragit S100® coating were morphologically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles yield between 60 and 78%. The DLS results showed nanometric particles between 189 and 248 nm for NEA, NES and NCS samples and 591 nm for NCA sample. Moreover, a Zeta potential superior to |25| mV was obtained for all samples. The nanoparticles showed a slower photodegradation compared to the commercial curcumin. The FTIR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy resulted in characteristic bands, indicating that these nanoparticles have the same chemical and physical characteristics of the commercial curcumin. Likewise, an increase in solubility of 37 to 56 times was observed in comparison with the commercial product. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assays suggested no toxicity to VERO cell lineage, while death for HEp-2 cell lineage. The procedures used for the curcumin nanoparticles preparation were efficient; however, the most suitable nanoparticles were obtained with E solvent. The morphology by SEM of gelatin/NCA membranes indicates a uniform coating with Eudragit S100®. In vitro release tests showed that curcumin nanoparticles were protected by this system at acid pH and released at pH 7.5.
188

CaracterizaÃÃo de ligante asfÃltico brasileiro e avaliaÃÃo da presenÃa de hidrocarbonetos policÃclicos aromÃticos (HPAs) / Characterization of brazilian binder processed and evaluation of the presence of hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatics (HPAs)

Paulo Roberto Nunes Fernandes 20 July 2007 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O ligante asfÃltico brasileiro oriundo do Estado do EspÃrito Santo e processado na unidade de NegÃcios da Petrobras (LUBNOR) foi analisado nas suas principais caracterÃsticas utilizando-se de mÃtodos espectromÃtricos (RMN e FTIR), cromatogrÃficos (GPC), anÃlise tÃrmica (TGA) e microscÃpica (AFM). As duas principais fraÃÃes do ligante constituÃdas de maltenos e asfaltenos tambÃm foram analisadas. Da fraÃÃo maltÃnica do ligante foram extraÃdos os hidrocarbonetos policÃclicos aromÃticos (HPAs) utilizando-se de mÃtodos cromatogrÃficos, tais como: DispersÃo de matriz em fase sÃlida (DMFS), cromatografia de adsorÃÃo em coluna e cromatografia gasosa (GC). Os resultados mostraram que o ligante asfÃltico apresentou HPAs considerados tÃxicos e outros considerados mutagÃnicos e carcinogÃnicos, alÃm de outros HPAs, diferentes dos padrÃes analÃticos estudados. A estrutura molecular do coroneno foi visualizada atravÃs da imagem microscÃpica (STM). Imagens obtidas atravÃs do uso da tÃcnica de microscopia de forÃa atÃmica (AFM) do ligante mostram a coexistÃncia de uma fase rica em asfaltenos em equilÃbrio. Imagens (AFM) do ligante quando modificado por polÃmero sugerem que parte da fraÃÃo maltÃnica à absorvida pelo polÃmero. As imagens AFM dos asfaltenos quando extraÃdos do ligante mostraram-se na forma de aglomerados circulares estabilizados na presenÃa do solvente. A massa molar mÃdia dos asfaltenos foi calculada a partir de duas tÃcnicas empregadas, osmometria e cromatografia de permeaÃÃo em gel apresentando-se na faixa de 5900-6700 g/mol. A estabilidade tÃrmica do ligante e asfaltenos foram analisadas atravÃs das curvas TGA. A estabilidade oxidativa do ligante e asfaltenos, a partir do cÃlculo da energia de ativaÃÃo, mostram-se caÃticas dadas à presenÃa de compostos altamente reativos frente ao oxigÃnio. Parece ser influenciada pelas reaÃÃes secundÃrias de decomposiÃÃo e/ou oxidaÃÃo de produtos e resÃduos formados. A solubilizaÃÃo dos asfaltenos em n-hexano foi avaliada na presenÃa de aditivos e mostraram que a solubilizaÃÃo aumentou com a adiÃÃo do lÃquido da castanha de caju (LCC) e da cera de carnaÃba. / The Brazilian binder processed at Petrobras/Lubnor from a crude of the state of EspÃrito Santo was investigated using the following procedures: spectrometric methods (RMN and FTIR), chromatographic (GPC), thermal analysis (TGA) and atomic microscopy (AFM). The two main fractions of the binder, maltenes and asphaltenes, were also analyzed. Hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatics (HPAs) were extracted from the maltene portion using chromatographic methods such as: matrix dispersion in solid phase (DMFS), chromatographic adsorption in column and gas chromatographic (GC). The results indicate that the asphaltic binder present toxic HPAs as well as mutagenic and carcinogenic, and yet other HPAs different from the analytical references that were studied. The molecular structure of coroneno was visualized using image microscopy (STM). Binder images obtained from atomic microscopy (AFM) show a coexistence of a phase rich in asphaltenes in equilibrium. Images (AFM) of a polymer modified binder indicate that the maltenes are absorbed by the polymer. The AFM images of the asphaltenes extracted from the binder were perceived as circular bundles stabilized in the presence of a solvent. The average asphaltene mol mass was calculated based on two different techniques: osmometry and gel permeation chromatography in the range 5900-6700 g/mol. Thermal stability of the binder and the asphaltenes was analyzed from TGA curves. From activation energy calculation, oxidative stability of the binder and the asphaltenes was chaotic because of the high reactivity of the constituents with oxygen. Such stability seems to be affected by secondary reactions decomposition and/or product oxidation. The solubility of asphaltenes in n-hexane was evaluated in the presence of additives and it was found that it increases with the addition of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and carnauba wax.
189

Caracterização de macro e micro-inclusões em aços acalmados ao alumínio produzidos por lingotamento contínuo. / Characterization of macro and micro inclusions in Al-killed steels produced by continuous casting.

Luís Augusto Batista de Moraes 24 August 2009 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram estudadas 10 corridas em duas usinas siderúrgicas semi-integradas, de aço baixa liga para uso em construção mecânica. Em cada uma das corridas foram retiradas 9 amostras, cada uma ao final de uma etapa do processo de produção: após a remoção de escória na panela, antes da desgaseificação a vácuo, após a desgaseificação a vácuo, após a adição de arame de Al, após a adição de arame de CaSi, após a adição de arame de S, após o fim da turbulência no distribuidor no lingotamento contínuo, 30 minutos após o fim da turbulência no distribuidor no lingotamento contínuo, e 60 minutos após o fim da turbulência no distribuidor no lingotamento contínuo. As amostras foram preparadas metalograficamente e analisadas ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) com espectrometria de dispersão de energia (EDS), a fim de se identificar as inclusões presentes no aço em cada etapa do processo. Com isto pode-se fazer a caracterização das inclusões encontradas em cada etapa do processo e a sua classificação segundo a composição química e morfologia. Através da comparação da composição química das inclusões encontradas ao final do refino e no lingotamento contínuo foi possível verificar uma tendência de formação de inclusões de espinélio, e através da composição química das inclusões encontradas no lingotamento contínuo foi possível identificar em quais das corridas estudadas houve a presença de inclusões de aluminatos de cálcio formados no estado líquido. / In the present work it was studied 10 heats in two steelworks, of low alloyed steel for use in mechanical construction. From each heat were taken 9 samples, each one of them at end of one production stage: after deslagging in the ladle; before vacuum degassing; after vacuum degassing; after Al wire addiction; after CaSi wire addiction; after S wire addiction; after the end of tundish turbulence at continuously casting; 30 minutes after the end of tundish turbulence at continuously casting; and 60 minutes after the end of tundish turbulence at continuously casting. Samples were metallographic prepared and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), in order to identify the inclusions present in steel in each process stage. This allowed the founded inclusions in each process stage to be characterized and classified according to chemical composition and morphology. By comparing founded inclusions chemical composition at end of refining and continuous casting was possible to observe a tendency of formation of spinel inclusions, and by founded inclusions chemical composition in continuous casting was possible to identify in which studied heats there were presence calcium aluminates inclusions formed in the liquid state.
190

Estudo comparativo das propriedades de dois caulins brasileiros. / Comparative study of the properties of two brazilian kaolins.

Camila Martini Matos 30 September 2014 (has links)
A utilização de argila como matéria-prima acompanha a evolução humana desde a Pré-história, ao longo do tempo o ser humano vem utilizando as argilas para produzir objetos variados, como vasos, estatuetas e tijolos. Nos dias atuais muitas indústrias utilizam os diferentes tipos de argilas encontradas na natureza. Neste trabalho foi utilizado um caulim proveniente da Bahia e o outro caulim proveniente de São Paulo. Os caulins foram caracterizados através das técnicas e ensaios de difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS), microscopia estereoscópica (MO), infravermelho (IV), análises térmicas (TG e DSC), fluorescência de raios X (FRX), análise química (IQ), análise granulométrica, área superficial (BET), inchamento de Foster, incorporação de solventes, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), ensaios cerâmicos, ensaio de adsorção, quantificação da matéria orgânica, ensaio de plasticidade, viscosidade Fann e umidade base seca e base úmida. Todos os resultados foram utilizados para realizar uma comparação entres as propriedades dos dois caulins selecionados para este estudo. Em seguida os caulins foram submetidos ao processo de organofilização. Os resultados mostram que as duas argilas são compostas pelo argilomineral caulinita, todos os resultados apresentaram-se compatíveis com argilas cauliníticas e a organofilização dos caulins foi comprovada principalmente pelos resultados do infravermelho (IV) e teste de inchamento de Foster. / The use of clay as raw material accompanies human evolution since the prehistory, over time humans have been using clays to produce various objects, such as vases, figurines and bricks. Now days many industries use different types of clays found in nature. The clays are formed by a claymineral or a mixture of various clayminerals, there is a certain content of alkali and alkaline earth elements, have low particle size and acquires plasticity when in contact with water, also have impurities such as organic matter, soluble salts, quartz particles, mica and other minerals, and some residual amorphous minerals. In this study was used a kaolin from Bahia and other kaolin from São Paulo. The Kaolins were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), stereoscopic microscopy (SM), infrared (IR) , thermal analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), chemical analysis (CA), particle size analysis, surface area (BET), Foster swelling, incorporation of solvent, cation exchange capacity (CTC), ceramic tests, adsorption, organic matter, plasticity, Fann viscosity and humidity. All results were used to make a comparison between the two kaolins properties. Then the kaolins were subject to an organophilization process. The results show that both clays are composed of kaolinite with properties compatible with those of kaolins. Organophilization mainly been proven by the results of infrared (IR) and Foster swelling test.

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